黄土湿陷性的微结构不平衡吸力成因论

分析了黄土粒间吸力的基本特性及其湿陷的微观过程,探讨了黄土在应力状态作用下由于浸水增湿而产生的微结构单元体滑移动力和阻力随饱和度、上覆土压力的变化规律,提出了微结构与广义吸力综合效应的湿陷性控制机理---微结构不平衡吸力成因论及其定量模型,从理论上分析了湿陷性与增湿水量、压力及深度的关系,揭示了土湿陷效应的内在规律。文中认为,湿陷过程就是水的楔入导致小孔隙广义吸力的逐渐丧失和大孔隙湿吸力的逐渐增大引起的微结构重建动力与重建阻力间的动态对抗过程。最后,讨论了湿陷的基本条件及影响因素。     

黄土湿陷性的微结构效应

土结构是一种物质状态,可以层次式的概念模型加以确定。从图象处理角度,提出了微结构定量研究的技术路线,确定了结构要素的量化方法。通过分形结构分析,探讨了天然结构和压力对黄土湿陷性的影响、水与土样之间的作用规律及其湿陷效应,提出了分形结构的湿陷性控制机理。     

公路路基黄土湿陷性评价问题

公路工程对湿陷性黄土的研究基本上是采用房建建筑的规范和试验规程进行勘察和设计,由于公路路基的工作环境和受力状态与房建工程地基差异很大,将房建建筑的规范直接应用于黄土地区高等级公路的湿陷性评价与计算存在着盲目性、不合理性,更为重要的是缺乏针对性。本文通过对现有规范在路基黄土湿陷性方面的合理性与实用性研究,结合降雨入渗的分布规律,提出了适合黄土地区高速公路的路基黄土湿陷性评价方法与模型。     

无泥型软弱怪带强度特性的动力学试验研究

对无泥型软弱层带在动荷载下的强度试验表明,天然含水状态下,软弱层带从静荷载至动荷载,显示出内聚力C减小幅度较大,而内φ反而有所增加;在饱水状态下,从静至动荷载,C和φ都将减小,但φ的降低幅度更大些。同时,在动荷载下,从天然含水至饱水状态,C和φ也均有较大幅度的降低,且仍以φ值降低更为显著些,这表明动荷载下产生的孔隙水压力对无泥型软弱层带强度参数的降低,也是很明显的。     

黄土地基微型桩基础上拔及下压承载性能研究

在软土地基中,微型桩常用作输电线路杆塔基础,而在黄土地区的应用相对较少。为了研究黄土地基微型桩基础的上拔及下压承载性能,本研究基于微型桩原位静载荷试验,分析了桩长、桩径及黄土湿陷性等不同参数对微型桩承载性能的影响;同时创建了三维桩土相互作用的有限元模型,对比其数值模拟结果与试验数据,验证了有限元模型的正确性,进一步分析了桩长、桩径及桩身弹性模量对其抗拔及抗压承载性能的影响。结果表明：相比其抗拔承载力而言,黄土湿陷性对微型桩抗压承载力的影响更大,且浸水后微型桩基础的破坏曲线斜率更大。黄土地基微型桩的竖向承载特性主要取决于桩侧摩阻力,桩长对抗拔、抗压极限承载力影响较桩径显著。上述研究对微型桩基础在黄土地区的应用具有较好的参考价值。     

原状黄土显微结构特征与湿陷性状分析

基于原状黄土的显微结构扫描电镜及室内湿陷性试验,分析了黄土的微结构特性和不同压力不同含水量下黄土的湿陷性状及其之间的内在联系,结果表明:随着埋藏深度的增加,由支架大孔微胶结结构逐渐变为镶嵌微孔半胶结结构,支架大孔孔隙发育逐渐变为粒间孔隙发育,再为微孔孔隙发育;黄土在增湿情况下其湿陷系数-压力关系曲线由三部分组成,初始压缩变形阶段,是结构强度发挥阶段,变形较小,黄土微结构没有遭到破坏;曲线第一转折点δs=0.015后,原有结构破坏,微结构发生变化,颗粒重新排列,湿陷速率增大,是湿陷变形主要阶段;达到峰值后,颗粒间形成了新的结构,湿陷变形幅度减小;随着骨架颗粒连接逐渐变为非架空的镶嵌排列,湿陷起始压力及峰值湿陷压力值随着埋藏深度的增加而增加,而峰值湿陷系数和湿陷变形量的压力范围随着埋藏深度的增加而变小;骨架颗粒特征和孔隙特征是黄土湿陷性的内在影响因素,而胶结物的多寡及胶结状态是黄土湿陷性强弱的主要影响因素之一。     

西气东输管道工程FA014+2～FA014+3号桩跨越场地的边坡稳定性评价

通过野外地质调查确定研究区的区域地震活动、工程地质条件和受力边界条件, 采集样品进行测试获取岩体的基本物理力学指标, 在此基础上进行不同条件下 (天然、饱水、饱水 +震动力 )的边坡三维模拟定量分析, 评价边坡的稳定性, 提出工程建议。     

