Terbium(III) Chelate as an Efficient Donor for Multiple-Wavelength Fluorescent Acceptors

The emission spectra of the lanthanide chelates enable them to act as a donor for several acceptors emitting at different wavelengths. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between terbium(III) chelate labeled antibody Fab fragment (donor) and a 17β-estradiol conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488, 555, 594 or 680 (acceptor) was employed to study the functionality of the terbium(III) chelate as an efficient donor for several acceptors emitting from green to far-red. During measurement, the sensitized emission of the acceptor was measured at acceptor specific wavelength. All the tested dyes proved to be efficient acceptors, and they were successfully used in the competitive homogeneous E2 assay. The highest signal to background ratio and the best assay performance was obtained with Alexa Fluor 680, due to the very low donor emission background at the far-red area. In addition, the sensitized emission of both Alexa Fluor 488 and 680 could be measured simultaneously without significant cross talk.     

荧光共振能量转移-荧光寿命显微成像(FRET-FLIM)技术在生命科学研究中的应用进展

细胞是动植物结构和生命活动的基本单位.细胞过程的一个重要特点就是其生化组分在时空调控上的相互作用关系.然而,利用传统的生化方法(如酵母双杂交系统、pull-down系统等)很难在空间上评估活细胞内分子间的相互作用.光学技术的快速发展,为研究活细胞中生物分子的时空动态提供了新的遗传研究工具,其中荧光共振能量转移-荧光寿命...     

Practical Use of Corrected Fluorescence Excitation and Emission Spectra of Fluorescent Proteins in Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Studies

Corrected fluorescence excitation and emission spectra have been obtained from several enhanced variants of the green fluorescent protein (EGFP) isolated from the jellyfish Aequorea victoria, blue fluorescence protein (EBFP), cyan fluorescent protein (ECFP), EGFP and yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP–citrine) and from the red fluorescent protein (DsRed) isolated from the coral species Discosoma. The spectra are stored in a database. This report describes how the spectra can be used as templates to derive the critical transfer distance for any pair of fluorescent proteins.     

Recent developments in monitoring calcium and protein interactions in cells using fluorescence lifetime microscopy

Time-resolved fluorescence lifetime microscopy (TRFLM) allows the combination of the sensitivity of fluorescence lifetime to environmental parameters to be monitored in a spatial manner in single living cells, as well as providing more accurate, sensitive, and specific diagnosis of certain clinical diseases and chemical analyses. Here we discuss two applications of TRFLM: (1) the use of nonratiometric probes such as Calcium Crimson, for measuring Ca²⁺; and (2) quantification of protein interaction in living cells using green and blue fluorescent protein (GFP and BFP, respectively) expressing constructs in combination with fluorescence resonance energy transfer microscopy (FRET). With respect to measuring Ca²⁺ in biological samples, we demonstrate thatintensity-based measurements of Ca²⁺ with single-wavelength Ca²⁺ probes such as Calcium Crimson may falsely report the actual Ca²⁺ concentration. This is due to effects of hydrophobicity of the local environment on the emission of Calcium Crimson as well as interaction of Calcium Crimson with proteins, both of which are overcome by the use of TRFLM. The recent availability of BFP (P4-3) and GFP (S65T) (which can serve as donor and acceptor, respectively) DNA sequences which can be attached to the carboxy-or amino-terminal DNA sequence of specific proteins allows the dual expression and interaction of proteins conjugated to BFP and GFP to be monitored in individual cells using FRET. Both of these applications of TRFLM are expected to enhance substantially the information available regarding both the normal and the abnormal physiology of cells and tissues.     

Video fluorescence microscopic techniques to monitor local lipid and phospholipid molecular order and organization in cell membranes during hypoxic injury

