Crystal growth, thermal and optical studies on a semiorganic nonlinear optical material for blue-green laser generation

The semiorganic nonlinear optical material l-histidine bromide (l-HB) has been synthesized in aqueous solution and characterized by FT-IR, FT-Raman and FT-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The single crystals with dimensions 9mm x 4mm x 3mm were grown by slow evaporation techniques. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction to determine the unit cell dimensions. The thermal stability of the grown crystal was analyzed by thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal (DT) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analyses. The UV-vis transmittance spectrum shows that it has a good optical transmittance in the entire visible region with the lower cutoff wavelength at 220 nm. The SHG conversion efficiency and laser damage threshold were measured using a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). The optical birefringence was measured in the visible region as a function of temperature in the range 30-150 degrees C by interference technique.     

Structural, thermal and optical characterization of an organic NLO material--benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone monohydrate single crystals

Single crystals of the organic NLO material, benzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (BTSC) monohydrate, were grown by slow evaporation method. Solubility of BTSC monohydrate was determined in ethanol at different temperatures. The grown crystals were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to determine the cell parameters and by FT-IR technique to study the presence of the functional groups. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the thermal stability of the crystal. UV-vis-NIR spectrum shows excellent transmission in the region of 200-1100 nm. Theoretical calculations were carried out to determine the linear optical constants such as extinction coefficient and refractive index. Further the optical nonlinearities of BTSC have been investigated by Z-scan technique with He-Ne laser radiation of wavelength 632.8 nm. Mechanical properties of the grown crystal were studied using Vickers microhardness tester. Second harmonic generation efficiency of the powdered BTSC monohydrate was tested using Nd:YAG laser and it is found to be ～5.3 times that of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.     

Studies on the growth, spectral, optical, and thermal aspects of a NLO crystal

Nonlinear optical single crystal l-tryptophan hydrogen selenite (LTHS) has been synthesized by slow evaporation solution growth technique from aqueous solution at ambient temperature. The grown nonlinear optical crystals were subjected to single crystal XRD analysis to find the structure parameters. The formation of the product was confirmed from the FTIR and ¹HNMR spectral analysis. The UV–Vis spectral studies showed that the cutoff wavelength for LTHS was less than 400 nm. The thermal behavior of the grown crystals was investigated from thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Its nonlinear optical property has been tested by Kurtz–Perry powder technique using Nd:YAG laser, and the crystal exhibited second harmonic generation property.     

Structural, spectral, optical and dielectric properties of copper and glycine doped LAHCl single crystals

Cu2+ and glycine doped L-arginine monohydrochloride monohydrate (LAHCl) single crystals were grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown single crystals were confirmed by X-ray diffraction study and the interaction of dopants with LAHCl molecule was identified in Fourier transform infrared spectra. The crystalline perfection of pure and doped crystals was analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction studies. Vickers microhardness and UV-visible spectroscopy were carried out respectively to study the mechanical stability and optical transmittance of pure and doped LAHCl single crystals. He-Ne laser of wavelength 632.8 nm was used to measure refractive index and birefringence of grown crystals. The second harmonic generation efficiency was also measured for pure and doped LAHCl single crystals using Nd:YAG laser.     

Crystal growth, structural, optical, spectral and thermal studies of tris(L-phenylalanine)L-phenylalaninium nitrate: a new organic nonlinear optical material

Tris(L-phenylalanine)L-phenylalaninium nitrate, C(9)H(12)NO(2)(+)·NO(3)(-)·3C(9)H(11)NO(2) (TPLPN), a new organic nonlinear optical material was grown from aqueous solution by slow evaporation solution growth at room temperature. The grown crystals were subjected to powder X-ray diffraction and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies to confirm the crystalline nature and crystal structure. The modes of vibration of different molecular groups present in TPLPN have been identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The presence of hydrogen and carbon in the grown crystal were confirmed by using proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectral analyses. The optical transmission spectral study establishes good transmitting ability of the crystal in the entire visible region. The thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) were carried out to understand the thermal stability of the sample. The nonlinear optical property of the compound observed using Kurtz powder second harmonic generation test assets the suitability of the grown material for the frequency conversion of laser radiation of Nd:YAG.     

Growth of <201> 8-hydroxyquinoline organic crystal by Czochralski method and its characterizations

In this study, 8-Hydroxyquinoline (8HQ) single crystal has been successfully grown by Czochralski method. The unit cell parameters of 8HQ single crystal were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystalline perfection of grown crystal has been analyzed by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry. Fourier transform infrared spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. The UV?CVis-NIR studies show that the grown 8HQ crystal??s cutoff wavelength is around 390?nm. The thermal property of the grown crystal was studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. The laser damage threshold value of the grown crystal was measured at multiple-shot mode using Nd:YAG laser. The dielectric measurements were carried out to determine the dielectric behavior for the crystal. The SHG efficiency of 8HQ is 0.8 times that of KDP.     

