离散多层厚壁爆炸容器抗爆炸性能试验研究

为了研究离散多层爆炸容器的动力响应和破坏特性,制造了尺寸和材料相同但钢带缠绕倾角不同的三台离散多层试验容器,并进行了一系列大药量的中心加载试验,测量了典型位置的应变。结果表明中心装药时三台试验容器的破坏都在爆心截面处,钢带缠绕倾角较小的容器能够承受更大炸药量的爆炸作用,容器具有较好的抗内爆炸性能。     

离散多层绕带容器在爆炸载荷作用下动力响应的数值模拟研究

运用LS-DYNA3D对不同缠绕角度的离散多层绕带容器在内部中心爆炸载荷作用下的动力响应进行了数值模拟。模拟结果与实验结果、理论分析以及单层圆柱高压容器的动力响应作了比较。研究结果表明,内部中心爆炸载荷作用下,容器绕带层应力分布比较均匀;相同炸药当量条件下,缠绕角度越大,最外层绕带中心的最终位移越大。结果还表明,离散多层绕带容器具有只漏不爆的良好抗爆性能,是单层结构容器不具备的。计算结果可为构建爆炸容器的工程设计标准提供参考。     

椭圆封头圆柱形爆炸容器动力响应的数值模拟

采用显示非线性动力有限元软件LS-DYNA,在不同TNT当量下对椭圆封头圆柱形爆炸容器进行了数值模拟。模拟结果表明:对椭圆封头与圆筒组合而成的理想结构,爆心环面的应变在初始响应阶段就达到了最大值,并且其值大于筒体上其他点的最大应变;实际结构中法兰对爆炸容器的动力响应有很大的影响,当法兰的质量超过一定值之后,容器爆心环面会产生应变增长现象。在容器的设计工作中要加强容器的爆心环面并适当地选择法兰。     

水下爆炸冲击荷载下混凝土重力坝的抗爆性能

在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,结构动力响应较之静态荷载和地震荷载作用下要复杂得多。通过大 量的数值模拟,探讨了混凝土重力坝在水下爆炸冲击荷载作用下,大坝高度、库前水位对大坝抗爆性能的影 响,为大坝抗爆性能评估和防护设计提供基础。数值计算中,构建了重力坝水下爆炸全耦合数值模型,并考虑 爆炸冲击作用下混凝土的高应变率效应。研究结果表明:对于混凝土重力坝,随着大坝高度的增加,大坝的抗 爆性能增强;库前水位对大坝的抗爆性能影响较大,通过降低库前水位可有效提高大坝的抗爆性能。     

单钢板混凝土剪力墙抗爆性能研究

钢板混凝土剪力墙作为一种新型的抗侧力构件，具有良好的耗能能力和抗冲击性能，已逐渐应用于建筑工程结构的抗震和防护结构的抗爆设计。设计了3个试件，分别为普通钢筋混凝土板、单侧钢板混凝土板和夹心钢板混凝土板，开展了钢板混凝土剪力墙的接触爆炸试验，并通过非线性程序LS-DYNA建立了3个钢板混凝土剪力墙试件的数值模型，对比分析了不同试件在接触爆炸作用下的动态响应、破坏模式和抗爆性能。试验和数值分析结果表明:接触爆炸作用下，试验设计的3种试件呈现3种破坏模式；普通钢筋混凝土板中部发生混凝土贯穿破坏，钢筋发生较大弯曲变形；单侧钢板混凝土板由于栓钉拔出发生钢板和混凝土分离，丧失整体性和继续承载能力；夹心钢板混凝土板发生上层混凝土压碎，夹心钢板、上层和下层混凝土板连接性能较强，整体性较好，具有继续承载的能力，且夹心钢板混凝土板跨中挠度和混凝土碎块飞溅距离较小。单侧钢板混凝土板和夹心钢板混凝土板配置钢筋网可以显著增强混凝土层和钢板的连接性能，有效减小上下层混凝土的碎裂和剥落，增强其整体性和抗爆性能。     

柱状装药爆炸条件下厚壁圆筒爆室内 流场及结构动力响应分析

借助非线性动力有限元程序ANSYS/LS-DYNA,采用基于罚函数的流固耦合算法,对厚壁圆筒爆 室在柱状装药爆炸作用下的动态响应过程进行了数值模拟研究。分析了厚壁圆筒爆室内柱状装药爆炸非定 常流场的演化过程以及筒体的动力响应特征。给出了爆炸流场的压力云图、筒壁受到的爆炸压力峰值及冲量 的分布规律、筒体的等效应力云图以及等效应力的分布规律等。流场压力及筒体应变的计算结果与实测结果 吻合较好,并将动力响应的有限元计算结果与理论解进行了比较,证明轴对称平面应变假设下的理论解可以 给出问题的保守估算。分析表明,该厚壁圆筒爆室在柱状装药爆炸作用下在弹性范围内工作,爆室的强度设 计是安全的。     

