A comparison of statistically optimized near field acoustic holography using single layer pressure-velocity measurements and using double layer pressure measurements

Statistically optimized near field acoustic holography (SONAH) is usually based on the assumption that all sources are on one side of the measurement plane whereas the other side is source free. An extension of the SONAH procedure based on measurement with an array of pressure-velocity probes has recently been suggested. An alternative method uses a double layer array of pressure transducers. Both methods make it possible to distinguish between sources on the two sides of the array and thus suppress the influence of extraneous noise and reflections coming from the "wrong" side. This letter compares the two methods.     

循环平稳声场近场声全息理论与实验研究

提出一种用于分析循环平稳声场的近场声全息技术。此类声场信号的调制现象非常严重,频谱上存在着明显的边频带,由于无法有效地分离调制和载波信息,以往近场声全息技术的全息图会在边频带处出现虚假的能量。本技术用二阶循环统计量理论代替传统的傅里叶分析,并以声压的谱相关密度函数取代其频谱及功率谱密度做为重建物理量。由于谱相关密度函数可以对循环平稳信号进行解调处理,使得该技术的全息图上不会因为边频带的存在出现虚假能量。仿真分析及实验研究表明,本技术可以更准确地提取循环平稳声场的调制和载波信息。     

Calibration of pressure-velocity probes using a progressive plane wave reference field and comparison with nominal calibration filters

A procedure for calibrating pressure-velocity (p-v) sound intensity probes using a progressive plane wave as reference field is presented here. The procedure has been checked for a microelectromechanical system technology-based Microflown(?) match-size probe by comparing the calibration results with the nominal correction curves available from the manufacturer. The reference field was generated along a wave guide by means of a dual cone loudspeaker supplying acoustic energy in the range 20 Hz-20 kHz through an impedance adaptor. Different from the current in-field procedures, the one proposed here allows the calibration of probes under test to be executed at once up to 10 kHz without any change in the experimental setup. After a detailed review of the general principles of calibration, the procedure has been finalized with three main stages: (a) determination of the full coherence calibration bandwidth of the probe, (b) comparison calibration of the probe built-in pressure microphone over the full coherence frequency range, and (c) relative calibration of the velocity sensor over the calibrated pressure one. Calibration results for the probe under test have been best fitted against the calibration filters modeled by the manufacturer and the direct comparison of the obtained data with the factory ones has been reported.     

Wideband high-resolution direction of arrival estimation method based on the pressure-velocity combined processing using the acoustic vector sensor array

In order to solve the problem of DOA (Direction of Arrival) estimation of underwater distant wideband targets, a novel coherent signal-subspace method based on the cross spectral matrix of pressure and particle velocity using the Acoustic Vector Sensor Array (AVSA) is proposed in this paper. The proposed method is different from existing AVSA based DOA estimation methods in using particle velocity information of Acoustic Vector Sensor (AVS) as an independent array element. It is entirely based on the combined information processing of pressure and particle velocity, namely, the P-V cross spectrum, has better DOA estimation performance than existing methods in isotropic noise field. By theoretical analysis, both focusing principle and eigendecomposition theory based on the P-V cross spectral matrix are given. At the same time, the corresponding criteria for source number detection is also presented. Computer simulations with data from lake trials demonstrate that the proposed method is effective and obviously outperforms existing methods in resolution and accuracy in the case of low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR).     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。     

单层传声器阵列重建相干声场的近场声全息方法研究

针对传声器阵列两侧存在相干声源的非自由声场重建问题,提出基于球面谐波函数扩展近场声全息理论的相干声场重建方法。该方法在已知测量面两侧声源几何位置时,使用单层传声器阵列获取测量面处的声压分布,通过最小二乘法获得与目标声源和干扰噪声源响应对应的最优球波函数扩展项数和最优系数向量,结合测点位置的空间坐标进行声波分解,并分别重建出各声源在测量面上的声压分布。为了验证方法的有效性,分别给出了相干噪声源为球形声源和非球形声源的仿真验证,并在全消声室内对双扬声器产生的相干声场的重建进行了实验验证。结果表明:该方法对球形声源和非球形声源干扰下的声场重建都具有较好的效果,球形声源干扰下的重建精度更高。     

振动体及其辐射场的近场声全息实验研究

本文介绍我们自行研制的空气中近场声全息成像实验系统。用这一系统对单个扬声器,双扬声器及振动圆板等声源及其辐射场进行了测量,获得一些有意义的结果.这些结果与理论分析和计算机模拟良好地符合,表明近场声全息可以作为研究振动及其辐射场关系的有效手段.     