Characterization of 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzophenone crystal grown by Bridgman technique

The large size 12 mm diameter 4-chloro-3-nitrobenzophenone (4C3N) single crystal has been grown by using vertical Bridgman technique. The grown crystal was confirmed by Powder X-ray diffraction analysis. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was examined by high-resolution X-ray diffraction study. The cutoff wavelength of the grown crystal was analyzed by optical studies. The thermal property of the grown crystal was studied by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The fluorescence spectra of grown 4C3N single crystals exhibit emission peak at 575 nm. The microhardness measurements were used to analyze the mechanical property of the grown crystal. The laser-induced surface damage threshold for the grown crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser.     

Crystal growth and characterization of γ-glycine grown from potassium fluoride for photonic applications

Single crystals of γ-glycine, an organic nonlinear optical material have been synthesized in the presence of potassium fluoride (KF) by slow evaporation technique at ambient temperature. The size of the grown crystal is up to the dimension of 12 mm×10 mm×8 mm. The γ-phase was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder XRD and the FTIR analysis. Optical absorption spectrum reveals that the grown crystal has good optical transparency in the entire visible region with an energy band gap of 5.09 eV, which is an essential requirement for a nonlinear optical crystal. Thermal stability of the grown γ-glycine crystal was determined using the thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The NLO activity of γ-glycine was confirmed by the Kurtz powder technique using Nd:YAG laser and the grown crystal exhibits high relative conversion efficiency when compared to potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP).     

Growth, spectral, and thermal characterization of semicarbazone of p-hydroxy acetophenone (SPHA)

A new organic nonlinear optical material semicarbazone of p-hydroxy acetophenone (SPHA) was synthesized. Good quality single crystal of SPHA was successfully grown by slow evaporation method at room temperature. The crystal system was identified and lattice dimensions were measured from the single crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The various planes of reflection were identified from the powder XRD pattern. The presence of functional groups was qualitatively found by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral analysis. The proton and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (¹HNMR and ¹³CNMR) spectral studies confirmed the presence of hydrogen and carbon bonded network in the grown crystal. The UV?CVisible absorption spectrum was recorded to study the optical transmittance in the range from 200 to 800?nm. The thermal stability of compound was determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) traces. The existence of second harmonic generation (SHG) signal was observed using Nd:YAG laser with fundamental wavelength of 1064?nm.     

Growth, structural, optical and thermal properties of gamma-glycine crystal

Single crystals of gamma-glycine were grown from a mixture of glycine, water and lithium bromide. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the growth of gamma-glycine phase. Presence of various functional groups of gamma-glycine was identified by FTIR spectrum. Optical absorbance spectrum recorded in the wavelength range of UV-vis-NIR revealed that this crystal has good optical transparency in the range 250-1500 nm. Vickers microhardness values were estimated on the prominent (100) face. Thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analyses were carried out to study the thermal properties of gamma-glycine. Second harmonic generation efficiency of the crystal measured by Kurtz's powder method using Nd:YAG laser is about three times that of KDP.     

Crystal growth and characterization of K[CS(NH2)2]4Br--A semiorganic non-linear optical crystal

This paper presents the synthesis and crystal growth of optically non-linear semi-organic crystal potassiumtetrakisthioureabromide (KTTB) using water and a mixture of acetone and water (1:1) by slow evaporation of aqueous solution at room temperature. The solubility has been determined in both the solvents at various temperatures. The compound crystallizes in non-centrosymmetric space group P41. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystals has been analysed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements. The IR and polarized Raman spectra have been interpreted using both the factor group analysis. The results of the correlation field splitting of the thiourea internal vibrations are discussed. The optical characterization of the crystal shows the cut off wavelength near the UV region. Also the crystal shows good propensity to emit second harmonic generation of Nd:YAG laser.     

Spectroscopic and thermal studies of γ-glycine crystal grown from potassium bromide for optoelectronic applications

Single crystals of an organic nonlinear optical material γ-glycine have been synthesized by slow evaporation technique from aqueous solutions of α-glycine and potassium bromide at room temperature. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the growth of γ phase of glycine. The powder X-ray diffraction of the grown crystal was recorded and indexed. Functional groups present in the sample were identified by FTIR spectral analysis. The optical absorption studies show that the UV cut-off wavelength of γ-glycine is at 238 nm and has a wide transparency window. The thermal characteristics of the grown crystal were determined by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), which show the thermal stability of the grown crystals. The powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of γ-glycine crystals was measured by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd:YAG laser and it was found to be 2.56 times that of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals.     

Crystal growth of phase matchable new organic nonlinear optical material for UV laser generation

L-histidinium tetrafluorosuccinate (L-HFS), an organic nonlinear optical material has been synthesized and characterized by the elemental analysis, FT-IR, FT-NMR and X-ray diffraction studies. Solubility of L-HFS was found to be higher in water than ethanol. Single crystals with dimensions 10 mm x 6 mm x 3 mm were grown in an aqueous solution by the slow evaporation technique at 30 degrees C. The thermal stability of L-HFS has been analyzed by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses (TGA and DTA). The UV-vis spectral study reveals that the material has a wide optical transparency in the entire visible region with the lower cutoff wavelength at 235 nm. The phase matching condition was obtained by Kurtz powder second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency test. The laser damage threshold of the grown crystal was measured using a Q-Switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm).     

