A study of the reaction Na2SO4·10H2O→Na2SO4+10H2O in the temperature range 0 to 25°C

Thermogravimetry was used to obtain data on the isothermal rate of dehydration and hydration of the reaction Na₂SO₄·10H₂O→Na₂SO₄+10H₂O in the temperature range 10 to 25°C. The thermodynamic functions, ΔH, ΔG and ΔS were calculated and compared with data in the literature. The dissociation pressures of Na₂SO₄·10H₂O at temperatures in the range 0 to 25°C were measured in a volumetric dissociation apparatus. The results obtained were compared with those using thermogravimetry and the accuracy of the two techniques was assessed.     

Coordination Polymers of Scandium Sulfate. Crystal Structures of (H2Bipy)[Sc(H2O)(SO4)2]2 · 2H2O and (H2Bipy)[HSO4]2

Compounds with the general formula Cat_x[Sc(H₂O)_z(SO₄)_y] · nH₂O (Cat = NH₄, H₂Bipy (Bipy is 4,4′-bipyridine), and HEdp (Edp is ethylenedipyridine) are synthesized and identified by elemental analysis and IR spectral data. The X-ray diffraction analysis of (H₂Bipy)[Sc(H₂O)(SO₄)₂]₂ · 2H₂O shows that in the structure of this compound, the chains of ScO₆ octahedra and SO₄ tetrahedra are united to form ribbons due to the tridentate coordination of the sulfate ion. The ribbons form a framework, whose infinite cavities contain H₂Bipy²⁺ cations.__________Translated from Koordinatsionnaya Khimiya, Vol. 31, No. 8, 2005, pp. 576–582.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Petrosyants, Ilyukhin, Sukhorukov.     

Kinetics of the dehydration of CsNd(SO4)2 4 H2O

The kinetics of the dehydration of CsNd(SO₄)₂ · 4 H₂O to CsNd(SO₄)₂ · H₂O and then to CsNd(SO₄)₂ are studied by isothermal weight change. The reactions are phase-boundary-controlled. Reaction mechanism and activation energy depend on sample weight.     

FeCl2-Na2SO3-H2O system as a basis for recovery of iron(II) sulfite from solution

The FeCl₂-Na₂SO₃-H₂O system was studied along seven sections with the molar ratios Na₂SO₃: FeCl₂ = 5: 1, 5: 2, 5: 3, 5: 4, 5: 5, 5: 10, and 5: 15, including six points on each section where pH ranges from 1.5 to 4.0 in 0.5 steps. Equal-undersedimentation lines for cations and anions were plotted. The iron(II) system forms sodium ferrisulfites NaFe₅O_0.5(SO₃)₅ · 5H₂O, NaHFe₅(SO₃)₆ · 5H₂O, Na₂Fe₅(SO₃)₆ · 4H₂O, and NaHFe₂(SO₃)₃; the iron(III) system forms Na₂Fe₆(SO₃)₇ · 10H₂O. The regions where these compounds sediment were demarcated, and their characterizations were carried out.     

Thermodynamic representation of the NaCl + Na2SO4 + H2O system with electrolyte NRTL model

A comprehensive thermodynamic model based on the electrolyte NRTL (eNRTL) activity coefficient equation is developed for the NaCl + H₂O binary, the Na₂SO₄ + H₂O binary and the NaCl + Na₂SO₄ + H₂O ternary. The NRTL binary parameters for pairs H₂O-(Na⁺, Cl⁻) and H₂O-(Na⁺, SO₄²⁻), and the aqueous phase infinite dilution heat capacity parameters for ions Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻ are regressed from fitting experimental data on mean ionic activity coefficient, heat capacity, liquid enthalpy and dissolution enthalpy for the NaCl + H₂O binary and the Na₂SO₄ + H₂O binary with electrolyte concentrations up to saturation and temperature up to 473.15 K. The Gibbs energy of formation, enthalpy of formation and heat capacity parameters for solids NaCl_(s), NaCl·2H₂O_(s), Na₂SO_4(s) and Na₂SO₄·10H₂O_(s) are obtained by fitting experimental data on solubilities of NaCl and Na₂SO₄ in water. The NRTL binary parameters for the (Na⁺, Cl⁻)-(Na⁺, SO₄²⁻) pair are regressed from fitting experimental data on dissolution enthalpies and solubilities for the NaCl + Na₂SO₄ + H₂O ternary.     

