Applying Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics to the characterization and identification of lactic acid bacteria

The infrared absorption spectra of 55 lactic acid bacteria belonging to the genera Lactobacillus, Weissella and Carnobacterium were obtained and mathematically analyzed. Sixteen reference strains and 39 food strains isolated from meat and meat products and belonging to the genera Lactobacillus (6 species), Weissella (3 species) and Carnobacterium (2 species) were processed under standardized conditions and their medium infrared spectra obtained using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Reproducibility indexes and similarities between FT-IR spectra were calculated using modified correlation coefficients to detect the ranges with the best reproducibility and discrimination properties. Hierarchical cluster analysis and stepwise discriminant analysis (SDA) were subsequently carried out to detect classes and create library groups. Reference strains could be distinguished on the basis of their spectral data and their clustering was in agreement with differences in chemical composition of the cell wall. For the 39 food isolates, the capability of two identification systems was compared. Unknown strains were identified (a) using the linear functions obtained from SDA (canonical variables) of the variables that provide the best discrimination of spectra, and (b) by calculating a differentiation index when a range of the unknown's transformed IR spectrum was compared to all spectra included in a reference library. The system based on the differentiation index obtained a higher rate of identification, allowing for detection of outliers. FT-IR spectroscopy is shown to afford additional information to phenotypic and genotypic data which may help to establish a more robust taxonomic classification.     

Application of Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) transmission spectroscopy for the estimation of roxithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations

A quick and reliable analytical method for the quantitative assessment of roxithromycin in pharmaceutical formulations was developed using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) transmission spectroscopy for routine quality control. The sample preparation was avoided except grinding for pellet formation and eliminated the use of toxic solvents. For the determination of roxithromycin, conventional KBr was used in the form of pellets for acquisition of the FT-IR spectra of standards and samples. The calibration model was developed based on simple Beer's law using the FT-IR carbonyl region (CO) from 1765 to 1705 cm⁻¹. The excellent coefficient of determination (R²) was achieved (0.9992) with 0.01 mg standard error of calibration. This work clearly revealed the capability of the transmission FT-IR spectroscopy and extended its application for determining the exact quantity of roxithromycin to control the processing formulation and quality of finished product with the analysis time of less than 3 min using the neat solid samples.     

Dynamic rheo-optical characterization of a low-density polyethylene/perdeuterated high-density polyethylene blend by two-dimensional step-scan FTIR spectroscopy

Dynamic mechanical analysis coupled with polarized step-scan FTIR transmission and two-dimensional correlation analysis (2D FTIR) has been used to monitor the submolecular orientational responses of the components of a semicrystalline 50 : 50 blend of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and perdeuterated high-density polyethylene (d*-HDPE) to a small amplitude uniaxial 23.47 Hz sinusoidal mechanical strain. Perdeuteration of the HDPE component allowed the distinction of its response from that of the LDPE in the blend samples. The experiments were carried out at room temperature. Analysis of the data indicates that the crystalline parts of the two components reorient at different rates, with the functional groups of the high-density portion reorienting faster, in general, than those of the LDPE in response to the mechanical strain. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