不同三轴应力条件下湿陷性黄土增湿变形特性研究

复杂应力条件下黄土的湿陷变形特性研究是黄土力学的关键问题。黄土在实际工程中常承受不同的主应力条件,本文把轴对称黄土的围压及围压与轴压应力比调节为为定值K,进行了不同围压和应力比的黄土增湿至饱和浸水三轴试验:测试分析了不同应力比K值下黄土增湿孔隙比、增湿体应变随球应力的变化规律;定量分析了球应力与湿陷体应变、剪应力与湿剪应变之间的变化规律;揭示了黄土湿陷变形的应力界限条件。最后依据三轴应力条件下湿陷试验结果,给出了湿陷性黄土的湿陷变形计算表达式,为三轴应力条件下对黄土地基湿陷性变形评价提供了参考。     

循环载荷下滞回环与石膏损伤破坏性能的关系

为了探求石膏的破坏与循环加卸载下滞回环面积的关系,石膏在自然以及饱水状态下滞回环的变化规律,以及滞回环面积与石膏强度的联系,利用CMT5305试验机对自然和饱水状态下的石膏进行单轴循环加卸载实验。对两种状态下石膏的应力-应变曲线进行分析,并计算出滞回环的面积,绘制出其面积变化曲线。结果表明,滞回环的面积随着加载载荷的增加而增加,且增长速率越来越快;饱水状态下的石膏滞回环面积明显小于自然状态下的石膏,且破坏方式和破坏程度不同于自然状态下的石膏;同一试样的两个相邻滞回环面积之差,代表了岩石损伤的速率,且石膏的损伤速率整体呈增加趋势。     

人工髋、膝关节磨损测试标准及模拟试验机研究进展

髋膝关节植入物假体在体内发生摩擦磨损进而造成骨溶解、无菌松动是导致其失效的重要原因之一. 人工髋膝关节磨损试验是对假体材料、设计和加工进行评价的重要形式. 天然髋膝关节承受的运动和载荷十分复杂,研究天然关节在各种行为下的受力和运动范围,并利用专门的髋膝关节模拟器来进行试验和评价,有助于人工关节的设计和耐磨关节材料的发展. 本文中整理了天然髋膝关节的运动范围及载荷,对比了人工髋膝关节假体磨损的国内外标准,总结了主流髋膝关节模拟试验机的结构及主要技术参数,为我国关节行业的研究者提供参考.      

Determination of the soil pressure distribution around a cone penetrometer

The objective of this paper was to investigate the pressure distribution around a cone penetrometer using a pressure sensing mat under laboratory conditions. The investigation was conducted under (1) constrained conditions using cylindrical split pipe molds and (2) unconstrained conditions using a soil box. These tests were conducted in Capay clay and Yolo loam soil containing two different moisture conditions and two compaction levels.In the constrained tests, a maximum radial pressure of 111 kPa was observed in the Capay clay soil with 3.4–4.3% d.b. moisture content and three blows of compaction (cone index value of 2040 kPa) when using the 41 mm diameter split pipe mold. These pressure levels decreased to 82 and 22 kPa, respectively, when 65 and 88 mm diameter molds were used. In both the Capay clay and Yolo loam tests, the average radial pressure and average cone index values showed similar trends.In the unconstrained tests, a maximum pressure of 9.0 kPa was observed in the Capay clay with 4.5% d.b. moisture content and three blows of compaction (cone index value of 550 kPa) at a horizontal distance of 25.4 mm from the vertical axis of the cone penetrometer and minimum pressure levels in the range of 0.2–0.3 kPa when the horizontal distance of the penetrometer was in the range of 56.8–66 mm. The pressure levels are much smaller than the ones obtained in the constrained tests and may suggest that the pressure distribution under field conditions is small at a distance of 25.4 mm or higher from the tip of the cone.The experimental data were statistically analyzed to identify significant factors. The results of the analysis for the constrained test indicated that the mold diameter and number of blows significantly increased the pressure readings within the soil mass. Increasing the mold diameter led to a decrease in the average radial pressure and increasing the number of blows contributed to an increase in the average radial pressure. In the unconstrained test, the average radial pressure distribution at a given point were significantly influenced by the horizontal distance of the point from the vertical axis passing through the center of the penetrometer shaft, soil type, and soil moisture content. Higher pressure values were obtained in the Capay clay tests compared to the Yolo loam tests. In all cases, the pressure levels were greater for the drier soil than for the moist soil.     