Digitized video microscopy is rapidly finding uses in a number of fields of biological investigation because it allows quantitative assessment of physiological functions in intact cells under a variety of conditions. In this review paper, we focus on the rationale for the development and use of quantitative digitized video fluorescence microscopic techniques to monitor the molecular order and organization of lipids and phospholipids in the plasma membrane of single living cells. These include (1) fluorescence polarization imaging microscopy, used to measure plasma membrane lipid order, (2) fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging microscopy, used to detect and monitor phospholipid domain formation, and (3) fluorescence quenching imaging microscopy, used to spatially map fluid and rigid lipid domains. We review both the theoretical as well as practical use of these different techniques and their limits and potential for future developments, and provide as an illustrative example their application in studies of plasma membrane lipid order and topography during hypoxic injury in rat hepatocytes. Each of these methods provides complementary information; in the case of hypoxic injury, they all indicated that hypoxic injury leads to a spatially and temporally heterogeneous alteration in lipid order, topography, and fluidity of the plasma membrane. Hypoxic injury induces the formation of both fluid and rigid lipid domains; the formation of these domains is responsible for loss of the plasma membrane permeability barrier and the onset of irreversible injury (cell death). By defining the mechanisms which lead to alterations in lipid and phospholipid order and organization in the plasma membrane of hypoxic cells, potential sites of intervention to delay, prevent, or rescue cells from hypoxic injury have been identified. Finally, we briefly discuss fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) and its potential application for studies monitoring local lipid and phospholipid molecular order and organization in cell membranes.     

Intensity Range Based Quantitative FRET Data Analysis to Localize Protein Molecules in Live Cell Nuclei

F?rster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is an ideal technique to estimate the distance between interacting protein molecules in live specimens using intensity-based microscopy. The spectral overlap of donor and acceptor- essential for FRET-also generates a contamination of the FRET signal. There are a number of algorithms available to remove this spectral bleedthrough (SBT) contamination and in this paper we compare two popular algorithms to estimate the SBT element and to calculate a more precise level of energy transfer efficiency, and with that a more accurate distance estimate.     

消癌平诱导人肺腺癌(ASTC-a-1)细胞内caspase-3活化的荧光光谱分析

采用CCK-8技术检测发现传统中药消癌平（XAP）对人肺腺癌（ASTC-a-1）细胞的增殖活性具有显著的抑制作用。利用共聚焦扫描荧光显微成像、荧光共振能量转移（FRET）及其受体光漂白技术证实了基于FRET技术构建的SCAT3质粒在ASTC-a-1细胞中的稳定表达。将消癌平加入细胞培养液中培育细胞,并在不同的时间检测活细胞内SCAT3的荧光发射光谱,从而监测细胞中caspase-3的活化状态。实验结果表明：(1)消癌平可以有效抑制人肺腺癌（ASTC-a-1）细胞的增殖活性并诱导细胞的死亡,消癌平对细胞的抑制作用具有剂量依赖性。(2)消癌平处理细胞72 h后,细胞内大量的SCAT3被切割,表明细胞内caspase-3的活化水平明显升高。(3)将含消癌平的细胞培养液与细胞共同培养24 h,然后采用没有消癌平的细胞培养液培养细胞48和72 h后,细胞内SCAT3的光谱没有明显改变,表明消癌平作用细胞24 h内没有显著激活细胞内的caspase-3。     

基于CdSe@ZnS量子点水溶性纳米粒子的制备及荧光性能

作为一种新型的荧光探针,量子点（QD）已经受到越来越多的重视,制备工艺也显得格外重要。水相中合成的量子点效率低,油相中的量子点经过转相以后效率也大大衰减。本论文利用再沉淀包覆的方法制备了具有良好的水溶性的掺杂绿光CdSe@ZnS的纳米颗粒G-NPs（534 nm）和掺杂红光CdSe@ZnS的纳米颗粒R-NPs（610 nm）,具有窄的半峰宽（G-NPs~29 nm,R-NPs~31 nm）,较小的粒径（45 nm）,并在此基础上通过发射光谱与荧光衰减研究了量子点之间的能量传递现象。该方法保留了量子点原来的性质,基于其优良的光学性质,对人类肝细胞肝癌细胞株（HepG2）进行了荧光标记,从共聚焦成像实验结果看出,纳米颗粒得到了良好的吞噬效果。     

基于FRET机理的荧光探针的合成及其对汞离子的识别

基于FRET机理设计合成了一个包含罗丹明6G及香豆素的汞离子荧光探针Rh-6G-coumarin(RC),研究了它的光谱性能及对汞离子的识别作用。在V(C₂H₅OH)∶V(H₂O)=9∶1溶液中加入汞离子后,575 nm处荧光强度迅速增大,荧光由蓝色变为明亮的红色,同时溶液的颜色由黄色变为红色。溶液中其他金属离子,如Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Fe²⁺、Co²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺和Cr³⁺对汞离子的荧光识别没有太大影响。该探针可在较宽的pH ( 4~10)范围内识别汞离子。光谱滴定实验表明,汞离子与RC以2∶1的计量比形成了配合物。     

