光学总论

光学概论O432007032001相反拓扑指数的Laguerre-Gaussian模的产生和模间相互作用的实验研究=Experi mental investigation of interac-tion of two Laguerre-Gaussian modes carrying opposite to-pological charges[刊,中]/张晓波(中国科学技术大学物理系.安徽,合肥(230026)),张巍…//物理学报.?2007,56(1).?213-217实验研究了带有相反拓扑指数的Laguerre-Gaussian(LG)模间的相互作用,发现含有相反拓扑指数的两个LG模在传播过程中其光场发生变化,观察到随着传播距离的增加,两个LG模的中心位相奇点会逐渐连成为一个弧形暗线形状。实验…     

带有相反拓扑指数的光学涡流间相互作用研究

对线性介质中光学涡流间相互作用做了数值分析，发现当拓扑指数相反时，含有涡流对的光场产生了类似于对称破缺的不稳定性，螺旋位错在传播过程中演变为一种新的位错——边位错，作用过程中拓扑指数守恒. 关键词： 光学涡流 拓扑指数 位错     

拉盖尔-高斯模叠加而成的部分相干光的相干涡旋

对Bogatyryova等人近来提出的一种可分离位相的部分相干光的相干涡旋作了详细研究.这类新的光束由相同角向指数的拉盖尔-高斯(LG)模非相干叠加而成.研究表明，叠加LG模式的模指数，权重因子和参考点位置的选择都会影响圆刃型位错出现的位置，使得涡旋消失或出现多个相干涡旋.而且，LG模叠加而成的位相不可分离的部分相干光也存在相干涡旋. 关键词： 奇点光学 一类新的部分相干光束 相干涡旋 圆刃型位错     

时间反演对称性破缺系统中的拓扑零能模

Su-Schreiffer-Heeger模型预测了在一维周期晶格的边缘处可能出现零维的拓扑零能模,其能量本征值总是出现在能隙的正中间.本文以半导体微腔阵列中光子和激子在强耦合情况下形成的准粒子为例,通过准粒子的自旋轨道耦合与Zeeman效应,研究了时间反演对称性破缺对拓扑零能模的影响.发现拓扑零能模的能量本征值可以随着自旋轨道耦合强度的变化在整个带隙内移动,自旋相反的模式移动方向相反;在二维微腔阵列中发现了沿着晶格边缘移动的拓扑零能模,提出了一维零能模的概念.由于时间反演对称性的破缺,这种一维拓扑零能模解除了在相反传输方向上的能级的简并,从而在传输过程中出现极强的绕过障碍物的能力.     

产生拉盖尔-高斯模的全息光栅实验研究

拉盖尔-高斯（Laguerre-Gaussian,LG）模是光子的轨道角动量本征态,它在未来的光镊、量子信息和计算等领域有潜在的应用价值。分别用两种记录介质-全息干板和喷墨透明胶片-制作了全息光栅。通过这种全息光栅在实验上产生了拓扑数从一阶到高阶的拉盖尔-高斯模,同时观察到高阶模的空间不稳定特性。并且详细讨论了光栅制作过程中的各种控制参量如曝光时间及强度对光栅衍射效率的影响。     

二维声子晶体异质位错结的界面传导模研究

以二维水银／四氯化碳体系正方格子声子晶体为研究对象，采用平面波法结合超元胞的方法研究了声子晶体异质位错结的能带结构及三种形式的位错对带隙内传导模影响。结果表明，对于原型异质结，在带隙中不会出现界面传导模；横、纵向及横纵向同时作用的位错效应，在界面处形成传导模，可以使处于禁带频率范围内的声波沿位错通道进行传播，从而形成声波导。     

光波场中多边位错向螺旋位错的转化

实验研究及理论分析了光波场中边位错向螺旋位错的转化行为. 设计了围绕中心沿角向周期排列的多边位错相位结构,实验上通过计算全息图法研究了其对高斯光束的调制作用以及调制光束的传播特性. 结果表明,随着调制光束逐渐演化为类涡旋光束,多边位错结构可以转化为螺旋位错,且位错结构的总相位变化守恒. 结合光场的线动量密度图详细分析了该演化过程,并进一步讨论了多边位错结构中的相位突变值对螺旋位错转化的影响,给出了决定螺旋位错拓扑荷值的定量关系式. 关键词： 边位错 螺旋位错 涡旋光束 拓扑荷     

