双冷针冷冻手术中冻结相变传热的数值模拟

建立了生物组织(含正常组织与肿瘤)冻结过程相变传热的数学模型.模型中采用树状分形方法模拟血管的结构形态,同时考虑了组织在冻结过程中存在冻结区、糊状区和未冻结区三个区域.对生物组织在同时插入两根探针时冻结过程中温度场分布及冰晶生长规律进行了模拟.模拟结果表明:在冷冻初期,冰晶的生长速度较快,到了后期冰晶生长速度明显减慢;探针间距在冷冻初期对冰晶生长产生较大影响,随着冷冻时间的增加这种差别会逐渐减少.     

细胞尺度冰晶生长行为的相场数值模拟

细胞尺度的冻结损伤机制是实施低温手术及生物材料低温保存的关键,本文围绕低温条件下的微尺度冻结问题,应用相场模型对冰晶的形成过程进行了数值模拟,明确了相场模型相关重要参数的确定方法,并最终得到各向同性条件下,二维平面内冰晶的生长过程及其生长特点.     

冷冻过程中洋葱细胞胞内冰晶的生长行为研究

细胞胞内冰的形成会导致严重的细胞损伤从而导致低温贮存中的诸多问题。生物组织保存前的预冷过程对胞内冰晶的形成具有重要影响。本文分别采用-1,-5,-10,-20,-50,-80℃/min的降温速率预冷洋葱表皮细胞至-7℃接种冰晶.采用高速摄像仪观察冰晶生长过程,发现了三种模式的胞内冰晶生长行为。模式A:细胞壁结晶后继续在边缘结晶;模式B:细胞壁结晶后,向中心扩散,横贯中心位置;模式C:中心首先结晶,扩散至细胞边缘。最后对三种不同过程的冰晶生长速率及细胞变形度进行了计算分析。     

静磁场对冰晶成核过程影响的机理分析

常规的冷冻方式会在材料中形成大冰晶从而导致材料品质下降,在冷冻过程中加以磁场辅助可以改善冻结效果。从热力学原理出发,研究静磁场对冰晶成核过程的影响,将静磁场作用以附加自由能引入冰晶成核过程。研究结果表明,静磁场作用可以减小冰晶成核的临界半径和临界功,提高均相成核率,且磁场强度越大,临界半径和临界功越小,成核率越高;水的附加过冷度也随磁场强度的增大而增大,与相关实验数据趋势吻合较好。     

基于液氮喷雾式食品流态化速冻机的青刀豆速冻实验研究

速冻是用来保存食品的常用方法之一,而在食品的长期保存的过程中人们一直关心的一个问题是如何能够保持食品的外观、完整性和品质。流态化速冻是实现单体快速冻结的最有效方法之一。我所自行研制了液氮喷雾式食品流态化速冻机。本文便是基于此速冻装置的基础之上,对青刀豆进行速冻试验研究,来分析在不同的冻结条件下对物料的冻结时间、干耗和品质的影响。通过冻结青刀豆复温后的电镜照片,来分析速冻过程中冰晶生长对食品品质的影响。     

肿瘤冻融相变传热过程的数值模拟

本文建立了肿瘤组织多孔介质冻融相变传热的数学模型.采用显热容法研究模拟了冷热交替治疗过程中肿瘤组织中温度场分布以及冰晶增长和融化过程.研究结果表明,当冷刀进入组织以后,组织内会产生冰晶的生长.当冷刀的温度上升时,开始时在冷刀侧附近冰晶融化,出现一个冰晶融化的相界面;随着冷刀温度的上升,逐步出现两个冰晶融化的相界面.血液灌注率的存在使组织冻结速度变慢.     

胞内冰晶形成(综述)

在生物组织、细胞冷冻过程中形成的胞内冰晶是造成细胞直接损伤的重要原因之一.本文综述了与胞内冰晶形成的国内外研究进展,特别是目前在胞内冰晶形成的机理方面的主要理论学说、预测胞内冰晶形成概率的方法以及实验上的各方面重要技术和结果.对当前在胞内冰晶研究方面还存在的诸多问题进行了总结和展望.     