目标散射场全息重建方法研究

阐述了基于边界元方法(BEM)的散射场近场声全息,这种方法可以由测量的散射近场数据重建散射体表面散射场并预报整个散射场。文中首先推导了这种方法及相关的散射场分离方法的基本公式,然后通过数值仿真分析了不同全息图面的不同对全息重建结果的影响、奇异值滤波方法的作用、散射场分离方法的可行性等问题。     

Experimental research on vibrating objects and its radiation field by using nearfield acoustic holography

I.IntroductionThetheoreticalanalysisofthcimagingmethodandcharacteristicsoftheNcarfieldAcousticalHo1ography(NAH)wassystcmatica11yexpoundedinthepapersabroadandourownrescarchcs["21,fromwhichweknowthatNAHcanbcimplcmentcdinanyseparablecoordinatcSystem.HowevertheexpcrimentalrescarchinthispaperwillbcprimariIyrestrictedtoplanarholography.Forp1aneholography,becausctheho1ogramdataisrecordcdinthehologramplaneveryc1osetothetestedsourceorvibratingsurface(i.e.d<相似文献   

Characterization of cylindrical ultrasonic transducers using acoustic holography

We present the results of studying the vibrational velocity distribution over the surface of cylindrical ultrasound transducers by acoustic holography. We describe two approaches for acoustic holography: the spatial spectrum method and the Rayleigh integral method. In the case of cylindrical sources the spectral method has a specific feature in comparison to the case of quasi-plane sources: small-scale spectrum components having the form of evanescent (nonpropagating) waves near the source, turn into propagating waves at a certain distance from the source. The use of such a mixed type of waves makes it possible to increase the holographic resolution. To conduct holography of cylindrical sources by the Rayleigh integral method, a modification consisting in the superimposing of boundaries on the integration region is proposed. We present the results of numerical simulation and physical experiments on holography of small cylindrical piezoelectric transducers. We demonstrate that the proposed methods of holography make it possible to recover the vibration structure of source surfaces up to order of the wavelength scales.     

Investigation on acoustic holography reconstruction of scattering field of target

1 IlltroductionStudy on scattering sound field of underwater target is one of important subject in underwater acoustics. Owing to research of detection and identification technique and anti-detectiontechnique, it must know not only the scattering strength but also other characteristics of thewhole scattering field of the target.The whole scattering field can not be gotten by general measurement .techniques. Since theimpulse method is used to measuxe the scattering sound field, it's impossible …     

用物理声学方法计算界面附近目标的回波

用物理声学(KIRCHHOFF近似)方法研究界面附近目标的声散射。导出了计算形态函数或目标强度的积分表示式.所产生的散射场由三部分组成:(1)不存在界面时目标的散射场;(2)入射或散射波之一经受界面反射时的散射场,如同双站散射场;(3)目标相对于界面的镜象产生的散射场,其中入射和散射波都经受界面反射.对于一个自由界面下的刚硬球,数值比较说明本文的方法与严格的解析方法符合良好.本文提供了一种计算沉浸在海面下或躺在海底上的水下目标的回波计算方法.     

基于声压-振速测量的单面声场分离技术

在近场声全息技术的基础上,研究了基于声压-质点振速测量的单面声场分离技术.分析了现有基于Fourier变换的单面声场分离技术中的奇异性问题,并应用波数域谱平均法提出了去除奇异性的修正声场分离公式.为改善分离效果,减小由于Fourier变换引起的卷绕误差等因素的影响,基于统计最优近场声全息提出了一种新的单面声场分离方法.通过仿真分析对各种单面声场分离方法做了比较,并用Microflown公司的声强探头做了基于声压-振速测量的单面声场分离实验研究,验证了提出的修正公式和基于统计最优单面声场分离方法的正确性和有效性. 关键词： 声场分离 近场声全息 统计最优 Fourier变换     

Localization of marine mammals near Hawaii using an acoustic propagation model

Humpback whale songs were recorded on six widely spaced receivers of the Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) hydrophone network near Hawaii during March of 2001. These recordings were used to test a new approach to localizing the whales that exploits the time-difference of arrival (time lag) of their calls as measured between receiver pairs in the PMRF network. The usual technique for estimating source position uses the intersection of hyperbolic curves of constant time lag, but a drawback of this approach is its assumption of a constant wave speed and straight-line propagation to associate acoustic travel time with range. In contrast to hyperbolic fixing, the algorithm described here uses an acoustic propagation model to account for waveguide and multipath effects when estimating travel time from hypothesized source positions. A comparison between predicted and measured time lags forms an ambiguity surface, or visual representation of the most probable whale position in a horizontal plane around the array. This is an important benefit because it allows for automated peak extraction to provide a location estimate. Examples of whale localizations using real and simulated data in algorithms of increasing complexity are provided.     