主应力轴旋转对压实黄土动变形特性的影响

实际工程中的地基或路基的土体往往处于复杂初始应力状态,在地震或其他动荷载的作用下会出现变形和沉降,而常规的室内土工试验无法真实再现这种固结应力条件下土的动力特性。通过对原有的DTC 199型周期扭转荷载三轴仪进行简单的改造后可进行土体在主应力轴发生旋转时的压实黄土动变形的试验研究。结果表明,在其他固结条件不变的情况下,初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的动剪切模量有一定的影响,随着α的增加,动剪切模量有减小的趋势,最大动剪应力也逐渐减小,但是α对最大动剪切模量的影响不太显著。初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的阻尼比基本没有影响,在λ-lgγd的半对数坐标图中,阻尼比随动剪应变的增加有逐渐增大的趋势,并且表现出较好的相关性。     

Influential factors of loess liquefaction and pore pressure development

The liquefaction of loess under dynamic loading is studied experimentally with a dynamic triaxial test system. The effects of over-consolidation ratio (OCR), saturation degree and the frequency of dynamic loading upon loess liquefaction are investigated. The development of pore pressure within loess samples is also discussed. Based on the experimental results, the empirical relationship between pore pressure ratio and loading cycle number ratio is established for normal consolidated saturated loess.The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (50178005)     

甘肃引洮供水工程饱和黄土工程地质研究

当黄土分布区地下水埋深较浅时,黄土常呈饱和状态,不具湿陷性,简称饱和黄土,甘肃引洮供水一期工程总干渠13#、14#、15#隧洞通过饱和黄土,通过常规土工和扫描电子显微镜等综合测试,对饱和黄土的显微结构及化学成分进行了研究,并探讨了其微观结构与物理力学性质及工程特性之间的关系,认为应选择盾构法进行饱和黄土隧洞开挖。     

Evaluation of elastic moduli of bilaminate filament-wound composites

This paper investigates the elastic behavior of bilaminate-composite coupons segmented from a filament-wound rocket case and of a laboratory prepared flat panel for direct tension-compression and flexural loading under static and dynamic conditions. New methods of testing have been developed which are primarily applicable to composite constructions. The dynamic test consists of exciting the primary free-free resonant mode of a specimen. Flexure tests utilizing a unique pure-bend system are employed for the static evaluations. The composite moduli determined from the static and dynamic test are compared with analytic values. The analytic values for the composite are derived from tension-compression and flexure analytical models using the material properties of the constituents. The measured elastic moduli compared favorably with analytical prediction and are indicative of the history of loading effects as well as the crazed condition of the composite constructions. The moduli determined by the dynamic test showed the closest agreement with analytic values, with a difference of 0 to 16 percent.     

结构性饱和黄土动力特性试验研究

基于室内不排水动三轴试验,研究了5种因素,即围压、超固结比、偏压固结比、动剪应力比、加载频率等对饱和黄土动力特性的影响。本文强调了结构性在饱和黄土动力特性研究中的重要性,结构性的破坏是影响土体动力力学特性的一个重要转折点。并阐明了用塑性残余变形来表征土体内部结构的变化并以此作为孔压增长函数自变量的合理性。     

垂向动载下饱和砂土液化发展的数值模拟

针对一维应变情况,建立了垂向荷载作用时饱和砂土的一维应变动力学模型,然后进行了分析。得到了在垂向荷载作用下,饱和砂土液化发展过程的特性。结果表明,渗透系数越小,骨架强度越低,扰动强度越大,液化发展越快。     

基于三维Hopkinson杆的混凝土动态力学性能研究

混凝土、岩石类材料在复杂应力状态下的动态力学性能研究一直备受关注,但鉴于动态实验的复杂性,对真三轴应力状态下材料的动态加载一直未曾实现。本文中研制了一套真三轴静载作用下混凝土、岩石类材料的“三维Hopkinson杆”动态力学实验系统,为冲击载荷作用下材料动态各向异性特性的研究提供了一种有效的实验测试技术。该系统采用液压伺服控制对立方体试件施加三向独立的0~100 MPa真三轴静载,再利用分离式Hopkinson压杆对试件施加冲击动载,具体研究了C30混凝土材料在不同真三轴静载条件下的动态压缩性能,得到了不同条件下X、Y、Z方向上的动态应力应变关系。     

The residual effects of tracked vehicles on soil surface properties

Differences in soil surface properties were measured on soil cores collected from within tracks and adjacent undisturbed areas. The passage of tracks resulted in an increase in bulk density, a reduction in saturated hydraulic conductivity and an increase in cone penetrometer resistance. Laboratory direct-shear tests showed in-track soil was stronger than out-of-track samples. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of in-track soil cores increased with an increasing number of wetting and draining cycles, whereas out-of-track samples showed little change. Implications for erosion, vegetation regeneration and management strategies for off-road vehicle areas are discussed, with some speculation as to the rate of recovery of impacted areas.     

用短棒试件测试无烟煤的动态断裂韧度

介绍了设计的新型圆台式压头及配套的衬片加载部件,推导了采用新的加载部件进行冲击断裂实验时的断裂韧度计算公式。采用SHPB实验装置,用新加载部件对带有V形切口的无烟煤短棒试件的裂纹尖端施加拉伸载荷,测定了无烟煤的动态断裂韧度。结合准静态实验数据得到了无烟煤断裂韧度随加载率lg(dF/dt)的总体变化规律:当lg(dF/dt)6时,无烟煤的断裂韧度缓慢上升,但当lg(dF/dt)6以后,无烟煤的断裂韧度随加载率的增加快速增大。实验表明:圆台式加载比刀刃式加载更具优越性和适应性,是测试岩石类材料短棒试件动态断裂韧度较好的方法。