星型负泊松比超材料防护结构抗爆抗冲击性能研究

采用数值方法对星型宏观负泊松比效应夹芯结构的抗冲击响应过程以及抗水下爆炸过程中的破坏形式进行了研究:探讨了星型负泊松比结构胞元壁厚、层数和胞元泊松比等参数对弹体侵彻及水下爆炸防护性能的影响。研究结果表明:对于高速或超高速弹体侵彻问题,单纯依靠结构性的被动防御无法应对;负泊松比效应蜂窝夹芯防护结构相较常规防护结构具有良好的水下抗爆性能;等质量条件下,泊松比的变化对抗爆性能影响明显,层数3 层、泊松比为-1.63 的星型夹芯结构的抗爆性能相对更优;等壁厚条件下,其水下抗爆性能随蜂窝胞元层数减小而增强。     

爆炸载荷作用下具有可折叠芯层夹芯梁的动态响应

基于目前研究最广泛的刚性折纸(Tachi-origami)样式,通过改变其初始折叠角度构建出4种不同的蜂窝胞元,并且通过排列分布将其组成夹芯梁。采用商用有限元软件Abaqus/explicit对准静态和爆炸载荷作用下可折叠芯层夹芯梁的力学响应进行研究,分析可折叠芯层的泊松比变化规律、夹芯梁背板挠度以及能量吸收机理;并将夹芯梁与等质量的实体梁进行对比。采用后面板最大挠度作为抗爆性能的评价,结果发现:可折叠芯层在准静态载荷下具有一定的负泊松比效应;夹芯梁的抗爆性能优于实体梁,曲边蜂窝的初始折角对其作为芯层夹芯梁的抗爆性能有较大影响,随着初始折角的逐渐增大,其抗爆性能逐渐下降;当初始折角为直角时对应于方孔直边蜂窝,其抗爆性能最差。     

负泊松比蜂窝材料抗爆炸特性及优化设计研究

为了深入研究车辆底部防护组件爆炸冲击下的结构响应,提高防护型车辆的抗爆炸冲击性能,建立了某车辆底部防护组件在爆炸冲击下的有限元模型,并进行爆炸冲击台架试验验证了有限元模拟的可靠性;将内凹六边形负泊松比蜂窝材料作为防护组件的夹芯部分,分析负泊松比蜂窝材料在爆炸冲击下的变形模式,并对比了同等质量的其他3种防护组件的抗爆炸冲击性能。结果表明,含有负泊松比蜂窝夹芯的防护组件具有更优的抗爆性能。建立了以内凹六边形负泊松比蜂窝胞元尺寸参数为设计变量的多目标优化问题的数学模型,采用多目标遗传算法获得胞元几何参数的最优方案,有效降低了防护组件基板的最大挠度和最大动能。     

密闭空间内不同炸药爆源的能量输出结构及与目标作用研究

对钝化黑索今（RDX）、含铝炸药（RDX/Al）、一次引爆型燃料空气炸药（SEFAE）在爆炸容器和爆炸水池中爆炸波的能量输出结构进行了实验研究。用TVD格式数值模拟了带平板封头爆炸容器的内部爆炸载荷的分布规律。并对在不同爆炸载荷作用下,容器典型位置的应变进行了测量。结果表明:（1）密闭空间内,RDX/Al（90/10）和SEFAE体系具有后燃效应;（2）在本实验条件下,平板封头与罐体结合处的载荷最大;（3）SEFAE产生的爆炸载荷对容器的作用最小,钝化RDX和RDX/Al（90/10）两者相当。3种炸药产生应变的频谱相似,强度略有差别;（4）在本实验的条件下,爆炸载荷的结构不是应变增长的主要原因。     

Dynamic adsorption in a radial flow of a solution around a spherical cavity

The paper studies the local variation of the concentration of a neutral dilute solution during its radial flow around a spherical cavity in the approximations of an adsorption layer and the Langmuir adsorption kinetics. The authors used the boundarylayer method and the method of asymptotic series expansion of the solution in a small parameter, which is the ratio of the time of establishing an adsorption equilibrium to the time of establishing a steady diffusion layer around the cavity. The equations obtained for a zeroth approximation were studied analytically and numerically. In the case of highfrequency oscillations of the cavity in the solution, a solution of the problem was found that corresponds to the process of straightened adsorption or pumping an admixture into the adsorption layer.     

