微柱固相萃取-毛细管液相色谱在线联用技术

以填充毛细管柱作为固相萃取柱,通过定体积阀进样和阀切换技术与毛细管液相色谱在线联用。用65 mm×0.45 mm i.d.5μm C18毛细管填充柱作为萃取柱,以对甲氧基苯甲醛水标样考察了该系统性能。线性范围为0.01~0.5 mg/L;保留时间、峰高以及峰面积的相对标准偏差分别为1.4%~2.2%、4.2%~5.7%和6.0%~10.1%,标准曲线回归系数(r)大于0.998。与直接进样相比,所用方法使检出限降低3个数量级,浓度检出限为6.0 ng/L(S/N=3)。另外,对多环芳烃化合物的富集倍数在30~100倍。采用该方法在大连香炉礁海水中检测到了萘,通过向空白海水中加标样,确定海水中萘的检出限为0.128μg/L(S/N=3)。填充毛细管固相萃取柱的优点是柱性能重复可靠,商品填料种类丰富。     

高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱检测葡萄酒中8种生物胺

利用分散固相萃取结合高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对进出口葡萄酒中组胺、酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺、精胺、亚精胺和苯乙胺8种生物胺进行分析。葡萄酒样品用去离子水稀释,加入200 mg十八烷基硅烷粉(Octadecylsilyl,ODS)和50 mg N-丙基乙二胺粉(Primary secondary amine,PSA)吸附剂分散固相萃取净化后,以高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱进行定性和定量分析。选择Phenomenex C18(100 mm×4.6 mm×2.6μm)分析柱,乙腈-0.1‰七氟正丁酸水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离。质谱采用正离子模式,通过高分辨质谱全扫描模式提取目标化合物精确质量数,利用阈值自动触发全扫描二级质谱功能提高了定性的准确性。8种生物胺在0.2~10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。方法的定量下限可达1.0 mg/L。在1.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L 3个浓度加标水平下,葡萄酒中8种生物胺的平均回收率为83.7%~101.6%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为3.1%~12.9%。此方法准确灵敏且前处理简单,可作为葡萄酒中生物胺筛选和确认的检测方法。     

高效液相色谱-四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱检测葡萄酒中8种生物胺

利用分散固相萃取结合高效液相色谱－四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱对进出口葡萄酒中组胺、酪胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺、精胺、亚精胺和苯乙胺8种生物胺进行分析。葡萄酒样品用去离子水稀释,加入200 mg十八烷基硅烷粉（Octadecylsilyl,ODS）和50 mg N-丙基乙二胺粉（Primary secondary amine,PSA）吸附剂分散固相萃取净化后,以高效液相色谱－四极杆/静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱进行定性和定量分析。选择Phenomenex C18（100 mm×4.6 mm×2.6 μm）分析柱,乙腈-0.1‰七氟正丁酸水溶液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离。质谱采用正离子模式,通过高分辨质谱全扫描模式提取目标化合物精确质量数,利用阈值自动触发全扫描二级质谱功能提高了定性的准确性。8种生物胺在0.2~10.0 mg/L浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99。方法的定量下限可达1.0 mg/L。在1.0、5.0、10.0 mg/L 3个浓度加标水平下,葡萄酒中8种生物胺的平均回收率为83.7%~101.6%,相对标准偏差（RSDs）为3.1%~12.9%。此方法准确灵敏且前处理简单,可作为葡萄酒中生物胺筛选和确认的检测方法。     

离子交换色谱测定原油中的单双石油磺酸盐

建立了一种新的离子交换高效液相色谱在线测定原油中单双石油磺酸盐的方法,通过使用六通阀切换,在一根强阴离子交换柱上完成在线纯化和分离。原油样品经过二氯甲烷-甲醇(体积比60∶40)溶剂稀释后进入HPLC测定。原油中单石油磺酸盐的检出限为10.0μg/g,双石油磺酸盐的检出限为12.5μg/g。2-萘磺酸钠和萘-1,5-二磺酸钠分别在4.8~120.0 mg/L和4.0~100.1 mg/L范围内有良好的线性。该方法准确、重复性好,可以满足原油中石油磺酸盐的分离测定。     

