一种气体吸收的逐线计算模型及其实验验证

建立一种高分辨率的气体吸收光谱的逐线计算模型,分子谱线参数数据库采用了最新的低温库HITRAN2008和高温库HITEMP2010,能根据温度条件自动选择合适的谱带参数库,并可同时满足高温和常温气体辐射计算.计算波数采用等间隔取样,取样间隔大小以能分辨出典型分子谱线为条件确定.线翼截断采取等波数截断,总内配分函数由Gamache拟合三次多项式计算.谱线线型根据气体温度和压力来选择,最后,利用该模型计算了压力为1 atm,不同温度、浓度和路径长度下CO2在4.3μm和2.7 μm的透射率.考虑FTIR仪器增宽,将逐线计算结果降为窄带透射率,与中分辨率的试验结果对比均吻合,并能在较宽的温度范围内保证精度.     

太赫兹电磁波大气吸收衰减逐线积分计算

大气对太赫兹辐射传输存在一定的非协作性,即存在吸收衰减。为了实现太赫兹辐射的有效应用必须细致地了解太赫兹辐射大气传输的窗口位置、宽度及大气透过率。选取了处理大气非均匀路径、吸收带重叠等大气辐射传输问题的最精确方法逐线积分法,发展计算程序,并基于HITRAN分子谱线数据,对水汽、氧气、臭氧、氮气、二氧化碳等单组分气体分子对太赫兹辐射传输的吸收衰减情况进行了计算与分析,并给出了在太赫兹电磁波大气传输衰减中占主要因素的水汽和氧气的衰减峰位置。     

太赫兹电磁波大气吸收衰减逐线积分计算

大气对太赫兹辐射传输存在一定的非协作性,即存在吸收衰减。为了实现太赫兹辐射的有效应用必须细致地了解太赫兹辐射大气传输的窗口位置、宽度及大气透过率。选取了处理大气非均匀路径、吸收带重叠等大气辐射传输问题的最精确方法逐线积分法,发展计算程序,并基于HITRAN分子谱线数据,对水汽、氧气、臭氧、氮气、二氧化碳等单组分气体分子对太赫兹辐射传输的吸收衰减情况进行了计算与分析,并给出了在太赫兹电磁波大气传输衰减中占主要因素的水汽和氧气的衰减峰位置。     

一种基于空问外差光谱技术观测的逐线积分水汽浓度反演方法

空间外差光谱技术(SHS)是一种可进行高光谱分辨率探测的光谱分析技术,其灵敏度高,可实现成像探测,特别适用于大气中痕量气体的观测.鉴于此,提出了一种在实验室理想环境下水平观测水汽的逐线积分反演算法.使用Voigt线型函数计算出所选带宽内各吸收线的吸收系数,并将半宽校正剑相应压力水平下;考虑各吸收线的线翼吸收贡献,计算出波段内的平均透过率;结合通过实测光谱得出的透过率推算水汽浓度.应用在1590～1610 cm-1波段内傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)的实测数据计算不同水汽浓度的平均透过率,并与相应的应用Modtran计算的结果相比较,最终验证了算法的可行性.     

物理原理在气体检测中的应用

根据作者近年研制小型瓦斯检测器的情况和查阅到的国内外资料，概述了气体检测技术在经济建设中的重要意义，分析了气体检测中的若干方法及有关的物理原理，介绍了国内外在该领域中新近采用的“光电离”、“光催化”、“激光和微电脑应用”、“电子连续截断法”等物理新技术和新方法。     