微通道内冰晶生长过程的相场模拟

为研究微通道内冰晶生长的微观机理以便提出相应的防结冰措施，建立了微通道内结冰过程的相场模型，模型中引入了实际边界条件的影响(取为第三类边界条件),相场计算中采用随机方法生成晶核。基于有限差分法对相场模型进行了数值求解，对不同边界条件影响强度(以努塞尔数Nu表征)下冰晶生长过程进行了系统研究。研究结果表明：边界对微通道内的冰晶生长影响显著，Nu越大，微通道内冰晶生长第一阶段(冰晶未扩展到边界时)结晶速率越大，使得充分结晶(定义为结晶百分数达到80%)所需总时间越短；同时应在结冰初始阶段对其进行及时干预才能有效防止结冰。     

功率超声强化溶液冻结机理的研究进展

功率超声波强化溶液结晶是一种新型的结晶技术,由于其具有促进溶液冻结、控制晶体粒径分布和提高冻结产品质量的作用,近年来受到越来越多的关注。从过冷溶液的一次冰晶成核、二次冰晶成核以及树枝状冰晶体的生长速度等方面对超声波强化溶液结晶的机理进行了综述,并对超声结晶机理研究的发展方向提出了建议。     

蓄冷板冻结过程的数值模拟与实验研究

文中对蓄冷板内共晶液的热力学特性进行了分析。运用数值方法对不同温度下的NaCl蓄冷板冻结过程进行模拟研究,并实验验证了模拟的准确性。研究结果表明:当环境温度低于共晶液的共晶温度-21.2℃时,蓄冷板内共晶液开始相变所需的冷冻时间与环境温度有较大影响;蓄冷板出现结晶后直至共晶液完全冻结的相变过程受环境温度的影响较小。     

Freezing transition of interfacial water at room temperature under electric fields

The freezing of liquid water into ice was studied inside a gap of nanometer spacing under the control of electric fields and gap distance. The interfacial water underwent a sudden, reversible phase transition to ice in electric fields of 10(6) V m(-1) at room temperature. The critical field strength for the freezing transition was much weaker than that theoretically predicted for alignment of water dipoles and crystallization into polar cubic ice (>10(9) V m(-1)). This new type of freezing mechanism, occurring in weak electric fields and at room temperature, may have immediate implications for ice formation in diverse natural environments.     

Ice can penetrate invertebrate tissues via paracellular pathways

Ice-cell interactions especially the question whether and how ice crystals invade tissues and organs during freezing were examined in small transparent organs (salivary glands) in which many structural details remained visible despite of freeze-induced cell darkening. In most glands no invasion of ice into the lumen was observed since ice dendrites stopped growing after touching the gland. Here I report that in rare cases a so far unknown type of ice crystals developed which aggressively pushed against cell membranes before invading the gland via paracellular pathways (septate junctions). Aggressive ice crystals were also observed within a salivary gland cell which deformed and finally invaded the nucleus. In cell strands it was observed that intracellular freezing is indeed a two-step event in which ice developed in cytoplasm several seconds before invading the nucleus.     

闪电物理

闪电物理研究的重点是地闪的研究，地闪的物理过程包括云中起闪过程，闪电传播过程及接地过程，在较大范围的云中强电场区内，两雨滴掠过碰撞形成的细丝顶端产生的电晕或冰类痧汽凝结物表面的电晕可能触发闪电；闪电在空气中的传输过程就是先导从电晕向电弧的转化过程；闪电落地过程的核心是上迎先导的形成及与下行先导的连接，闪电物理研究的重点在闪电落地过程，并应与雷电防护研究结合起来进行。     

有限厚度冻冰相变过程的传热研究

1前言确定相界面的瞬态位置是求解冻冰相变问题的重要部分。目前对于有限区域相变问题还没有可靠的精确解[1]。冻冰过程最简单分析方法是忽略固液两相的显热变化，建立相界面移动的准稳态传热关系式，近似预测固一液相变位置[2-4]。本文将考虑液、固相中显热的变化，对有限厚平板冻冰过程，采用精确解与积分解相结合的方法，分析冰层冻结过程中的固一液相界面、边界热流密度和贮入固、液相内的冷量随冻冰时间的变化规律。2物理一数学模型分析该研究的问题是一块贮冷板的两侧面直接与一个低温蒸发器直接接触，使贮冷板内冻冰贮冷。通常蒸发器…     

