Cubic dispersion relation for a relativistic backward-waveoscillator

The cubic approximation to the dispersion relation for a relativistic backward-wave oscillator is obtained, and the utility and limits of the approximation are presented. The approximation is obtained by Taylor series expansion of the wave admittance in the dispersion relation for the transverse-magnetic and free-streaming modes of a relativistic, thin, hollow, cylindrical electron beam moving along the axis of a disc-loaded waveguide in a strong axial magnetic field. The resulting cubic dispersion relation yields instability growth rates and frequencies which fall off beyond their maximum more sharply with increasing wavenumber than for the complete dispersion relation. The approximation is found to be quite good near the operating points of contemporary high-power relativistic backward-wave oscillators, namely, for relatively long wavelength and small ratio of Budker's parameter to the relativistic gamma factor of the beam     

Research of sine waveguide slow-wave structure for a 220-GHz backward wave oscillator

A watt-class backward wave oscillator is proposed,using the concise sine waveguide slow-wave structure combined with a pencil electron beam to operate at 220 GHz.Firstly,the dispersion curve of the sine waveguide is calculated,then,the oscillation frequency and operating voltage of the device are predicted and the circuit transmission loss is calculated.Finally,the particle-in-cell simulation method is used to forecast its radiation performance.The results show that this novel backward wave oscillator can produce over 1-W continuous wave power output in a frequency range from 210 GHz to 230 GHz.Therefore,it will be considered as a very promising high-power millimeter-wave to terahertz-wave radiation source.     

Influence of an External Signal on Self-Oscillations in the Distributed System “Helical Electron Beam—Backward Electromagnetic Wave”

We study the synchronization of oscillations in an active distributed system comprising a helical electron beam interacting with a backward wave in a waveguide (backward-wave cyclotron resonance maser). The characteristics of nonautonomous spatio-temporal oscillations in a system with different degrees of nonisochronism of oscillating electrons are examined. The physical processes accompanying the transition of a distributed self-oscillatory system to the synchronization mode are considered.     

高功率高增益大直径相对论返波管

对大直径同轴相对论返波管采用双板波纹波导模型结合电子运动的罗伦兹力方程、电荷连续性方程和电磁波麦克斯韦方程建立了系统的线性流体理论.使用该理论详细地研究了器件的各系统参数对束波相互作用,特别是对微波指数增长率的影响.给出了3cm波段的大直径同轴相对论返波管实验装置的系统参数.     

Simulations of a two-stream backward-wave oscillator with a slot-hole structure

We study a two-stream backward-wave oscillator with a slot-hole structure at short millimeter waves with the help of a three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation. In order to increase the interaction region of the electron beam, the efficiency and the output power, a slot-hole loaded rectangular waveguide structure used as the high-frequency system is proposed. Based on the mechanism of the backward-wave oscillator, a slow-wave oscillator with a frequency of 0.14 THz is designed. The simulations show that the output power and the efficiency of the oscillator can be enhanced due to the coupling between the two beams through the slot holes. The interaction efficiency is 5.18%, and the starting current density is below 5 A·cm^-2 for the two beams. These attractive results indicate that, based on the two-stream backward-wave oscillator, we can get short millimeter wave sources with high power and low current density.     

单电子束双波段同轴相对论返波管粒子模拟

设计了一种能在C波段和X波段实现稳定双频输出的带有非对称谐振反射腔的单电子束同轴相对论返波振荡器。采用耦合阻抗跃变型慢波结构,使用粒子PIC模拟软件进行了粒子模拟研究。模拟结果显示:轴向电场在系统中的分布得到改进,电子束的能散得到改善。在电子束电压511 kV,电流8.95 kA,引导磁场0.73 T的条件下,双频器件实现了8.09 GHz和9.91 GHz的双波段频率稳定输出,平均功率为1.0 GW,波束互作用效率为21.9%, 效率高于空心双波段返波管及其他双波段器件。器件辐射功率的拍频为1.82 GHz,拍波更为明显和稳定。模拟研究中同时发现, 随着慢波结构之间漂移段的变化,双频频率都呈现一种准周期的变化。     

397 GHz斜注管互作用系统的设计模拟

斜注管是返波振荡器的一种，通过电子注的倾斜，电子距离慢波结构更近，高频场更强，耦合阻抗和互作用效率更高，显著增加输出功率。对带状注斜注管的互作用系统进行了设计，并首次将双排齿慢波结构应用于斜注管。利用电磁模拟软件和3D粒子模拟软件对设计的斜注管的色散曲线和场分布进行了分析，并对其注-波互作用进行了模拟，可以得到大于100 mW的输出功率以及50 GHz的调谐带宽。输出功率在370.5 GHz频点处处达到峰值2.3 W，电子注电压7.0 kV，注电流120 mA，聚焦磁场1.0 T。     