基于谱线线型函数的气体浓度检测技术

快速、精确地测量微量气体浓度的技术在大气质量分析、环境污染检测等领域具有广泛的用途。在红外光谱检测技术中,气体吸收光谱的谱线线型函数是定量测量气体浓度的一个重要参量,而如何准确和快速地得到气体谱线线型函数值是气体浓度测量中的一个关键问题。首先从理论上分析了谱线线型函数,得出计算谱线线型函数的一般方法及探讨了气体浓度与谱线线型函数峰值之间的关系。然后,利用可调激光器及光谱仪检测系统测量了乙炔在1 515～1 545 nm波长范围内的吸收光谱,再通过Lambert-Beer定律计算得到在不同频率下的谱线线型函数峰值,最后利用程序拟合出该波段内气体的谱线线型函数峰值分布曲线,并与Voigt线型函数理论计算值进行了比较,发现理论计算的谱线线型函数峰值仍存在一定的偏差。相比理论计算结果,所提出的检测方法得到的乙炔浓度与真实的乙炔浓度值更加吻合,表明了通过实验确定的谱线线型函数的经验公式可以更好地用于气体浓度的检测。由于利用实验测量值获得了谱线线型函数峰值分布的拟合曲线,因此可以快速准确地计算出所对应的谱线线型函数峰值,从而大大地简化了线型函数的计算过程。实验所获得的数据可应用于光学遥测乙炔气体浓度,且提供的方法也可以应用到其他气体的谱线线型函数峰值的测量中。     

拉曼积分球设计及其在气体检测中的应用

拉曼积分球由光散射共焦激发收集系统和四直角反射镜增光程系统组成.光散射共焦激发收集系统由N套共焦点的拉曼散射信号收集光具组组成,可以将散射向共焦点的光具组的拉曼信号收集后集中传输向一个方向,提高拉曼散射信号收集立体角度N倍;四直角反射镜增光程系统由4个直角反射镜组成,将激发光形成互相平行的空间立体光路,并且经收集光具组...     

基于多参数模型的非分散红外光谱气体检测稳定性方法研究

针对非分散红外光谱传感器零点和温度漂移问题,建立了一种基于零气光强、参考光强、标准温度、环境温度、温度漂移系数等多参数模型,对红外传感器长期连续运行中存在的零点和温度漂移进行自动校正和补偿。测试结果和长时间应用表明,仪器在各种变换的环境条件下检测精度均小于5%F.S。CO₂的平均检测精度从未综合处理前的9.26%提高到了处理后的1.23%,CH₄的平均检测精度从未综合处理前的10.61%提高到了处理后的0.70%,克服了很多气体检测仪存在的稳定性差,标定周期短等不足,有效提高了仪器的检测精度、稳定性,降低了维护成本。     

基于中红外光谱吸收技术的一氧化碳气体检测系统

基于中红外光谱吸收技术,利用一氧化碳(CO)气体分子在4.6 μm处的基频吸收带,采用新脉冲的红外光源和双通道的热释电探测器,研制了一种CO浓度检测系统。该系统主要由脉冲调制式宽带热光源、开放式椭球聚光镜/气室、双通道探测器、主控及信号处理模块构成。通过优化开放式椭球聚光镜/气室,气体吸收光程达到40 cm, 探测器输出电信号的幅度增加约为原来的2~3倍。因此,采用椭球聚光镜后,将在一定程度上提高系统的信噪比从而改善系统的性能指标。利用配备的CO气体样品,研究了该系统对CO气体的传感特性。实验结果显示,该系统的最小检测下限为10 ppm,在该浓度点的测量误差约为14%;在20~25 000 ppm范围内的测量误差小于7.8%;对0 ppm气体样品的连续50分钟测量结果的最大偏差约为3 ppm,标准差约为0.18 ppm。同基于量子级联激光器和分布反馈激光器的CO检测系统相比,该系统具有性价比高、光路结构简单等优势,从而在煤矿、环保等场合下的CO检测方面具有较好应用前景。     

非线性吸收对多组分气体分析的影响及其修正方法

利用非分散红外(NDIR)技术研究了非线性吸收现象对多组分气体分析交叉干扰扣除的影响及其修正方法.理论上推导了由于非线性吸收导致的干扰系数变化对系统测量准确度的影响.对常规的干扰方程组进行了修正,使用干扰函数来定量分析气体间的交叉干扰,当测量气体存在非线性吸收时,干扰函数也会发生相应变化.基于最小二乘法,以三阶多项式为拟合模型,拟合出了系统的干扰函数.利用拟合的干扰函数,通过实验证明了提出的修正方法在系统存在非线性吸收现象时仍能有效地扣除气体间的交叉干扰.     