Crystal growth,spectroscopic, second and third order nonlinear optical spectroscopic studies of L-phenylalanine doped ammonium dihydrogen phosphate single crystals

The frequency doubling and tripling can be reached for Nd:YAG laser beam using the single crystal of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP). The growth and characterization of pure and L-phenylalanine doped ADP crystals are considered in the present contribution. The transparent good quality single crystals are grown using low temperature solution growth technique. The functional group alteration is studied using FT-IR spectroscopy. The larger improvement is observed in linear and nonlinear optical properties of ADP crystals on doping by L-phenylalanine. The reduction in charge carrier density is observed in photoconductivity spectra of all the grown crystals.     

Growth and characterization of 2-amino-4-picolinium toluene sulfonate single crystal

2-Amino-4-picolinium toluene sulfonate (2A4PTS), a new organic material, was synthesized and grown as single crystals in room temperature by slow evaporation solution growth technique using water as solvent. The crystal structure of 2A4PTS has been determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. 2A4PTS belongs to monoclinic crystal system. The molecular arrangements in the crystal were studied. The structural perfection of the grown crystals has been analysed by high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) rocking curve measurements. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectral studies have been performed to identify the functional groups. The optical transmittance window and the lower cutoff wavelength of the 2A4PTS have been identified by UV–Vis–NIR studies. The nonlinear optical properties have been investigated by Z-scan method. The nonlinear refractive index and linear absorption coefficient of the 2A4PTS are found to be in the order of 10⁻⁸ cm²/W and 10⁻⁴ cm/W, respectively. The laser induced surface damage threshold for the grown crystal was measured using Nd:YAG laser. Thermal analysis carried out on the compound reveals that 2A4PTS is stable up to 133 °C. The microhardness test was carried out and the load dependent hardness was measured.     

Growth and characterization of organic nonlinear optical crystal of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB)

Organic nonlinear optical crystal of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene has been successfully grown by low temperature solution growth technique. Good optical quality single crystals of size 28 mm x 11 mm x 5mm are obtained. Grown crystals were subjected to X-ray powder diffraction analysis, FT-IR, FT-Raman, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PNMR) and etching studies. Thermal properties of the grown crystals were studied by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). UV-vis studies show the cutoff wavelength is less than 400 nm. Nonlinear optical property of the crystal was studied by Kurtz powder technique using Nd:YAG laser and the crystal exhibits second harmonic generation property.     

Growth and characterization of thiosemicarbazide hydrochloride: a semiorganic NLO material

Thiosemicarbazide hydrochloride (TSCHCL) was synthesized by mixing thiosemicarbazide and hydrochloride in 1:1 molar ratio in double distilled water. Single crystals of TSCHCL were grown by slow evaporation at room temperature and were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction study to determine the molecular structure and by FT-IR, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral analyses to confirm the synthesized compound. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses reveal the thermal stability of the crystal. The transmission spectrum of TSCHCL showed that the crystal is transparent in the wavelength range 380–1100 nm. High resolution X-ray diffractometry (HRXRD) was employed to evaluate the perfection of the grown crystal. Mechanical properties of the grown crystal were studied using Vickers microhardness test. Second harmonic generation efficiency of the powdered TSCHCL was tested using Nd:YAG laser and is ∼1.5 times that of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.     

Synthesis, crystal growth, structural, thermal and optical properties of naphthalene picrate an organic NLO material

Crystalline substance of naphthalene picrate (NP) was synthesized and single crystals were grown using slow evaporation solution growth technique. The solubility of the naphthalene picrate complex was estimated using different solvents such as chloroform and benzene. The material was characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) techniques. The electronic absorption was studied through UV-vis spectrophotometer. Thermal behavior and stability of the crystal were studied using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of the material was confirmed using Nd:YAG laser.     

Growth and studies of thiourea urea magnesium chloride (TUMC) single crystals

A new semi organic Non-linear optical (NLO) crystal thiourea urea magnesium chloride (TUMC) was grown by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Good quality single crystals were grown within 20?days. The FTIR spectrum of title compound was recorded and vibrational assignments were made. The recorded UV?Cvis spectrum shows the optical transmission property of the crystal. The Second harmonic generation (SHG) of TUMC crystal was tested by Kurtz?CPerry method using Nd:YAG laser and the result confirms that the grown crystal exhibits NLO property. To analyse the thermal stability of the crystal TG/DTA analysis were made. Detailed structural analysis of the compound is under progress.     

Growth, optical, mechanical and thermal studies of diglycine cadmium chloride single crystal

Transparent single crystals of diglycine cadmium chloride were grown by slow evaporation solution technique. To confirm the crystal structure, the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal as well as powder X-ray diffraction measurements and the structure was found to be monoclinic. The elemental analysis was carried out by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was assessed by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry and found that the crystal quality is fairly good. The optical study reveals that the grown crystal is highly transparent in the region 250?C900?nm. Thermal studies reveal that the grown crystal is stable up to 245?°C. The michrohardness analysis revealed that the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. The high dielectric constant (>30) and low loss (<0.01) value also confirms that the grown crystal is a good candidate for device fabrications.