CdSe和CdTe量子点荧光共振能量转移的荧光场三维数值分析

量子点虽然广泛应用于生物荧光标记,但仍停留在实验阶段,目前还不能通过实验的办法得到量子点的荧光分布特征。利用有限元的方法对量子点的荧光场分布特征进行了数值模拟计算,选取几种不同材料球形量子点进行电磁散射分析,论述了量子点的荧光场分布规律。通过对单个量子点进行荧光场分析,确定了CdSe量子点、CdTe量子点荧光共振能量转移模型,计算结果表明:量子点的荧光场的分布规律可以由量子点的电磁散射场给出,对量子点散射场的分析有助于我们更细致地了解量子点荧光共振能量转移的过程,对于探知一般实验无法得到的量子点荧光场分布规律是可行的。该结果对控制量子点的荧光分布,提高量子点荧光效率具有重要的实际意义。     

Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) as a Marker for Cell Viability After UV Irradiation

Generation of Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines stably expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) was achieved using a plasmid vector that encoded the red-shifted pCX-xGFP under the control of a strong hybrid promoter composed of a CMV enhancer and a -actin/-globin gene promoter. Cotransfection of the promoter-less pSV2-Neo helper plasmid transmitting neomycin resistance was followed by selection with the antibiotic G418. Constitutive GFP expression could be visualized in living and fixed cells using fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and flow cytometry. DNA repair-proficient (AA8) and deficient (UV5) CHO strains were used for survival tests after UVC irradiation. Cells carrying the GFP construct (AA8-pGFP, UV5-pGFP) show the same response to UV irradiation (colony forming ability) as their nontransformed parental cell lines (AA8, UV5). Using GFP as a marker for cell viability, cells were harvested after certain postirradiation growth periods and the numbers of GFP expressing cells and fluorescence intensities were determined by FACS analysis. Generally, GFP fluorescence in irradiated cells is not seen when cell membranes are damaged (leak-out of the soluble GFP). Irradiated cells without membrane damage express GFP continuously (leading to a dose-dependent increase in GFP contents).     

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between cerium ion(III) and levofloxacin in micellar solution and its analytical application to the determination of levofloxacin

Fluorescence resonance energy transfer between cerium ion(III) and levofloxacin is studied in a micellar solution of cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide. A non-fluorescent 1:2 complex was formed between excited cerium ion(III) and ground state levofloxacin. The fluorescence of cerium ion(III) is quenched by levofloxacin with the quenching in accordance with the Stern–Volmer relation. The analytical relationship was established between the ratio of the fluorescence of levofloxacin present and absent cerium ion (III) and the concentration of levofloxacin, which helped to estimate the content of levofloxacin directly.     

Green synthesis of fluorescent graphene quantum dots and its application in selective curcumin detection

Herein, we present a facile low-cost and eco-friendly approach for conversion of bamboo timber waste (Bf) derived cellulose nanocrystals (Bf-CNCs) into strong blue luminescent graphene quantum dots (Bf-GQDs) by hydrothermal route. The various properties of synthesized Bf-GQDs were investigated using different spectroscopic techniques. The probable mechanism of Bf-GQDs formation from Bf-CNCs and the effect of pH, particle size on the fluorescent properties of Bf-GQDs also executed. Furthermore, Bf-GQDs were used for the detection of curcumin in an aqueous environment which is the major prerequisite of the present study. The Bf-GQDs showed remarkable photoluminescence (PL) quenching kinetics toward the curcumin (LOD 30.0 nM L⁻¹) assessed by Stern-Volmer plot. The practicability of the method assessed using ginger rhizome juice, while the selectivity of the Bf-GQDs evaluated against different metal ions and different biochemicals. The proposed method will support to establish the strategies for the detection of biochemicals from the aqueous system.     

固体核磁共振中膜蛋白双交叉极化效率与动力学参数相关的定量分析

固体核磁共振（NMR）中双交叉极化（DCP）是用于膜蛋白信号指认的多维异核相关实验的基本技术模块.DCP的效率在很大程度上决定了多维异核相关实验的效率.本文分析了3种典型的膜环境中的膜蛋白（AQPZ、DAGK和EV71 2B）的DCP效率及其影响因素.结果显示,在相同的实验条件下,3种蛋白样品的DCP效率存在明显差异：其中AQPZ的DCP效率最高（31%）,DAGK的效率次之（23%）,EV71 2B的效率最低（14%）.通过测量它们在旋转坐标下的自旋-晶格弛豫时间（T_1ρ）和偶极耦合常数（D_HN）,发现膜蛋白的运动会明显缩短T_1ρ,但对D_HN的影响较小.在实验的基础上,建立了T_1ρ与DCP效率相关的模型,并基于DCP动力学的定量分析,证明了运动导致的T_1ρ缩短是降低DCP效率的主要原因.因此,可以通过定量分析未知样品的T_1ρ来预测其DCP的最优效率,为DCP实验的优化提供依据.     