An inter-comparison of far-infrared line-by-line radiative transfer models

A considerable fraction (>40%) of the outgoing longwave radiation escapes from the Earth's atmosphere-surface system within a region of the spectrum known as the far-infrared (wave-numbers less than 650 cm⁻¹). Dominated by the line and continuum spectral features of the pure rotation band of water vapor, the far-infrared has a strong influence upon the radiative balance of the troposphere, and hence upon the climate of the Earth. Despite the importance of the far-infrared contribution, however, very few spectrally resolved observations have been made of the atmosphere for wave-numbers less than 650 cm⁻¹. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), under its Instrument Incubator Program (IIP), is currently developing technology that will enable routine, space-based spectral measurements of the far-infrared. As part of NASA's IIP, the Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of the Troposphere (FIRST) project is developing an instrument that will have the capability of measuring the spectrum over the range from 100 to 1000 cm⁻¹ at a resolution of 0.6 cm⁻¹. To properly analyze the data from the FIRST instrument, accurate radiative transfer models will be required. Unlike the mid-infrared, however, no inter-comparison of codes has been performed for the far-infrared. Thus, in parallel with the development of the FIRST instrument, an investigation has been undertaken to inter-compare radiative transfer models for potential use in the analysis of far-infrared measurements. The initial phase of this investigation has focused upon the inter-comparison of six distinct line-by-line models. The results from this study have demonstrated remarkably good agreement among the models, with differences being of order 0.5%, thereby providing a high measure of confidence in our ability to accurately compute spectral radiances in the far-infrared.     

Fast method for calculating infrared spectral transmittances in the wings of absorption lines

When performing line-by-line simulations of atmospheric high-resolution infrared spectra, a large portion of the computation time is spent in the calculation of the absorptions by the far wings of the absorption lines. For applications in which one is interested mainly in evaluating the effective absorption in a microwindow, a computationally less expensive method has been developed. The method is faster than the explicit line-by-line calculation by a factor proportional to the number of line wings that contribute to the absorption in the simulated microwindow. This paper presents the method and demonstrates its performances in the 700- infrared band. Typically one obtains a gain in computation time of order 25.     

CO和CO2气体红外光谱技术在火灾早期探测中的应用研究

通过对现有各种火灾探测方法进行归纳分析,提出以CO和CO2作为探测特征参量的傅里叶红外-光谱技术早期火灾探测新方法,并在此基础上建立了完善的早期火灾实验系统.通过大量真假火灾实验得出常见材料在火灾发生过程中产生气体浓度的变化特征:真实火灾产生出大量的CO和CO2,浓度变化非常有规律;假火灾只产生极少量的CO,且浓度变化杂乱无章.从浓度数据中提取出火灾发生的特征信息制定探测算法就可以有效地提高早期报警的分辨率,降低火灾探测的误报率.     

基于非分散红外吸收的总有机碳检测仪研制

总有机碳是以碳的含量来表示水体中有机物总量的综合指标,比化学需氧量等参数更能准确反映有机污染程度。根据C02气体对红外光的吸收与其浓度的关系符合Lambert—Beer定律,研制了一种非分散红外法总有机碳检测仪。该仪器能将待检测的水样导入反应器,水样中有机物被氧化成CO2,非分散红外模块检测到的CO2浓度与水样中总有机碳浓度具有良好的对应关系。具体论述了该仪器的工作流程、分析方法和数据处理方法。测试结果表明仪器的检测下限优于0．5mg／L。该仪器可以为污染减排工作提供可靠的数据支持,完善污染物总量减排监测体系建设。     

Studies on adsorption energy distributions computation from adsorption isotherms by the ansatz method