Zn4Si2O7(OH)2H2O盐修饰的纳米Ru催化剂催化苯选择加氢制环己烯

利用沉淀法制备了纳米Ru催化剂,在ZnSO₄存在下考察了Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O和二乙醇胺作反应修饰剂对Ru催化剂催化苯选择加氢制环己烯性能的影响,并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)和透射电镜-能量散射谱(TEM-EDS)等物理化学手段对加氢前后Ru催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,在水溶液中Na₂SiO₃与ZnSO₄可以反应生成Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐、H₂SO₄和Na₂SO₄,化学吸附在Ru催化剂表面上的Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐起着提高Ru催化剂环己烯选择性的关键作用。Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O量的增加,生成的Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐逐渐增加,Ru催化剂的活性降低,环己烯选择性逐渐升高。向反应体系中加入二乙醇胺,它可以中和Na₂SiO₃与ZnSO₄反应生成的硫酸,使化学平衡向生成更多的Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐的方向移动,导致Ru催化剂环己烯选择性增加。当Ru催化剂与ZnSO₄·7H₂O、Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O和二乙醇胺、分散剂ZrO₂的质量比为1.0:24.6:0.4:0.2:5.0时,2 g Ru催化剂上苯转化73%时环己烯选择性和收率分别为75%和55%,而且该催化剂体系具有良好的重复使用性和稳定性。     

Zn4Si2O7(OH)2H2O盐修饰的纳米Ru催化剂催化苯选择加氢制环己烯

利用沉淀法制备了纳米Ru催化剂, 在ZnSO₄存在下考察了Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O和二乙醇胺作反应修饰剂对Ru催化剂催化苯选择加氢制环己烯性能的影响, 并用X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线荧光光谱(XRF)和透射电镜-能量散射谱(TEM-EDS)等物理化学手段对加氢前后Ru催化剂进行了表征。结果表明, 在水溶液中Na₂SiO₃与ZnSO₄可以反应生成Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐、H₂SO₄和Na₂SO₄, 化学吸附在Ru催化剂表面上的Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐起着提高Ru催化剂环己烯选择性的关键作用。Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O量的增加, 生成的Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐逐渐增加, Ru催化剂的活性降低, 环己烯选择性逐渐升高。向反应体系中加入二乙醇胺, 它可以中和Na₂SiO₃与ZnSO₄反应生成的硫酸, 使化学平衡向生成更多的Zn₄Si₂O₇(OH)₂H₂O盐的方向移动, 导致Ru催化剂环己烯选择性增加。当Ru催化剂与ZnSO₄·7H₂O、Na₂SiO₃·9H₂O和二乙醇胺、分散剂ZrO₂的质量比为1.0:24.6:0.4:0.2:5.0时, 2 g Ru催化剂上苯转化73%时环己烯选择性和收率分别为75%和55%, 而且该催化剂体系具有良好的重复使用性和稳定性。     

Two Ce(SO4)2·4H2O polymorphs: Crystal structure and thermal behavior

Syntheses, crystal structures and thermal behavior of two polymorphic forms of Ce(SO₄)₂·4H₂O are reported. The first modification, α-Ce(SO₄)₂·4H₂O (I), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Fddd, with a=5.6587(1), b=12.0469(2), c=26.7201(3) Å and Z=8. The second modification, β-Ce(SO₄)₂·4H₂O (II), crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pnma, with a=14.6019(2), b=11.0546(2), c=5.6340(1) Å and Z=4. In both structures, the cerium atoms have eight ligands: four water molecules and four sulfate groups. The mutual position of the ligands differs in (I) and (II), resulting in geometrical isomerism. Both these structures are built up by layers of Ce(H₂O)₄(SO₄)₂ held together by a hydrogen bonding network. The dehydration of Ce(SO₄)₂·4H₂O is a two step (I) and one step (II) process, respectively, forming Ce(SO₄)₂ in both cases. During the decomposition of the anhydrous form, Ce(SO₄)₂, into the final product CeO₂, intermediate xCeO₂·yCe(SO₄)₂ species are formed.     

Experimental Determination of the Isotherm at 15°C of the System Mg2+/Cl?, SO42–H2O

 The diagram of the ternary system Mg²⁺/Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻–H₂O was established at 15°C by means of analytical and conductimetric measurements. Three compounds were found in this diagram, which are MgSO₄·6H₂O, MgSO₄·7H₂O, and MgCl₂·6H₂O. The solubility field of MgSO₄·7H₂O is important whereas those of MgSO₄·6H₂O and MgCl₂·6H₂O are small. The compositions (mass-%) of the two invariant points determined by the two methods are: MgSO₄:MgCl₂=2.73:33.80 and MgSO₄: MgCl₂=3.38:28.91. Both the measured and the calculated isotherm at 15°C have been used for modelling of the diagram Mg²⁺/Cl⁻, SO₄ ²⁻–H₂O between 0 and 35°C. The polythermal invariant point was approximately located between 15 and 10°C.     