一种磁场优化结构电磁超声传感器设计*

为了进一步增强电磁超声检测技术在管道厚度测量领域的检测能力,该文对电磁超声传感器(EMAT)的结构进行了优化。提出了多磁铁对称分布型EMAT,能实现更小的磁铁体积,产生更强的表面剩磁强度。采用在硅钢表面开槽的方式限制涡流形成的区域,解决了涡流对测量的影响。建立厚度测量实验系统,对比出单磁铁型与多磁铁对称分布型EMAT在不同提离距离上检测信号的变化规律。结果表明,多磁铁对称分布型结构可通过增强EMAT的偏置磁场达到信噪比更优的效果。采用耐高温探头外壳和钐钴磁铁,提高了EMAT探头在高温环境下的检测性能。     

Measurement and modeling of the acoustic field near an underwater vehicle and implications for acoustic source localization

The performance of traditional techniques of passive localization in ocean acoustics such as time-of-arrival (phase differences) and amplitude ratios measured by multiple receivers may be degraded when the receivers are placed on an underwater vehicle due to effects of scattering. However, knowledge of the interference pattern caused by scattering provides a potential enhancement to traditional source localization techniques. Results based on a study using data from a multi-element receiving array mounted on the inner shroud of an autonomous underwater vehicle show that scattering causes the localization ambiguities (side lobes) to decrease in overall level and to move closer to the true source location, thereby improving localization performance, for signals in the frequency band 2-8 kHz. These measurements are compared with numerical modeling results from a two-dimensional time domain finite difference scheme for scattering from two fluid-loaded cylindrical shells. Measured and numerically modeled results are presented for multiple source aspect angles and frequencies. Matched field processing techniques quantify the source localization capabilities for both measurements and numerical modeling output.     

声场分离技术及其在近场声全息中的应用

提出空间声场分离技术，突破了近场声全息（NAH）的应用局限.它们的局限在于全息面一侧的声场必须是自由声场，即要求所有的声源必须位于另一侧.利用波数域内的波场外推理论及声压的标量叠加原理，建立起声场分离技术的双全息面实现方法，利用波数域内的Euler公式及粒子振速的矢量叠加原理，建立起该技术的单全息面实现方法.该技术的一个突出优点是在具有背景噪声的全息测量情况下, 可以消除背景噪声对全息变换结果的影响.理论的推导表明该技术方法的正确性，而仿真算例和实验则显示该技术的可行性和有效性. 关键词： 声全息 波数域 声场分离 背景噪声     

大孔径声全息密集阵列的阵元数量去冗余方法

大孔径密集声全息阵列是实现对非平稳噪声成像的有效手段,通过现场快速成像可以掌握声场分布的动态特征。增加声阵列的孔径和阵元密度是提高近场声全息成像性能的主要措施,但随着声阵列阵元数量的增加,声压采集数据量增大,全息运算速度降低,全息成像动态性能下降,不利于现场即时成像分析。研究表明,在一定信噪比条件下,盲目增加阵元数量并不一定能提高近场声全息性能,为此,本文针对密集声全息阵列的阵元数量冗余问题进行研究,提出最优阵元数量估算方法,并采取去冗余处理。本文仿真和实验验证表明:针对一定信噪比条件下的密集阵列去冗余方法实际有效,可以在不降低近场声全息成像性能的前提下,降低运算量,提高全息成像速度,对于非平稳噪声的现场声全息成像测试具有实用意义。     

高斯叠代法研究相控阵非线性声场

相控阵在聚焦超声治疗应用中不可避免地受到非线性影响,提出了采用高斯叠代法计算相控阵的非线性声场。在该方法中,利用预设焦点参数并应用伪逆矩阵算法得到阵元的激励参数;然后将阵元近似拟合成一组高斯声束的叠加,通过高斯声束叠代计算非线性声场。数值计算中以64阵元一维相控阵为研究对象;线性条件下,高斯叠代法结果与菲涅耳积分结果的误差低于0.5%,验证了该方法的可行性;单焦点及双焦点模式的相控阵非线性声场结果表明非线性效应能提高焦点聚焦性能,并且非线性效应与激励声压及激励频率成正比。