利用原位红外光谱确证Ru/SBA-15的加氢活性位点

Ru/SBA-15催化剂具有高的氢气活化能力,因此被广泛应用在加氢和氢解反应中.一般认为Ru/SBA-15催化剂的高活性与金属Ru的高分散有关,然而有研究发现在氧化硅载体上还存在溢流的氢,这部分溢流氢也很可能参与加氢和氢解反应.这就产生了两个关键性的问题:(1)Ru/SBA-15的催化加氢活性中心是什么,是金属Ru还是载体SBA-15;(2)在金属Ru上解离的H是如何迁移到载体上的.因此,加氢活性位点及其形成机理的确认对理解Ru/SBA-15催化剂的高活性至关重要.原位红外光谱可从分子层面研究在工作状态的催化剂表面活性位点的状态,进而推测可能的反应机理.通过与催化剂Pd/SBA-15,Ru/Al2O3和SBA-15比较发现,在氢气氛围中Ru/SBA-15催化剂的原位红外谱图中存在一个独特的位于1996 cm?1的峰.由于在Pd/SBA-15,Ru/Al2O3和SBA-15上都不存在这个峰,因此该峰的形成是金属Ru和SBA-15相互作用的结果.此外,Si–O键在位于1866 cm?1的合频峰不随氢气氛围变化而变化,因此可排除这个峰属于Si–O键振动的倍频峰.为了排除该峰的产生是由于CO的吸附,我们采用脉冲引入CO的方法,发现在低的CO覆盖率下,红外谱图中位于2068 cm?1处出现了一个CO在Ruδ+上的线性吸附峰.随着CO覆盖率增加,该峰逐渐蓝移至2075 cm?1,同时位于2132 cm?1处的峰强度增强了,这两个峰都归属于Run+(CO)x物种的振动峰.这些CO的化学吸附强度都很高,即使在He气中吹扫1 h后仍然存在,而1996 cm?1峰的形成是可逆的.此外,低CO覆盖率下生成的吸附峰(2068 cm?1)的强度低于1996 cm?1峰的强度,因此可以排除1996 cm?1峰属于CO吸附峰的可能.既然1996 cm?1峰的形成是可逆的,将这个峰归属于载体上氢的可能性也可排除,因为形成载体上氢的过程是不可逆的.另外,形成1996 cm?1峰的速率还证明了这个峰不属于金属Ru上吸附的氢,因为金属Ru上氢的吸附是很快的.通过以上分析,我们推断1996 cm?1峰应该指认为在Ru和SBA-15界面处位点的红外峰.为了证明这一点,我们制备了不同Ru负载量的Ru/SBA-15催化剂,发现这个界面处位点峰的峰面积与金属Ru颗粒在载体上形成交界面的周长成正比,而峰达到稳态所需时间与Ru颗粒大小成反比.这说明H2在金属Ru上发生解离吸附后迁移到Ru和SBA-15界面处,形成了Ru–H–Si物种.当金属Ru的颗粒比较小时,与载体形成交界面的周长小,Ru–H–Si物种的数量少,体现在红外谱图上峰的峰面积小,但解离的氢迁移到该界面所需时间变短了.当金属Ru的颗粒比较大时,与载体形成交界面的周长大,Ru–H–Si物种的数量多,1996 cm?1峰的峰面积大,但解离氢的迁移慢了.此外,H-D交换实验还证明这个界面处的位点具有加氢活性.与文献报道的孤立Si–H物种的红外峰位置比较发现,Ru–H–Si物种具有明显的峰红移现象,说明该物种中的Si–H键活性很高,这可能是由于金属Ru将电子转移至Si–H键的结果.总之,以上结果清晰地表明这个1996 cm?1峰归属为结构是Ru–H–Si的活性位点.     

Molecular interaction of polyimide films probed by using soft-pulse dynamic compression ATR time-resolved infrared and double Fourier-transform based 2D-IR spectroscopy

An improved time-resolved step-scan Fourier transform rheo-optical system, based on the soft-pulse dynamic compression attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach, has been introduced to analyze inter-molecular interactions of poly(p-phenylene bi-phenyltetracarboximide) (BPDA–PDA) and poly(N,N-diphenyl ether bi-phenyltetracarboximide) (BPDA–ODA) films. In order to extract the full range of frequency distributions obtained from soft-pulse dynamic compression time response (relaxation) spectra, the second-Fourier transformation was applied along the relaxation time axis in addition to the interferogram axis. In the case of the BPDA–PDA, distinct periodic higher overtone bands are observed especially at C=O stretching and C=C tangential stretching vibration bands in the FFT relaxation time contour map spectra. For the BPDA–ODA, intensities of higher overtone bands are relatively weak. We have further performed 2D-IR correlation analysis at given Fourier frequencies, which includes molecular interaction information. The results suggest that the existence of molecular interaction between C=O stretching and C=C tangential stretching vibration bands.     