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱联用测定动物源食品中的维生素A、E

采用固相萃取与双梯度高效液相色谱联用技术,建立了一种在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定动物源食品中维生素A、E的分析方法。样品于80℃下皂化反应30 min,经离心沉淀后引入一维C8固相萃取柱,采用60%(V/V)甲醇溶液对目标物进行在线富集净化,然后通过阀切换将其转移至二维液相分析系统进行分离检测。考察了萃取填料、上样溶剂及洗脱条件对猪肝、鸡蛋和配方乳粉的维生素A、E富集和基质净化效果。结果表明,在优化条件下,方法线性范围为0.02~20 mg/L,线性相关系数R2≥0.9998,对维生素A、E的检出限(S/N=3)为3.0~30.0μg/L,实际样品加标回收率为87.3%~115.0%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.8%~4.6%。本方法操作简便,灵敏度高,可用于动物源食品中维生素A、E的快速测定。     

在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱串联质谱法直接测定水中10种藻类毒素

建立了全自动在线固相萃取-超高效液相色谱-线性离子阱串联质谱法直接测定水中10种藻类毒素的方法.利用程序实现多次进样,通过在线固相萃取对藻类毒素进行富集,然后切换六通阀,将富集的目标物冲洗至分析柱进行分离后,进入线性离子阱质谱检测.10种藻类毒素在相应的浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.99,检出限在0.0015~0.0050μg/L之间,3个浓度水平(0.02、0.10和1.00μg/L)的加标回收率为83.7%~98.5%.结果表明,在线固相萃取极大简化了前处理过程,线性离子阱串联质谱法提高了痕量藻类毒素测定的灵敏度,增强子离子扫描(EPI)谱库的建立为藻类毒素的确证提供保障.本方法适用于水体中多种藻类毒素的快速确证和定量测定.     

在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱法同时测定人尿液中7种多环芳烃代谢物

采用双三元液相色谱系统结合荧光检测器,建立了在线固相萃取-液相色谱法同时测定人尿液中7种多环芳烃代谢物的方法。目标化合物首先在Turboflow Cyclone固相萃取柱上在线富集浓缩,然后通过六通阀转移至Hypersil Green PAH色谱柱,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱分离,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃,荧光检测器检测,分离周期为20 min。在优化的色谱条件下,5~2000 ng/L或50~20000 ng/L范围内,7种多环芳烃代谢物均呈良好的线性关系(r≥0.999),方法检出限为0.5~15 ng/L,加标回收率为80.7％~110.7％。应用本方法对吸烟和非吸烟人群尿液中7种多环芳烃代谢物的含量进行了测定,吸烟者尿液中的2-羟基萘、1-羟基萘、2-羟基菲、2-羟基芴、4-羟基菲、6-羟基显著高于非吸烟者。     

分子印迹在线固相萃取分离奥克托今合成反应中间体

采用分子印迹在线固相萃取和液相色谱-质谱联用技术建立了奥克托今合成反应中间体1,3,5,7-四乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(TAT)与1,3,5-三乙酰基-1,3,5-三氮杂环己烷(TRAT)的分离鉴定方法。固相萃取填料采用TAT分子印迹聚合物,液相色谱分离检测采用亲水色谱柱。首先以乙腈为固相萃取柱上样溶剂,流速为0.1 mL/min,然后以乙酸乙酯淋洗萃取柱,用甲醇洗脱,并以甲醇为流动相对洗脱溶液进行液相色谱分离,与质谱仪联用鉴定各分离组分。在上述条件下,TAT回收率在79％~93％,检出限为1.8 mg/L (3σ),线性范围为6.0~500.0 mg/L,富集倍数400倍。     

全二维液相色谱(NPLC×RPLC)接口及其应用

用内径为0.53 mm的填充毛细管正相液相色谱为第一维, 用4.6 mm(i.d.)×50 mm RP-18e整体柱反相色谱为第二维, 建立了定量环-阀切换接口的全二维液相色谱系统(NPLC×RPLC). 第一维色谱分离洗脱出的组分交替存储在十通阀上的两个定量环中, 同时定量环中前一个组分被转移到第二维进行反相分离. 因为第一维的流动相流量仅是第二维的1/500, 自然解决了流动相兼容问题. 采用芳香族化合物的混合物和中药丹参正己烷提取液对该全二维液相系统的分离能力进行了评价.     