Since the well-known adsorption integral equation (AIE) is an ill-posed problem, calculation of relevant energetic properties from gas and liquid adsorption isotherms on porous solids still remains a challenging field of research. There are two approaches for solving the AIE: (1) the numerical regularization method and (2) the fitting of the experimental adsorption data by functions possessing an analytical solution. Up to now the latter approach has been treated without consideration of the ill-posedness. The inclusion of ill-posedness in the approach leads to its specification which we call the ansatz method. By showing that a certain class of ansatz functions cannot be used for describing the total isotherms, we were urged to consider more general solutions being connected with the Stieltjes integrals. After applying a general inversion formula we can restrict the theoretically possible total isotherms and outline a feasible general ansatz.     

Monte-Carlo algorithm for line-by-line calculations of thermal radiation in multiple scattering layered atmospheres

An algorithm for calculations of the longwave radiation in cloudy and aerosol slab atmospheres is described. It is based on the line-by-line and Monte-Carlo methods and is suitable for accurate treatment of both the gaseous absorption and the particulate multiple scattering in any spectral regions; other published algorithms as accurate as this can only make calculations in narrow spectral regions. It is recommended that this algorithm is well suited for radiation code validations as well as for theoretical investigations of radiative transfer in clouds and aerosols and satellite signal simulations.     

Pocket-Sized Nondispersive Infrared Methane Detection Device Using Two-Parameter Temperature Compensation

With the correction on Beer–Lambert law, a low-cost, low-power, and miniaturization methane detection device is reported by using a two-parameter temperature compensation method. The adopted methane sensor contains a midinfrared light source, an optical path, and a midinfrared dual-channel detector. Control and processing circuits are developed to extract gas concentration, and experiments are carried out to derive detection performances. Two characteristic parameters of the device are achieved through calibration, and their relations with temperature are obtained for accurate compensation. The device is powered by batteries with a total current less than 100 mA, and the power consumption is less than 0.6 W. Both the sensitivity and the minimum detection limit under low concentration range can reach to 50 parts per million. The device also reveals high stability owing to the compensation on temperature variation. Compared with the preexisting wall-mounted devices, this device does well meeting the requirement of detecting explosive gases in a more convenient handheld style.     

基于共振型高灵敏度光声光谱技术探测痕量乙炔气体浓度

乙炔气体作为判断变压器运行状态的一种故障气体,其浓度的高低反映了变压器的运行状况,因此对其浓度的探测在变压器的维护中具有重要意义。为了准确探测变压器运行过程中产生的乙炔气体浓度,为变压器的维护提供技术参数,针对基于DFB激光器的共振型光声光谱技术痕量乙炔气体检测技术开展研究,对传统的光声光谱探测系统进行改进。根据光声光谱技术的理论可知,光声信号的强度与入射激光的功率成正比,所以在光声池的出射窗口采用一个平面反射镜将红外光再次反射到光声池中以增加入射光功率,增强光声信号强度,进一步提高了光声系统的探测灵敏度。通过一定浓度的乙炔气体在不同调制频率和不同调制深度下光声信号强度的变化,确定光声探测系统的最佳调制频率和最佳调制深度为767 Hz和0.3 mV。利用不同浓度乙炔气体对系统进行标定,然后采用最小二乘法对光声信号与气体浓度进行拟合,二者具有很好的线性度。通过Allan方差计算可知,系统在平均时间达到200 s时,能够达到最低探测极限浓度。实验表明,在一个大气压下,积分时间为10 ms时,改进后的共振型光声光谱探测系统对乙炔气体的最低探测极限浓度达到了0.3 μL·L-1。还将小波去噪技术引入到低浓度下乙炔气体的光声信号处理中,有效消除了低浓度气体光声信号中的噪声,提高了信噪比。设计的共振型光声光谱探测系统操作简单,最低探测浓度符合国标中对变压器维护过程中对乙炔气体的探测需求,在变压器维护领域具有广阔的应用前景。