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic study of the interactions of selenium species with living bacterial cells

A study of the interactions of several selenium species with living bacterial cells was carried out by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Bacterial cells consisted of an Escherichia coli strain (K-12) cultivated in a growth medium based on glucose contaminated with selenium species. Equilibrium between the analyte in the solution and the extraction medium was established, and then the effects of selenium species upon the external membrane of the living bacterial cells were characterized by performing FT-IR spectroscopy of whole cells. The presence of the toxicants at various concentrations in the culture medium had an effect on the FT-IR spectra, and the concentration of the selenium species was determined directly in the biomass by FT-IR spectroscopy. The intensity ratios between several absorption lines, which varied as a function of the concentration of the selenium species, were used as the analytical signal.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article if you access the article at . A link in the frame on the left on that page takes you directly to the supplementary material.     

Determination of chloride ion in aqueous samples by isotope-dilution Fourier-transform flame infrared emission (ID-FIRE) spectrometry

An isotope dilution method for the determination of chloride ion in aqueous samples is described. The method makes use of the isotopic shift in the rotational lines of the 1–0 band of HCl emitted in the near infrared region of the spectrum by vibrationally excited HCl molecules present in a hydrogen/entrained air flame. Chloride ion in the sample is converted to chlorine gas by electrolysis and swept into a hydrogen/entrained air flame where it is converted into HCl. Because isotope dilution is an absolute method of analysis, matrix effects are minimized, and the chlorine generation step need not be quantitative. With the system described in this paper, samples must contain at least 9 mg of chloride ion per ml, and a 2-ml sample is required. Over the range from 10 to 30 mg Cl⁻ ml⁻¹, the average error was −0.96%, and the average relative standard deviation was 3.3% for seven samples using seven of the more intense lines in the P branch. Compared with standard silver nitrate titrations, the isotope dilution procedure was not affected by such common interferences as bromide ion and iodide ion. The technique was applied to several seawater samples from different regions.     

A collinear tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer for infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected ions

An apparatus based on collinear tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer has been designed for the measurement of infrared photodissociation spectroscopy of mass-selected ions in the gas phase.The ions from a pulsed laser vaporization supersonic ion source are skimmed and mass separated by a Wiley-McLaren time-of-flight mass spectrometer.The ion of interest is mass selected,decelerated and dissociated by a tunable IR laser.The fragment and parent ions are reaccelerated and mass analyzed by the second time-of-flight mass spectrometer.A simple new assembly integrated with mass gate,deceleration and reacceleration ion optics was designed,which allows us to measure the infrared spectra of mass selected ions with high sensitivity and easy timing synchronization.     

Fundamentals and applications of near infrared spectroscopy in spectroelectrochemistry

Near infrared spectroscopy as a tool for in situ spectroelectrochemical investigations of electrochemical systems is reviewed with particular attention to experimental approaches and typical results from all parts of chemistry and applied chemistry     

Comparison and joint use of near infrared spectroscopy and Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy for the determination of wine parameters

A study of the statistic characteristics of the multidetermination of several enological parameters - namely, alcoholic degree, volumic mass, total acidity, glycerol, total polyphenol index, lactic acid and total sulphur dioxide - depending on the spectroscopic zone employed, was carried out. The two techniques used were near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy (FT-MIRS). The combination of these two regions (sum of their spectra) was also studied. NIRS yielded better results, but the use of both zones improved the determination of glycerol and total sulphur dioxide. The training and validation sets used for developing general equations were built with samples from different apellation d’origine, different wine types, etc. Partial least squares regression was used for multivariate calibration, using systematic cross validation in the calibration stage and external validation in the testing stage. Sample preparation was not required.     

Near‐infrared spectroscopy for the quantitative determination of mass transfer and water absorption kinetics by a polymer solution

This article reports a new method to quantify the water absorption kinetics and the mass transfer in a polymer solution by using near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy and partial least‐squares (PLS) models, while it is exposed to a humid atmosphere. Polymer solutions used in this study were made with highly polar solvents exhibiting both a high affinity for water and a low volatility such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, and N‐methylpyrrolidone. Poly(ethersulfone) and poly(etherimide) were chosen as polymer models as the method could provide useful information for coating process and membrane fabrication monitoring. Whereas gravimetric kinetics yield data on the overall mass transfer, including both water absorption and solvent evaporation, in situ analyses using NIR can quantify separately the solvent and nonsolvent concentration change in the polymer solution. Quantitative models were developed using PLS regression to predict the local water, polymer, and solvent weight fractions in the polymer solution. The method was proved to be suitable for the different studied systems and allowed to infer mass transfers until the onset of the phase separation process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 1960–1969, 2010     