Theoretical Study for Folded Waveguide Traveling Wave Tube

A wideband folded waveguide traveling-wave tube (TWT) amplifier has advantages of simpler coupling structures and robust structure over the conventional helix TWT. The phase velocity of waves in folded waveguide is slowed down to the velocity of electron beam. Slow-wave interaction with the electron beam in folded waveguide is studied in a linear fashion. For a cold beam, the linear theory predicts a gain of 2 dB/cm and a bandwidth of 37% at the center frequency of 14 GHz. A closed algebraic dispersion relation for the frequency and the axial phase shift per period is obtained using an equivalent circuit model. Numerical solution calculated from the dispersion relation and three-dimensional electromagnetic code, HFSS simulations predict a mode coalescing in the folded waveguide. And a theoretical phase velocity prediction of the electromagnetic wave in this circuit is verified by HFSS simulations.     

W波段带状注矩形单栅返波振荡器模拟研究

提出并研究了一种带状电子注矩形单栅返波振荡器。首先研究了矩形单栅慢波结构的色散特性和耦合阻抗特性,然后粒子模拟并优化设计了带状注矩形单栅高频结构,预群聚腔及输出一体化结构。研究结果表明:利用电压200kV、电压2kA、截面为24mm×0.5mm的带状电子注,驱动该矩形单栅返波振荡器,能够产生42 MW的输出功率,工作频率86GHz,效率为10.5%。     

Dependence of Output Power on Cavity Length in a Gyrotron Backward Wave Oscillator

A relativistic electron beam (500 keV, 200 A, 10 ns) generated magnetically tunable microwave radiation in a frequency range of 9-13 GHz when it is injected into an X-band rectangular waveguide immersed in a uniform axial magnetic field (4-10 kG). The mechanism of the microwave radiation was identified as the gyrotron backward wave interaction. The output power of the radiated microwave increased exponentially with the increase of the cavity length.     

双波段相对论返波振荡器模拟研究

 提出了一种采用单电子束实现C波段和X波段微波同时输出的新型相对论返波振荡器,该器件的束波作用区为中间用渐变段隔开的两段盘荷结构。使用Karat软件进行了2.5维全电磁粒子数值模拟,在工作电压为1 MV,电流为8 kA,导引磁场为3 T的条件下,输出微波功率大于1 GW,功率效率约为15%,输出的微波频率分别为5.42 GHz和9.58 GHz,二者频谱幅度相差2.17 dB,模式为TEM模。     

The interaction of high- and low-frequency waves in a free electronlaser

When a free electron laser (FEL) interaction occurs inside a waveguide, there are two possible operating frequencies at the two intersections of the beam line with the waveguide dispersion curve. Using a one-dimensional model valid for a low-gain oscillator, the mode competition between the high- and low-frequency waves is studied. It is found that the low-frequency wave can be nonlinearly suppressed, even when its linear growth rate is positive. When the frequency ratio is two, phase locking occurs and the nonlinear gain of the low-frequency wave can exceed its linear growth rate     

同轴波纹返波管色散特性研究及粒子模拟

 计算了同轴波纹慢波结构的色散特性,分析了波纹周期长度、波纹幅值大小以及同轴内导体半径对慢波结构色散特性的影响。研究表明内导体的存在使系统截止频率升高,系统尺寸可比普通波纹波导慢波系统更大, 并且可以采用大半径电子注并工作在低磁场状态。运用Magic软件对同轴波纹返波管进行了数值模拟, 发现同轴波导内场分布有利于注波互作用,在数值模拟基础上设计出高效率、低磁场的非均匀同轴波纹返波管,互作用效率达60%,聚束磁场小于1 T。     

Development of a 2 MW relativistic backward wave oscillator

In this paper, a high power relativistic backward wave oscillator (BWO) experiment is reported. A 230 keV, 2 kA, 150 ns relativistic electron beam is generated using a Marx generator. The beam is then injected into a hollow rippled wall metallic cylindrical tube that forms a slow wave structure. The beam is guided using an axial pulsed magnetic field having a peak value 1 T and duration 1 ms. The field is generated by the discharge of a capacitor bank into a solenoidal coil. A synchronization circuit ensures the generation of the electron beam at the instant when the axial magnetic field attains its peak value. The beam interacts with the SWS modes and generates microwaves due to Cherenkov interaction. Estimated power of 2 MW in TM₀₁ mode is observed.      

开敞型角向周期加载金属柱圆波导的注波互作用线性理论研究

提出了一种可应用于毫米波功率放大器中的新型慢波结构——-开敞型角向周期 加载金属柱圆波导结构,并且在互作用通道内,引入了薄环形电子注, 推导出了此时的"热"色散方程,并且对基于该新型慢波结构的行波管的 小信号增益特性进行了深入探讨.通过数值方法 研究了金属柱尺寸和电子注参数 对器件线性特性的影响. 结果表明: 通过对金属柱尺寸的适当设计, 可以获得更高的增益值. 与封闭型结构的比较结果表明, 开敞型角向周期加载金属柱圆波导结构能够 有效地提高小信号增益, 并且对带宽的影响不大. 研究结果为研制基于此新型慢波系统的毫米波行波管奠定了理论基础.     