Lattice Boltzmann model for thermal free surface flows with liquid-solid phase transition

Purpose

The main objective of this work is to develop an algorithm to use the Lattice Boltzmann method for solving free surface thermal flow problems with solid/liquid phase changes.

Approach

A multi-distribution function model is applied to simulate hydrodynamic flow and the coupled thermal diffusion-convection problem.

Findings

The free surface problem, i.e. the reconstruction of the missing distribution functions at the interface, can be solved by applying a physical transparent momentum and heat flux based methodology. The developed method is subsequently applied to some test cases in order to assess its computational potentials.

Practical implications

Many industrial processes involve problems where non-isothermal motion and simultaneous solidification of fluids with free surface is important. Examples are all castings processes and especially foaming processes which are characterized by a huge and strongly changing surface.

Value

A reconstruction algorithm to treat a thermal hydrodynamic problem with free surfaces is presented which is physically transparent and easy to implement.     

A novel four-node quadrilateral element with continuous nodal stress

Formulation and numerical evaluation of a novel four-node quadrilateral element with continuous nodal stress（Q4-CNS）are presented.Q4-CNS can be regarded as an improved hybrid FE-meshless four-node quadrilateral element（FE-LSPIM QUAD4）, which is a hybrid FE-meshless method.Derivatives of Q4-CNS are continuous at nodes, so the continuous nodal stress can be obtained without any smoothing operation.It is found that,compared with the standard four-node quadrilateral element（QUAD4）,Q4- CNS can achieve significantly better accuracy and higher convergence rate.It is also found that Q4-CNS exhibits high tolerance to mesh distortion.Moreover,since derivatives of Q4-CNS shape functions are continuous at nodes,Q4-CNS is potentially useful for the problem of bending plate and shell models.     

Roles of polyacrylate dispersant in the synthesis of well-dispersed BaSO4 nanoparticles by simple precipitation

Well-dispersed BaSO4 nanoparticles were synthesized in the presence of sodium polyacrylate （PAAS） by a simple precipitation method, with BaCl2 and （NH4）2SO4 as reactants. The different roles performed by PAAS in the synthesis of BaSO4 nanoparticles were investigated using X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the assynthesized BaSO4 nanoparticles were spheres with an average diameter of 30 nm and that their surfaces were affected by the PAAS. Under a typical procedure employed, PAAS reacted with BaCl2 to yield an intermediate, serving as a control releasing agent and separating the nucleation and crystal growth processes of the BaSO4 nuclei. During formation of the BaSO4 nanospheres, the intermediate slowly dissolved and released barium and polyacrylate ions, inhibiting the growth and aggregation of newly formed BaSO4 seeds and resulting in particles of narrow diameter distribution and improved dispersibility. Moreover, these polyacrylate ions further modified the surfaces of the BaSO4 nanoparticles.     

Anfangs-Randwertprobleme der Bewegungsgleichungen eines elastischen Kontinuums

Zusammenfassung Mittels des Ansatzes (2) wird die allgemeine Anfangs-Randwertaufgabe der Bewegungsgleichungen eines elastischen Körpers in die vier Teilprobleme (4₁), (4₂), (4₃) und (4₄) zerlegt. Während die Integrationsverfahren der ersten drei Teilprobleme bekannt sind, gelingt es durch den Integralansatz (6), das halbhomogene Problem (4₄) in die elastostatischen Randwertaufgaben (7) und die mit (4₃) zusammenfallenden vollhomogenen Anfangs-Randwertaufgaben (8) zu zerlegen. Eine Übertragung des Ansatzes auf Anfangs-Randwertprobleme mit ersten und höheren Zeitableitungen ist möglich.     

On Full Two-Scale Expansion of the Solutions of Nonlinear Periodic Rapidly Oscillating Problems and Higher-Order Homogenised Variational Problems