Thermodynamics study of the Cs2SO4-MgSO4-H2O system at the temperature 298.15 K

The Pitzer ion-interaction model has been used for thermodynamics simulation of the ternary system Cs₂SO₄-MgSO₄-H₂O at 298.15 K. The Pitzer ternary mixing parameter $ \psi _{CsMgSO_4 } $ \psi _{CsMgSO_4 } and thermodynamic characteristics for double salt Cs₂SO₄ · MgSO₄ · 6H₂O have been calculated and the theoretical solubilities isotherm has been plotted.     

V2O5/赤铁矿催化剂结构及其NH3选择性催化还原NOx性能

以水热合成针铁矿为前驱体浸渍偏钒酸铵,分别于300,400和500℃空气中焙烧,制备了不同活性组分负载量的V₂O₅/赤铁矿（V/H）催化剂,用于氨选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝。采用X射线衍射、透射电子显微镜、比表面积分析仪、程序升温还原及程序升温脱附等方法对催化剂结构进行了表征,并用标气配制模拟烟气进行了脱硝实验。结果表明,300℃煅烧3%V/H催化剂当烟气温度为250-300℃时NO转化率均可达95%以上;当配气中单独加入水蒸气或低浓度SO₂（0.01%）时,V/H催化脱硝的活性不受影响;当系统加入高浓度的SO₂（0.03%与0.05%）或同时添加H₂O与SO₂时,SCR脱硝效率下降,其机制可能是SO₂在催化剂表面竞争吸附所致,停止添加后,催化活性迅速恢复。     

Syntheses, crystal structures and optical spectroscopy of Ln2(SO4)3·8H2O (Ln=Ho, Tm) and Pr2(SO4)3·4H2O

The lanthanide sulphate octahydrates Ln₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O (Ln=Ho, Tm) and the respective tetrahydrate Pr₂(SO₄)₃·4H₂O were obtained by evaporation of aqueous reaction mixtures of trivalent rare earth oxides and sulphuric acid at 300 K. Ln₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O (Ln=Ho, Tm) crystallise in space group C2/c (Z=4, a_Ho=13.4421(4) Å, b_Ho=6.6745(2) Å, c_Ho=18.1642(5) Å, β_Ho=102.006(1) Å³ and a_Tm=13.4118(14) Å, b_Tm=6.6402(6) Å, c_Tm=18.1040(16) Å, β_Tm=101.980(8) Å³), Pr₂(SO₄)₃·4H₂O adopts space group P2₁/n (a=13.051(3) Å, b=7.2047(14) Å, c=13.316(3) Å, β=92.55(3) Å³). The vibrational and optical spectra of Ho₂(SO₄)₃·8H₂O and Pr₂(SO₄)₃·4H₂O are also reported.     

Structural roles of water in potassium nitrilosulphonate dihydrate,K3N(SO3)3.2H2O

The structural roles of the two types of lattice water in K₃N(SO₃)₃.2H₂O have been determined from the geometries of their immediate environments. Through hydrogen bonds of different lengths (and hence strengths), H₂O(1) links adjacent N(SO₃)₃^3?ions belonging to the same unit cell and lying on the same crystallographic mirror plane as O(1).H₂O(2) links identical N(SO₃)₃^3?ions contained in unit cells adjacent in the b direction, by very weak, equivalent hydrogen bonds. The hydrogen atoms of H₂O(1) are assigned to C_s sites in the unit cell and those of H₂O(2) are assigned to C₁ sites. The proposed site occupancies are verified by infrared spectroscopy using the “isotopic dilution” technique.     