相对论返波管注-波作用不稳定区的研究

 以环形电子注驱动的、正弦型周期慢波结构的相对论返波管（RBWO）为模型,理论推导出RBWO慢波结构的色散方程,画出了不包括和包括电子注的色散曲线,然后采用在复平面上绘制等高线图进行逼近的方法对注-波作用不稳定区工作频率的实部和虚部进行了求解,绘出了完整的包括电子注的慢波结构色散关系曲线,并估算了微波的时间增长率和能量转换效率。研究得出：当a（电子注电流参数）较大时,电磁波与慢电荷波的相互作用是不稳定的;而在a较小时,注-波相互作用具有明显的三波作用的特点;微波增长是通过注-波不稳定作用引起的;随着a的增大,微波时间增长率先增大后减小,在a为0.02时有最大值1.37,此时的能量转换效率为19%;增大电子注半径或慢波结构的波纹深度都可以增强注-波不稳定作用。     

Experimental investigation of a 140 GHz gyrotron-backward wave oscillator

We report the experimental operation of a voltage tunable gyrotron backward wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) in the frequency range near 140 GHz. Voltage tunability is an important feature of the gyro-BWO for application as a fast tuning source for driving high power free electron lasers or cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifiers. The gyro-BWO operated in an overmoded cylindrical waveguide structure in the TE_1,2 mode. The electron beam source was a Pierce-wiggler gun producing an 80 kV, 6.2 A beam. Frequency tuning with voltage between 134 and 147 GHz was achieved in the TE_1,2 mode with constant magnetic field. However, this tuning was found to be discontinuous. Output powers of up to 2 kW and 2% efficiency were found, significantly below theoretical predictions for a cold beam. The theoretical beam velocity spread was modeled by a 3D beam transport code. The code results show that space charge forces, coupled with the wiggler-induced helical motion and the short cyclotron wavelength of the beam, produce large increases in velocity spread in the magnetic compression region. A beam with smaller velocity spread would be needed to make the gyro-BWO operate at the desired efficiency.     

V形曲折矩形槽慢波结构的研究

提出了一种新型的慢波结构—-V形曲折矩形槽慢波结构, 该结构是由矩形槽波导沿其E面法向周期性呈V形折叠而成, 其两金属板之间的间隙形成天然的带状电子注通道. 相比传统的U形曲折矩形槽波导, 它能在保持良好高频特性的情况下增加互作用面积, 从而可以采用面积更大的带状电子注以获得更大的输出功率. 分析了该结构的高频特性, 在V波段完成了对行波管互作用电路的设计, 并利用三维粒子模拟的方法估计了其工作性能. 研究结果表明, 当工作电压和电流分别为12.8 kV和600 mA 时, 在58—64 GHz的频率范围内饱和平均输出功率大于1000 W, 相应的饱和增益和电子效率分别大于33 dB和13.2%.     

Phase constant peculiarities of cylindrical zero-index anisotropic metamaterial waveguide

Here, we present the phase constant dependencies of propagating eigenmodes of an open cylindrical anisotropic metamaterial waveguide when the metamaterial permittivity and permeability tensor components may accept values close or equal to zero. Dispersion characteristics of rod and hollow-core waveguides with the radii 0.5, 2.5, and 5 mm at the left-handed polarization of the microwave are shown here. There are unusual shapes of eigenmode dispersion characteristics and anomalous sectors of the characteristics at certain frequencies. The first eigenmode of the rod waveguide with the lowest cutoff frequency is a particularly important mode because it is a single one in the frequency range 1.0?C1.9 GHz, and some small variations on the frequency produce large changes in the phase constant. We can observe packages of dispersion characteristic branches when their cutoff frequencies closed to the metamaterial electric and magnetic plasma frequencies between 1.9 and 3.5 GHz. There are only three modes in the hollow core anisotropic metamaterial waveguide at the frequency range 1.4?C2.8 GHz.     

Gyrotron Backward Wave Oscillator Experiments with a Relativistic Electron Beam Using an X-Band Rectangular Waveguide

A mildly relativistic electron beam (500keV, 200A, 10ns) injected into an X-band rectangular waveguide immersed in a uniform axial magnetic field (4-10kG) produced magnetically tunable microwave radiation in the 9-13 GHz frequency range with an estimated output power of 1MW. The frequency range and tunability of the radiated microwave agreed with a theoretical model for a gyrotron backward wave oscillator taking into account the low energy component of the beam electron.