估算供体-受体对荧光共振能量传递效率的研究

在有机白光LED的研究中,能量传递效率计算方法的研究是一项很有意义的工作。作者在总结前人工作的基础上,提出了一种利用有机分子发射谱和激发谱估算有机分子荧光共振能量传递(FRET)效率相对值的新方法,这种方法的优点是数据处理过程简单,对实验仪器设备要求不高,并且不需要通常计算方法所需的荧光量子产率等参数,缺点是只能计算能量传递的相对值。利用这种方法计算了甲萘酚、溴甲酚紫、萤光素钠盐三种能量受体和能量供体核黄素在不同浓度下能量传递效率的相对值,计算结果与实验结果基本符合,验证了此方法的合理性。     

DMF保护的荧光银纳米簇的制备及其对Hg~(2+)浓度的检测

采用N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)作为还原剂和保护剂,在140℃下回流反应,简便合成了荧光银纳米簇(DMF-Ag NCs)。通过高分辨率透射电镜(HRTEM)、紫外-吸收光谱、荧光光谱对DMF-Ag NCs进行了表征。研究发现,Hg~(2+)会使DMF-Ag NCs聚集而猝灭荧光。基于此,建立了一种快速、灵敏检测Hg~(2+)的新方法。在最佳实验条件下,Hg~(2+)溶液浓度与DMF-Ag NCs荧光强度在5.0×10-9~1.5×10-7mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,检测限为3.0×10-9mol/L,线性相关系数为0.995 8。该方法可用于环境水样中Hg~(2+)的检测。     

Electronic deactivation and energy transfer in doped oligophenylenevinylene nanoparticles

Suspensions of oligophenylenevinylene (nPV) nanoparticles withn = 2 vinylene units are doped with nPVs of longer chainlengths,n = 3–5. Absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence anisotropy measurements are used to determine the photo-physical properties of the suspensions. Undoped nanoparticles form highly oriented H-aggregates with low fluorescence quantum yields (Φ_F ≈ 0.1). Introduction of bulky substituents into the particle constituting molecules perturbs the intermolecular orientation. Upon doping, efficient energy transfer to the dopants is found, changing the color and leading to enhancement of the fluorescence quantum yields up to Φ_F = 0.6. The intermolecular orientation is not changed upon doping.     

非对称除湿膜的传质性能研究

用湿法成膜法成功制备了具有致密皮层的非对称膜(M1),并且通过全热交换实验台测试了这种新型非对称膜M1的除湿性能并进行了各层传质阻力的分析。研究表明:新型的非对称膜M1比传统工业化的纸膜(M2)的水蒸气的渗透速率有大幅度的提高。非对称膜Ml的传质阻力主要来源于致密皮层,厚度为6.7μm的致密皮层占总传质阻力的50%以上。多孔底层主要起支撑作用,传质阻力要小很多。这对于今后研究空气除湿膜具有重大的指导意义。     

以固态法一步合成的荧光碳点为探针测定人体尿液中阿霉素

以柠檬酸和尿素为碳源和氮源,采用固态法一步合成出量子产率高达23%的荧光碳点。表征结果表明,所合成的荧光碳点为平均粒径为3~4 nm的球形,表面富含羟基、羧基和胺基等基团。此外,碳点的XRD谱图显示出无定型碳的特征峰。以所制备的碳点为荧光探针,基于碳点和阿霉素之间的共振能量转移而猝灭碳点的荧光,建立了阿霉素定量分析新方法。实验中考察了溶液的pH值和孵化时间的影响。在最佳实验条件下,阿霉素浓度在0.67~16.67 μg·mL-1范围之间与碳点的荧光猝灭值ΔF呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.995),检出限为0.22 μg·mL-1,回收率为83.0%～89.2%,相对标准偏差小于2.5%(n=5)。尿样中常见物质对测定干扰较小,显示出所建立的方法具有较好的选择性。