We consider a scalar quasilinear equation in the divergence form with periodic rapid oscillations, which may be a model of, e.g., nonlinear conducting, dielectric, or deforming in a restricted way hardening elastic-plastic composites, with outer periodicity conditions of a fixed large period. Under some natural growth assumptions on the stored-energy function, we construct for uniformly elliptic problems a full two-scale asymptotic expansion, which has a precise double-series structure, separating the slow and the fast variables in all orders, so that its slowly varying part solves asymptotically an infinite-order homogenised equation (cf. Bakhvalov, N.S., Panasenko, G.P.: Homogenisation: Averaging Processes in Periodic Media. Nauka, Moscow, 1984 (in Russian); English translation: Kluwer, 1989), and whose higher-order terms depend on the higher gradients of the slowly varying part. We prove the error bound, i.e., that the truncated asymptotic expansion is higher-order close to the actual solution in appropriate norms. The approach is extended to a non-uniformly elliptic case: for two-dimensional power-law potentials we prove the non-degeneracy using topological index methods. Examples and explicit formulae for the higher-order terms are given. In particular, we prove that the first term in the higher-order homogenised equations is related to the first-order corrector to the mean flux, and has in general the form of a fully nonlinear operator which is quadratic with respect to its highest (second) derivative being a linear combination of the second minors of the Hessian with coefficients depending on the first gradient, and in dimension two is of Monge-Ampère type. We show that this term is present at least for some examples (three-phase power-law laminates).In the second part of the paper we extend to this nonlinear context some of the results previously developed by us in the linear case (Smyshlyaev, V.P., Cherednichenko, K.D. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48, 1325–1357, 2000). In particular, we prove that the slowly varying part of the full asymptotic expansion is the rigorous asymptotics in all orders for the translationally averaged actual solution and flux, or in the sense of a higher-order version of the weak convergence. We then explore to what extent the method of variational truncation of the infinite-order homogenised equation, successfully implemented by us in the linear context in the previous work for constructing explicit higher-order homogenised equations, is extendable to the nonlinear regime. We propose a natural extension and prove that at least under some further natural non-degeneracy assumptions it has a solution (the existence), and that any such solution is close to the actual solution in appropriate norms.Acknowledgement We acknowledge the support of the Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Bath, U.K. and partial support of the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, U.K. KDC also acknowledges the support of St. Johns College, Oxford, U.K. and thanks the Mathematical Institute, Oxford for its hospitality.     

Numerical simulation of a 4WD–4WS tractor turning in a rice field

For the steady-state circular turning of a 4WD–4WS (4 wheel driven–4 wheel steered) tractor in a rice field, a numerical simulation was achieved. Equations of motion of this tractor were developed in a vehicle fixed x–y coordinate system. By comparing the calculated and measured results of acting forces on the tractor tires, this simulation was evaluated. Then, the characteristic parameters of the turning vehicle, which are the side slip angle and the yaw angular velocity of the vehicle center of gravity, were simulated in several combinations of the steering wheel angle and the forward speed. Also the same simulation applied to a 4WD–2WS tractor which had the same body as the 4WD–4WS tractor. The simulated results showed a clear difference of turnability between 4WS and 2WS. ©     

Laminar assisting mixed convection heat transfer from a vertical isothermal plate to water with variable physical properties

The steady laminar boundary layer flow, with an external force, along a vertical isothermal plate is studied in this paper. The external force may be produced either by the motion of the plate or by a free stream. The fluid is water whose density-temperature relationship is non-linear at low temperatures and viscosity and thermal conductivity are functions of temperature. The results are obtained with the numerical solution of the boundary layer equations with , k and variable across the boundary layer. Both upward and downward flow is considered. It was found that the variation of , k and with temperature has a strong influence on mixed convection characteristics.Nomenclature c_p water specific heat - f dimensionless stream function - g gravitational acceleration - Gr_x local Grashof number - k thermal conductivity - Nu_x local Nusselt number - Pr Prandtl number - Pr_a ambient Prandtl number - Re_x local Reynolds number - s salinity - T water temperature - T_a ambient water temperature - T_o plate temperature - u vertical velocity - u_a free stream velocity - u_o plate velocity - v horizontal velocity - x vertical coordinate - y horizontal coordinate - pseudo-similarity variable - nondimensional temperature - dynamic viscosity - _f film dynamic viscosity - _o dynamic viscosity at plate surface - kinematic viscosity - buoyancy parameter - water density - _a ambient water density - _f film water density - _o water density at plate surface - physical stream function     

Hyperbolic phenomena in a strongly degenerate parabolic equation

We consider the equation u _t =((u) (u _x )) _x , where >0 and where is a strictly increasing function with lim _s = <. We solve the associated Cauchy problem for an increasing initial function, and discuss to what extent the solution behaves qualitatively like solutions of the first-order conservation law u _t = ((u)) _x . Equations of this type arise, for example, in the theory of phase transitions where the corresponding free-energy functional has a linear growth rate with respect to the gradient.     

微量油品润滑下氮化硅磨损行为的研究

参照微量油品润下的四球试验方法，在改进设计的一球三盘试验机上就含油酸、硬脂酸或二烷基二硫代磷酸锌的矿物油ＭＯＬ７５５８对Ｓｉ３Ｎ４球－Ｓｉ３Ｎ４盘体系的润滑性能进行了试验研究与评价，并与常规一球三盘试验结果做了关联。