在线固相萃取-离子色谱法测定4种芳环磺酸盐中的硫酸根离子

建立一种在线固相萃取-离子色谱测定4种芳环磺酸盐中硫酸根离子含量的新方法。将自装填的多孔石墨化碳固相萃取柱应用于离子色谱系统,对样品进行在线前处理。样品经过多孔石墨化碳固相萃取柱基体消除后进入收集环,通过阀切换方式使待测硫酸根离子转入阴离子分析柱和检测系统。固相萃取流路用1.5 mmol/L碳酸钠以0.8 mL/min的流速对基体在线富集,进样量为20μL,分析柱为SH-AC-3(250 mm×4.0 mm)+SH-AG-3(50 mm×4.0 mm)色谱柱,柱温为35℃,在6 mmol/L碳酸钠-4 mmol/L碳酸氢钠条件下等度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL/min。结果表明:硫酸根离子在0.50~20.00 mg/L范围内呈良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998 3,保留时间、峰高和峰面积的相对标准偏差均在0.28%~2.86%之间,方法检出限为0.010 6 mg/L,回收率为91.01%~109.3%,具有良好的线性关系和重复性。整个在线分析过程在25 min之内完成。该方法进样量少、快速、高效。     

Determination of tetracyclines residues in honey by on-line solid-phase extraction high-performance liquid chromatography

An automated system using on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for the determination of tetracyclines (TCs), such as tetracycline (TC), oxytetracycline (OTC), chlortetracycline (CTC), metacycline (MC), and doxycycline (DC) in honey. One milliliter diluted honey sample was injected into a conditioned C18 SPE column and the matrix was washed out with water for 3 min. By rotation of the switching valve, TCs were eluted and transferred to the analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase. Chromatographic conditions were optimized. TCs were separated in less than 8 min with a gradient elution using a mixture of 0.8% formic acid and acetonitrile. The UV detection was performed at 365 nm. The conditions for on-line SPE, including solvent and total time for loading sample and washing matrix were also optimized. Time for extraction and separation decreased greatly. For the five kinds of TCs, the limits of detection (LODs) at a signal-to-noise of 3 ranged from 5 to 12 ng g⁻¹. The relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) for the determination of TCs ranged from 3.4 to 7.1% within a day and ranged from 3.2 to 8.9% in 3 days, respectively.     

On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of macrolide antibiotics in environmental water

An automated on-line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) system was developed for the determination of macrolide antibiotics including erythromycin (ETM), roxithromycin (RTM), tylosin (TLS) and tilmicosin (TMC) in environmental water samples. A Capcell Pak MF Ph-1 column packed with restricted access material (RAM) was used as SPE column for the concentration of the analytes and clean-up of the sample. One milliliter water sample was injected into the conditioned SPE column and the matrix was washed out with 3 mL high purity water. By rotation of the switching valve, macrolides (MLs) were eluted in the back-flush mode and transferred to the analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase. The matrix effect was evaluated by the directly injection LC-MS and on-line SPE-LC-MS methods. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) obtained are in the range of 2-6 and 7-20 ng L⁻¹, respectively, which means that the proposed method is suitable for trace analysis of MLs at low level concentration. The intra- and inter-day precisions are in the range of 2.9-7.2% and 3.3-8.9%, respectively. In the three fortified levels (20, 200 and 2000 ng L⁻¹), recoveries of MLs ranging from 86.5% to 98.3% are obtained.     