Nonperturbative quantum simulation of time-resolved nonlinear spectra: Methodology and application to electron transfer reactions in the condensed phase

A quantum dynamical method is presented to accurately simulate time-resolved nonlinear spectra for complex molecular systems. The method combines the nonpertubative approach to describe nonlinear optical signals with the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree theory to calculate the laser-induced polarization for the overall field–matter system. A specific nonlinear optical signal is obtained by Fourier decomposition of the overall polarization. The performance of the method is demonstrated by applications to photoinduced ultrafast electron transfer reactions in mixed-valence compounds and at dye–semiconductor interfaces.     

近红外光谱法测定黄芩提取物中黄芩苷含量

近红外光谱技术(NIR)是近年来快速发展的一种新型光谱分析技术,具有快速、高效、无污染、非破坏性以及实时分析等优点~([1]),已在农业、烟草、石油化工、医药等多领域得到广泛应用.尤其在药物分析方面,体现出近红外光谱分析的巨大潜力~([2]).     

Quality control of Metamitron in agrochemicals using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the middle and near range

Two vibrational spectrometry-based methodologies were developed for Metamitron determination in pesticide formulations. Fourier transform-middle infrared (FT-MIR) procedure was based on the extraction of Metamitron by CHCl₃ and latter determination by peak area measurement between 1556 and 1533 cm⁻¹, corrected with a two points baseline established from 1572 to 1514 cm⁻¹. Fourier transform-near infrared (FT-NIR) determination was made after the extraction of Metamitron in acetonitrile and measuring the peak area between 6434 and 6394 cm⁻¹ corrected using a two points baseline defined between 6555 and 6228 cm⁻¹. Repeatability, as relative standard deviation, of 5 independent measurements at mg g⁻¹ concentration level, of 0.16% and 0.07% for MIR and NIR and a limit of detection of 0.03 and 0.004 mg g⁻¹ were obtained for MIR and NIR, respectively.NIR determination provides a sample frequency of 120 h⁻¹, higher than that found by MIR and liquid chromatographic methods (60 and 15 h⁻¹, respectively). On the other hand, the NIR method reduces the solvent consumption and waste generation, to only 1 ml acetonitrile per sample as compared with 3.4 ml chloroform required for the MIR determination and 60 ml acetonitrile used in the chromatographic reference procedure. So, vibrational procedures can be considered serious alternatives to long and time consuming chromatographic methods usually recommended for quality control of commercially available pesticide formulations.     

Sampling depth in infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy of undiluted samples

Diffuse reflectance of strongly absorbing sample layers is calculated in dependence of their thicknesses from the Kubelka-Munk theory. The results are compared to experimental ones from varnish layers on reflecting metal substrates.     

Near infrared emission photometer for measuring the oxidative stability of edible oils

Near infrared emission spectroscopy (NIRES) allows the determination of the induction time (IT) of edible oils in accelerated oxidation experiments by monitoring the emissivity of a band at 2900 nm, which corresponds to the formation of hydroperoxides. In this work, a new near infrared emission photometer dedicated to the determination of oxidative stability is described. The photometer presents several advantages compared to the previously reported NIRES instrument, such as lower cost and extreme simplicity of design and maintenance. The results obtained in the evaluation of the proposed instrument were compared with the official Rancimat method and instrument. The significant advantages include: faster analysis, lower sample consumption and operational simplicity. It is demonstrated that the procedure for determination of oxidative stability of oils can be significantly simplified and performed by measuring the sample emission at only one spectral region centered at 2900 nm. Also, the proposed instrument and method present precision equivalent to the Rancimat method (coefficient of variation = 5.0%). A significant correlation between the methods has been found (R² = 0.81).     