基于腔内球差选模产生高阶拉盖尔-高斯模式激光

本文报道了基于腔内球差在端泵Nd:YVO₄激光器中选择单一高阶拉盖尔-高斯(LG)振荡模式的实验研究.在激光谐振腔内使用短焦距透镜引入明显的球差,使具有不同光斑半径的各阶LG模式的光路在空间上发生分离,从而实现对模式的选择作用,1.03 W泵浦功率下线偏振1064 nm激光能够在LG_0,±10和LG_0,±33之间以单横模工作.分析发现适当的横模间球差是抑制边模、选择单一高阶LG模式的必要条件,而过大的球差又会导致单一LG模式自身遭受明显的损耗,不利于产生高阶的LG模式输出.据此进一步优化实验参数,获得了角向指数m达到±75的高阶LG模式输出.     

电子型FeSe基高温超导体的磁通束缚态与Majorana零能模

作为凝聚态物理中一类新奇准粒子态,Majorana零能模(Majorana zero mode)由于可用来实现拓扑量子计算而成为当前的研究热点.理论预言,Majorana零能模可作为特殊的束缚态出现在一些拓扑超导体的磁通涡旋中.但实际超导体磁通中还可能存在其他低能束缚态或杂质态,这给Majorana零能模的辨别和具体应用带来了困难.目前实验上寻找合适的拓扑超导体系、分辨出清晰的Majorana零能模仍然是十分迫切的.本文主要介绍最近利用高能量分辨的扫描隧道显微镜,对电子掺杂铁硒类超导体(Li,Fe)OHFeSe和单层FeSe/SrTiO3磁通态进行的研究.实验上在前者的自由磁通中观测到清晰的零能模,并进一步测量到Majorana零能模的重要特征—量子化电导.而在后者磁通中只发现常规Caroli-de Gennes-Matricon(CdGM)束缚态,反映出s波对称性的特征.这系列实验既为Majorana零能模物性的进一步研究提供了合适平台,也为澄清铁基超导体中拓扑超导电性的来源提供了线索.     

刃型位错高斯光束的Riemann-Silberstein涡旋通过双焦透镜的聚焦特性

基于时间平均复标量场的零值点,推导出寄居于高斯光束中的刃型位错线形成的Riemann-Silberstein (RS)涡旋通过双焦透镜传输时的复标量场。详细研究了刃型位错高斯光束形成的RS涡旋通过双焦透镜的聚焦特性,分析了传输距离和双焦透镜在x方向的焦距对RS涡旋的影响。研究发现RS涡旋通过双焦透镜后会出现RS涡旋的移动、新产生一对含有相反拓扑电荷的RS涡旋、两个含有相反拓扑电荷的RS涡旋逐渐靠近至湮灭,但是,在整个聚焦传输变化过程中,RS涡旋的总拓扑电荷守恒。特别地,当RS涡旋通过理想透镜时,复标量场中始终只有4个位于x轴上的RS涡旋。随着传输距离增加,这4个RS涡旋先逐渐靠近原点(0, 0),又逐渐远离原点(0, 0),但每个RS涡旋的拓扑电荷一直保持不变,因此,总拓扑电荷守恒。     

Superpositions of Laguerre-Gaussian Beams in Strongly Nonlocal Left-handed Materials

We present beam solutions of the strongly nonlocal nonlinear Schrödinger equation in left-handed materials (LHMs). Different Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) necklace beams, such as symmetric and asymmetric single layer and multilayernecklace beams are created by the superposition of two single beams with different topological charges. Such superpositions are then propagated through LHMs, displaying linear diffraction. It is found that the superposition of two LG_nm beams with opposite topological charges does not show rotational behavior and that there exists rotation for other topological charge combinations. Our theory predicts that the accessible solitons cannot exist in LHMs.     