流动注射在线预富集-高效液相色谱法测定四种硝基类化合物

建立了以香烟过滤嘴纤维作吸附剂,在线固相萃取-高效液相色谱（SPE—HPLC）测定水中邻硝基苯甲酸、对硝基苯胺、邻硝基苯酚、3-氯硝基苯四种硝基类化合物的方法。邻硝基苯甲酸、对硝基苯胺、邻硝基苯酚、3-氯硝基苯分别在0．006～4．80、0．003～2．40、0．002～1．60、0．002～1．60mg／L范围内峰面积与浓度呈线性关系,相关系数分别为0．9994、0．9996、0．9997和0．9996;检出限（S／N=3）分别为1．0、0．8、0．6,0．6μg／L;富集倍数分别为28．2、176．6、172．1、153．3。该法用于河水中四种硝基类化合物的测定,回收率为85．41％～116．44％,相对标准偏差在1．1％～5．4％范围内。     

Determination of andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in rabbit plasma by on-line solid phase extraction of high-performance liquid chromatography

The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed for determining andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide in rabbit plasma. Plasma samples (100 μL) were injected directly into a C18 SPE column and the biological matrix was washed out for 6 min using 15% aqueous methanol. By rotation of the switching valve, andrographolide and dehydroandrographolide were eluted in the back-flush mode and transferred to the analytical column by the chromatographic mobile phase consisted of methanol:acetonitrile (ACN):water (50:10:40; v/v). The UV detection was performed at 225 nm. The calibration curves showed excellent linear relationship (R ≥ 0.9993) over the concentration range of 0.05-5.0 μg mL⁻¹. The within- and between-day precisions (R.S.D.) of two analytes were in the range of 1.2-6.5% and the accuracies were between 92.0% and 102.1%. Their recoveries were all greater than 94%. The limits of detection were 0.019 μg mL⁻¹ for andrographolide and 0.022 μg mL⁻¹ for dehydroandrographolide. This method was successfully applied to the plasma concentration-time curve study after oral administration of Andrographis paniculata Nees extract in rabbit.     

A new ultra-pressure liquid chromatography method for the determination of biogenic amines in cheese

A fast and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC™) method for the determination of biogenic amines (ethanolamine, methylamine, agmatine, histamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, octopamine, pyrrolidine, dopamine, isopropylamine, propylamine, tyramine, putrescine, butylamine, cadaverine, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, 3-methylbutylamine, spermidine, spermine) in cheese was established. After pre-column derivatization with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxy-succinimidyl carbamate (AQC), 20 primary and secondary biogenic amines were separated on an Acquity™ UPLC™ column (BEH C₁₈, 1.7 μm; 2.1 mm × 50 mm) within 9 min. Limits of detection (mg/100 g cheese) ranged from 0.04 (ethanolamine) to 1.62 (spermine), and limits of quantification were between 0.16 (ethanolamine) and 6.09 (spermine). The UPLC™ method was applied to the analysis of 58 cheese samples as retailed in Austria. About 13.8% of samples had a histamine content above 10 mg/100 g, and 22.4% had a tyramine content above 10 mg/100 g. Moreover, 8.6% of samples had a putrescine or cadaverine content higher than 10 mg/100 g. The total concentration of biogenic amines in two cheese samples was about 194 mg/100 g. Thus, obligatory monitoring of biogenic amines should be considered to ensure quality of cheese in future.     

毛细管电色谱-激光诱导荧光检测法分析食品中的生物胺

以4-氟-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并氧杂恶二唑(NBD-F)为衍生化试剂,建立了食品中5种痕量生物胺(色胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺)的毛细管电色谱-激光诱导荧光检测(CEC-LIF)分析方法。采用50 mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 8.0)作为衍生介质,在75℃条件下对生物胺进行衍生化反应25 min。生物胺衍生产物的最优色谱条件:固定相为C18毛细管电色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-乙酸铵(20 mmol/L,pH 8.0)(75∶25,v/v),辅助压力为6.9 MPa,分离电压为-8 kV,流速为0.03 mL/min。实验结果表明,生物胺的检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为0.1~1.0μg/L,加标回收率为78.3%~113.9%。该方法可成功用于加工和发酵食品中生物胺的测定,结果与传统HPLC法的检测结果无显著性差异,且检出限更低、分析速度更快,对于食品中痕量污染物的残留监测具有应用价值。     

On-line trace enrichment of phenolic compounds from water using a pyrrole-based polymer as the solid-phase extraction sorbent coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography

A pyrrole-based conductive polymer was prepared and applied as new sorbent for on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) of phenol and chlorophenols from water samples. Polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by chemical oxidation of the monomer in non-aqueous solution. The efficiency of this polymer for extraction of phenol and chlorophenols was evaluated using 35 mg of PPy as the sorbent in an on-line SPE system coupled to reversed-phase liquid chromatography with UV detection. The mobile phase were mixture of phosphate buffer-acetonitrile and compounds were eluted by the mobile phase using a six-port switching valve. High volumes of water, up to 160 ml, could be preconcentrated without the loss of phenols, except for the more polar ones. The R.S.D. for a river water sample spiked with phenol and chlorophenols at sub-ppb level was lower than 7% (n=5) and detection limits of 15-100 and 35-150 ng l⁻¹ for tap and river water were obtained, respectively.     

Extraction of biogenic amines and their dansyl derivatives with reverse microemulsions of bis [2-ethylhexyl] sulphosuccinate (AOT) prior to high-performance liquid chromatographic determination

The ability of reverse microemulsions of the surfactant bis [2-ethylhexyl] sulphosuccinate (AOT) in heptane to extract and preconcentrate eight biogenic amines present in aqueous matrices has been explored. The “phase transfer” method, in which the surfactant solution is contacted with an aqueous salt solution containing the analytes, has been used as the analytical methodology. The extraction efficiencies have been compared with those obtained by using the “cloud point” extraction technique with Triton X-114 as surfactant, and with methylene chloride as a typical extracting solvent. In order to improve extraction and detection as compared with the underivatized amines, the fluorescent reagent dansyl chloride has been used to obtain the more hydrophobic and thus, easily extractable dansyl derivatives. Although extraction of most of the biogenic amines is high, extraction of their dansyl derivatives is practically 100%. The procedure was successfully applied to the analysis of commercial fruit juices. The analytical methodology is sensitive, fast, simple and reproducible. The LOD were in the vicinity of 1 and 2 pmol, which is similar or better than other techniques. The micellar phase is compatible with reverse phase HPLC mobile phases, which allow direct injection of the analyte after extraction. This is an advantage over solid phase extraction (SPE), where incomplete recovery can occur. Moreover, AOT showed to be better extracting surfactant for biogenic amines (and their corresponding dansyl derivatives) than Triton X-114 at the same concentration.     

Piroxicam quantitation in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with on- and off-line solid-phase extraction.

A comparative study of two analytical methodologies for piroxicam quantitation in plasma by off-line and on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is described. The SPE cartridges contained C8 for both extraction methods. The analytes piroxicam and tenoxican (internal standard) were separated on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile:20 mM phosphate buffer pH 3.1 (50:50, v/v) followed by UV detection at 360 nm. The validation of the methods demonstrated good recoveries (over 90%), sensitivity (limits of quantification of 0.05 microgram/ml with on-line SPE and 0.1 microgram/ml with off-line SPE, based on a 100 microliters and 200 microliters sample volume, respectively), accuracy and precision (better than 9.5%). Both methodologies have been used for bioequivalence studies.     

Separation of phenolic compounds and corresponding glucuronides by coupled-column micellar reversed-phase liquid chromatography

Summary An isocratic HPLC technique for separation of phenolic compounds and corresponding glucuronides in urine is developed. Sample pre-treatment, often a tedious and rate-limiting factor, was eliminated by use of a coupled column system. Spiked urine samples were injected directly into a C₄ precolumn and a selected fraction was transferred on-line from the precolumn to a silanized C₁₈ analytical column in the backflush mode. Analyte peak enrichment was attained by employing mobile phases of different elution strengths. The weaker mobile phase (7% v/v acetonitrile) was used to strongly retain the analytes on the precolumn while most of the polar endogenous compounds were washed to waste. Elution and transfer of the trapped analytes from the precolumn to the analytical column was achieved by introducing a stronger mobile phase (20% v/v acetonitrile) with the aid of a switching valve. The use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as counter ion and micellar agent in the mobile phase involved a high selectivity for the analytes relative to the urine matrix components and allowed simultaneous analysis of the glucuronides and parent compounds without the need of gradient elution. The system demonstrated a good repeatability on spiked urine samples. Who passed away July 21, 1996