Ordered porous TiO2 films obtained by freezing and the application in dye sensitized solar cells

TiO₂ films with ordered porous structure were prepared by freezing. By simply freezing wet TiO₂ film on a cold copper plate, ice crystals could grow from bottom of film. Removing such ice crystals then led to ordered, micro-sized pores in the films. With assistance of scanning electron microscopy and N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherms, micro-structural properties of the films were studied. Coarsening behavior of ice crystals was analyzed based on evolvement of the micro-structure. It was found that, both larger film thickness and longer freezing time were beneficial for the formation of ordered porous structure, which was caused by enhanced ice crystals growth. The films were then used to fabricate photoanode of dye sensitized solar cells, of which the photo-to-electric power conversion efficiency was evaluated. It was observed that, solar cell made of ordered porous TiO₂ film came out with 13% larger photo-current density comparing to that made of conventional doctor blading method, which is due to the enhanced light scattering by the ordered porous structure.     

Kinetics of freezing of an oil-in-water emulsion by pressure release. Impact on ice crystals and oil droplets

Abstract

Pressure release freezing (PRF) of an oil-in-water emulsion is studied. The characteristics of ice crystals as a function of freezing process is studied.     

电流变液中的双折射现象观察

本文研究了电流变液(ER流体)可调节的双折射现象,激光束垂直于电场方向,利用He-Ne激光器对SiO₂、季戊四醇和硅油组成的ER流体进行测量.发现当一对偏振片互相正交,不加电场时,没有光线射出;当施加电场时,就有光线射出,透射光强度随电场增大.对于相同材料的ER流体,低浓度的ER流体双折射现象更加明显,电流变液双折射现象起因于颗粒在电场作用下排列成链状或柱状结构.     

电流变液的微波透射调控行为

依据外电场作用下电流变液结构由各向同性转变为各向异性及介电性能改变的实验事实,建立了微波穿透电流变液样品的理论模型,导出了微波透射率的基本表达形式.理论模拟显示:当电流变液的介电常量小于所处环境的介电常量时,透射率随电场的增加而增加;反之则减小.实验研究表明:电流变液的微波衰减(透射率)的变化可以通过电场来调控.分析认为在外加电场作用下,电流变液结构转变和介电性能的变化是导致微波透射率可调控的主要原因.     

An experimental investigation into the icing and melting process of a water droplet impinging onto a superhydrophobic surface

The freezing and melting process of a small water droplet on a superhydrophobic cold surface was investigated using the Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) technique. The superhydrophobic surface was prepared using a sol-gel method on a red copper test plate. From the obtained fluorescence images, the phase transition characteristics during the freezing and melting process of a water droplet were clearly observed. It was found that, at the beginning of the droplet freezing process, liquid water turned into ice at a very fast rate. Such phase transition process decreased gradually with time and the volume of frozen ice approached a constant value at the end of the icing process. In addition, the freezing time was found to reduce with the decrease of the test plate temperature. Besides, when the test plate temperature is relatively high, the effect of droplet volume on the freezing time is very significant. Over all, we provide some tentative insights into the microphysical process related to the icing and melting process of water droplets.     

Two-dimensional diffraction study of ice crystallisation in polymer gels

Ice crystallisation in crosslinked dextran (Sephadex) gels was studied by the method of two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (XRD) in combination with the simultaneous measurement of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). With a Sephadex G25 gel where an exotherm due to ice crystallisation is observed in the DSC rewarming trace, it was indicated by the XRD pattern that small ice crystals less than approximately 10 microns in diameter are readily formed during freezing, and that the endothermic trend prior to the exotherm is not due to the glass transition but due to the melting of the small ice crystals. Moreover, the diffraction pattern observed with frozen Sephadex gels depended on the density of crosslink indicating that ice crystals of different size and dimension are formed in the gels.