Rapid determination of sucrose in chocolate mass using near infrared spectroscopy

This paper reports the results of a rapid method to determine sucrose in chocolate mass using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). We applied a broad-based calibration approach, which consists in putting together in one single calibration samples of various types of chocolate mass. This approach increases the concentration range for one or more compositional parameters, improves the model performance and requires just one calibration model for several recipes. The data were modelled using partial least squares (PLS) and multiple linear regression (MLR). The MLR models were developed using a variable selection based on the coefficient regression of PLS and genetic algorithm (GA). High correlation coefficients (0.998, 0.997, 0.998 for PLS, MLR and GA-MLR, respectively) and low prediction errors confirms the good predictability of the models. The results show that NIR can be used as rapid method to determine sucrose in chocolate mass in chocolate factories.     

Thermally induced phase separation of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/diluent systems: Optical microscope and infrared spectroscopy studies

Thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) has been developed to prepare porous membranes. The porous structures are mainly dependent on diluents adopted in the TIPS process. We obtained two typical morphologies of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes using cyclohexanone (CO) and propylene carbonate (PC) as diluents, respectively. SEM observation displays that porous spherulites are formed from PVDF/CO system, whereas smooth particles result from PVDF/PC system. The TIPS processes of these two systems have been investigated in detail by optical microscope observation and temperature‐dependent FTIR combined with two‐dimensional infrared correlation analysis. Rapid crystallization of PVDF can be seen around 110 °C in the PVDF/CO system, which is consistent with the results of temperature‐dependent FTIR spectra. The spectral evolution indicates a transform of PVDF from amorphous to α‐phase after 110 °C. The ν_s(C?O) band at 1712 cm^?1 narrows and the ν_s(C? F) band at 1188 cm^?1 shifts to 1192 cm^?1 before crystallization, which implies the destruction of interaction between PVDF and CO. In contrast, the PVDF/PC system shows slow crystallization with all‐trans conformation assigned to β‐phase and γ‐phase below 60 °C but no obvious change of polymer?diluent interaction. We propose two mechanisms for the different phase behaviors of PVDF/CO and PVDF/PC systems: a solid?liquid phase separation after destruction of polymer?diluent interaction in the former, and a liquid?liquid phase separation process coupled with rich‐phase crystallization in the later. This work may provide new insight into the relationship among morphologies, crystal forms, and phase separation processes, which will be helpful to adjust membrane structure. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1438–1447     

Infrared and infrared emission spectroscopy of the zinc carbonate mineral smithsonite

Infrared emission and infrared spectroscopy has been used to study a series of selected natural smithsonites from different origins. An intense broad infrared band at 1440cm(-1) is assigned to the nu(3) CO(3)(2-) antisymmetric stretching vibration. An additional band is resolved at 1335cm(-1). An intense sharp Raman band at 1092cm(-1) is assigned to the CO(3)(2-) symmetric stretching vibration. Infrared emission spectra show a broad antisymmetric band at 1442cm(-1) shifting to lower wavenumbers with thermal treatment. A band observed at 870cm(-1) with a band of lesser intensity at 842cm(-1) shifts to higher wavenumbers upon thermal treatment and is observed at 865cm(-1) at 400 degrees C and is assigned to the CO(3)(2-)nu(2) mode. No nu(2) bending modes are observed in the Raman spectra for smithsonite. The band at 746cm(-1) shifts to 743cm(-1) at 400 degrees C and is attributed to the CO(3)(2-)nu(4) in phase bending modes. Two infrared bands at 744 and around 729cm(-1) are assigned to the nu(4) in phase bending mode. Multiple bands may be attributed to the structural distortion ZnO(6) octahedron. This structural distortion is brought about by the substitution of Zn by some other cation. A number of bands at 2499, 2597, 2858, 2954 and 2991cm(-1) in both the IE and infrared spectra are attributed to combination bands.     

Quantitative determination of acyclovir in plasma by near infrared spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for analysis of acyclovir in plasma. This methodology was based on the direct measurement of the transmission spectra of liquid samples and a multivariate calibration model (partial least squares, PLS) to determine the acyclovir concentration in plasma sample. The PLS calibration set was built on using the spiked samples by mixing different amounts of acyclovir. Concentration of acyclovir in the plasma samples was calculated employing a 6-factors PLS calibration using the spectral information in the range of 6102-5450 cm^− 1. The root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) found was 1.21 for acyclovir. The developed PLS-NIRS procedure allows the determination of 120 samples/h does not require any sample pretreatment and avoids waste generation.