Syntheses, crystal structures and vibrational spectra of KLn(SO4)2·H2O (Ln=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy)

The potassium lanthanide double sulphates KLn(SO₄)₂·H₂O (Ln=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy) were obtained by evaporation of aqueous reaction mixtures of rare earth (III) sulphates and potassium thiocyanate at 298 K. X-ray single-crystal investigations show that KLn(SO₄)₂·H₂O (Ln=Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy) crystallise monoclinically (Ln=Sm: P2₁/c, Z=4, a=10.047(1), b=8.4555(1), c=10.349(1) Å, wR2=0.060, R1=0.024, 945 reflections, 125 parameters) while KLa(SO₄)₂·H₂O adopts space group P3₂21 (Z=3, a=7.1490(5), c=13.2439(12) Å, wR2=0.038, R1=0.017, 695 reflections, 65 parameters). The coordination environment of the lanthanide ions in KLn(SO₄)₂·H₂O is different in the case of the Nd/Sm/Gd and the Eu/Dy compounds, respectively. In the first case the Ln atoms are nine-fold coordinated in contrast to the latter where the Ln ions are eight-fold coordinated by oxygen atoms. The vibrational spectra of KLn(SO₄)₂·H₂O and the UV-vis reflection spectra of KEu(SO₄)₂·H₂O and KNd(SO₄)₂·H₂O are also reported.     

Synthesis and structural characterization of 2-pyrazinecarboxylate zinc compound {[Zn2(Pyz)2(H2O)4] · SO4}n (Pyz = 2-pyrazinic acid)

A solvothermal reaction of 2-pyrazinic acid with Zn(SO₄)₂ · 7H₂O yielded the title complex of the formula {[Zn₂(Pyz)₂(H₂O)₄] · SO₄} _n (I). X-ray diffraction study shows that the complex I crystallizes in mono-clinic system, space group P2₁/c, with lattice parameters a = 11.2687(6), b = 7.3511(4), c = 11.8506(7) ?, β = 95.070(2)°, V = 977.83(9) ?³, Z = 4, and ρ_calcd = 2.184 mg m⁻³.     

Tetragonal paramagnetic complex in Gd3+ doped Nd2(SO4)3·(NH4)2SO4·8H2O au]V.M. Malhotra

EPR studies of Gd³⁺ doped in single crystals of Nd₂(SO₄)₃·(NH₄)₂SO₄·8H₂O (hereafter referred to as NASO) at room (RT) and liquid nitrogen (LNT) temperatures exhibit that (1) the metal aquo complex has a tetragonal symmetry with abnormally low magnitudes of crystalline field parameters at RT and (2) NASO undergoes a possible phase transition between RT and LNT.     

Phase equilibria in the system Na,K,Mg,Ca∥SO4,Cl-H2O at 25°C in the crystallization regions of MgCl2·6H2O, CaCl2·6H2O, and 2MgCl2·CaCl2·12H2O

The translation method is used to study equilibria in the system Na, K, Mg, Ca∥SO₄, Cl-H₂O at 25°C in the crystallization regions of MgCl₂·6H₂O, CaCl₂·6H₂O, and 2MgCl₂·CaCl₂·12H₂O. The participation of these salts in the formation of the geometrical images of the title system is determined. The relevant fragments of the equilibrium phase diagram are designed. Original Russian Text ? L. Soliev, 2007, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2007, Vol. 52, No. 5, pp. 841–845.     

Thermal decomposition of syngenite, K2Ca(SO4)2·H2O

The thermal decomposition of syngenite, K₂Ca(SO₄)₂·H₂O, formed during the treatment of liquid manure has been studied by thermal gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, high temperature X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared emission spectroscopy (IES). Gypsum was found as a minor impurity resulting in a minor weight loss due to dehydration around 100 °C. The main endothermic dehydration and decomposition stage of syngenite to crystalline K₂Ca₂(SO₄)₃ and amorphous K₂SO₄ is observed around 200 °C. The reaction involves a solid-state re-crystallisation, while water and the K₂SO₄ diffuse out of the existing lattice. The additional weight loss steps around 250 and 350 °C are probably due to presence of larger syngenite particles, which exhibit slower decomposition due to the slower diffusion of water and K₂SO₄ out of the crystal lattice. A minor endothermic sulphate loss around 450 °C is not due to the decomposition of syngenite or its products or of the gypsum impurity. The origin of this sulphate is not clear.     

Experimental evidence of interactions SO2−4 −H2O in an aqueous solution

The scattering of X-rays from a (NH₄)₂SO₄ aqueous solution has been measured and analysed at 25°C. It is shown that the sample may be considered as a solution of sulphate ions in water. In this way the existence of discrete SO^?2₄ ?H₂O interactions can be unambiguously demonstrated. Good agreement with experimental data is achieved through a model in which each oxygen atom in the sulphate ion gives rise to about two hydrogen bonds with water molecules.