High-harmonic-generation-inspired preparation of optical vortex arrays with arbitrary-order topological charges

In the process of high-harmonic generation with a Laguerre-Gaussian(LG) mode, it was well established that the topological charge could be of an N-fold increase due to angular momentum conservation. Here, by mimicking the effect of high-harmonic generation, we devise a simple algorithm to generate optical vortex arrays carrying arbitrary topological charges with a single phase-only spatial light modulator. By initially preparing a coaxial superposition of suitable low-order LG modes, we demonstrate experimentally that the topological charges of the embedded vortices can be multiplied and transformed into arbitrarily high orders on demand, while the array structure remains unchanged. Our algorithm offers a concise way to efficiently manipulate the structured light beams and holds promise in optical micromanipulation and remote sensing.     

相位片角向衍射产生拉盖尔-高斯光束的实验研究

设计了一种角向分布的相位片,利用离子束刻蚀技术加工成0和π二级的相位片.利用角向衍射理论对相位片的衍射场分析表明,衍射场为拓扑指数相反的两束拉盖尔-高斯光束的叠加场.用直径为4 mm的近平行光照射相位片,获得径向指数为零,拓扑荷相反的叠加拉盖尔-高斯光场.采用较大孔径的光束入射时,仍为拓扑荷相反的两束光的叠加,但径向指数会发生变化. 关键词： 信息光学 拉盖尔-高斯光束 相位片 离子束刻蚀     

Splitting of an edge dislocation by an optical vortex

In a linear medium an optical vortex induces the splitting of an edge dislocation into vortices of both topological charges. Their positions and number depend on which of the phase dislocations is shifted from the center of the host beam. Violations of the charge conservation law are discussed.     

Controlling Airy-Bessel Light Bullets in an Optically Induced Potential

We investigate numerically the curious evolution of self-decelerating Airy-Bessel light bullets carrying different topological charges (TC), launched in the three-dimensional (3D) Schrödinger equation with an induced parabolic potential. We present their spatiotemporal profile during propagation. In our paper, the number of TC, the modulation depth, and the induced potential are considered simultaneously. The propagation properties of light bullets result from a combination of these effects. Our scheme is distinctly different from the linear light bullets in free space, in which the localized wave packets propagate in a self-consistent trapping potential.     

Spectroscopic observation of the rotational Doppler effect

We report on the first spectroscopic observation of the rotational Doppler shift associated with light beams carrying orbital angular momentum. The effect is evidenced as the broadening of a Hanle electromagnetically induced transparency coherence resonance on Rb vapor when the two incident Laguerre-Gaussian laser beams have opposite topological charges. The observations closely agree with theoretical predictions.     

Universal probes of two-dimensional topological insulators: dislocation and π flux

We show that the π flux and the dislocation represent topological observables that probe two-dimensional topological order through binding of the zero-energy modes. We analytically demonstrate that π flux hosts a Kramers pair of zero modes in the topological Γ (Berry phase Skyrmion at the zero momentum) and M (Berry phase Skyrmion at a finite momentum) phases of the M-B model introduced for the HgTe quantum spin Hall insulator. Furthermore, we analytically show that the dislocation acts as a π flux, but only so in the M phase. Our numerical analysis confirms this through a Kramers pair of zero modes bound to a dislocation appearing in the M phase only, and further demonstrates the robustness of the modes to disorder and the Rashba coupling. Finally, we conjecture that by studying the zero modes bound to dislocations all translationally distinguishable two-dimensional topological band insulators can be classified.     

Shared aperture metasurface antenna for electromagnetic vortices generation with different topological charges

Vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM) have aroused great interest of both scientific and engineering communities. Encouragingly, generating OAM with different topological charges in a shared aperture is regarded as a potential route to expanding the communication capacity, which yet is an academic challenging task. In this work, a paradigm of designing metasurface-based shared aperture antenna for generating polarization-dependent vortex beams with distinct topological charges is proposed. Anisotropic unit cells that can tailor different resonance phase profiles in two orthogonal orientations are used to assemble a metasurface reflector. As a proof-of-concept, a planar reflector antenna is designed with two Vivaldi sources, which can generate x- and y-polarized vortex beams with topological charges of l=-1 and l=-2, respectively. Both the simulation results and the measurement results are in good agreement, which demonstrates the feasibility of our design. Significantly, this work provides a new route to achieving vortex beams carrying different topological charges in the same frequency band, which may have potential applications in communication systems.