Boosting sodium storage of mesoporous TiO2 nanostructure regulated by carbon quantum dots

It has been demonstrated that the conductivity and electrochemical properties of TiO2 nanomate rials can be significantly improved by an incorporation of carbon additives.In the study,we develop a novel Ndoped TiO2 mesoporous nanostructure via the addition of carbon quantum dots(CQDs)solution following a scalable hydrothermal process.The as-made TiO2 product shows well-defined morphology,high conductivity,large surface area,and abundant mesopores.When evaluated as anodes for sodiumion batteries,the CQDs@TiO2 product annealed at 500℃exhibits a superior sodium storage capability.It delivers a high reversible capacity of 168.8 mAh/g at 100 mA/g over 500 cycles and long cycling stability.The remarkable performance of CQDs@TiO2 mainly arises from the large surface area and mesoporous architecture constructed by ultrathin TiO2 nanosheets,as well as the full coope ration between CQDs and TiO2.     

SnO2 hollow spheres:Polymer bead-templated hydrothermal synthesis and their electrochemical properties for lithium storage

SnO2 hollow spheres have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal method using sulfonated polystyrene beads as a template followed by a calcination process in air.X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,and transmission electron microscopy show that the as-obtained SnO2 hollow spheres have a wall thickness of about 50 nm,and consist of nanosized SnO2 particles with a mean diameter of about 15 nm.Electrochemical measurements indicate that the SnO2 hollow spheres exhibit improved electrochemical performance in terms of specific capacity and rate capability in comparison with commercial SnO2 when used as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.The enhanced performance may be attributed to the spherical and hollow structure,as well as the building blocks of SnO2 nanoparticles.     

SnO2纳米粒子的制备与表征

The SnO2 nano-particles with rutile structure were prepared by a Water/Oil (W/O) microemulsion system, composed of Triton X-100 1-hexanol/Cyclohexane/Water. The particles were also compared with that synthesized by citric acid method. The powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The result showed that the SnO2 particles prepared by microemulsion had fine shape and narrow range of particle size distribution. The crystallite size calcined at 600℃ was 11.49 nm,while the crystallite size prepared by citric acid method was about 17.4 nm.     

Study of SnO2 supported monophase Ce-Rh catalysts

Summary Nanoparticle catalysts based on SnO₂, namely Sn-Ce-Rh-O (100:10:1), were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results showed importance of the component elements taking part in the bimolecular condensation of primary alcohols reaction.     

SnO2 /MWCNTs纳米复合材料的低热固相制备及其超电容特性研究

采用十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)辅助固相法制备SnO2/MWCNTs纳米复合材料,X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)测试表明,SnO2纳米颗粒均匀包裹在MWCNTs表面.循环伏安和恒流充放电测试表明,与SnO2颗粒和纯MWCNTs相比,SnO2/MWCNTs纳米复合材料在1.0 mol·L-1 Na2SO4电解液中的电化学电容性质得到明显改善.当SnO2质量分数为11%时,在电流密度0.2 A·g-1下,SnO2的电容值最大可达217.3 F·g-1.     

Dy改性SnO2 / Sb电催化电极的制备及表征

为改进钛基SnO2／Sb电极的电催化性能，采用高温热氧化法制备了稀土Dy改性钛基SnO2／Sb电极。以苯酚为目标有机物，考察了所制备电极的电催化活性，并采用SEM、EDS、XRD等分析方法表征了电极的形貌、组成及结构。对制备温度和Dy添加量进行了详细的实验研究，确定了适宜的制备条件为热处理温度650℃、Dy添加量1％左右。研究表明，结晶良好的掺杂SnO2晶粒有助于苯酚的快速彻底分解。Dy掺杂后，半径较大的Dy^3 可能取代半径较小的Sn^4 ，导致SnO2晶胞膨胀。引入Dy可提高SnO2晶粒的形核与长大速率之比，使SnO2的平均粒径变小，有利于电极催化性能的改善。但同时Dy掺杂使杂质原子Sb、Dy在电极表层富集，高含量的Dy会降低电极的性能。     

过渡金属掺杂SnO2的电子结构与磁性

采用密度泛函理论及赝势平面波方法, 对未掺杂SnO2以及过渡金属V、Cr、Mn掺杂SnO2的超原胞体系进行了几何优化, 计算了晶格常数、电子结构与磁学性质. 结果表明, 6.25%与12.5%两种掺杂浓度时, 体系的电子自旋和磁学性质没有发生很大的变化; 相对于未掺杂SnO2, 过渡金属掺杂后SnO2中O原子有向过渡金属移动的趋势, 并使得O与掺杂金属之间键长变短; 在V和Cr掺杂后, SnO2具有半金属性质, 而Mn掺杂SnO2没有发现上述性质. 6.25%与12.5%的杂质浓度对自旋和磁矩影响不大, 掺杂产生的磁矩主要来自于过渡金属3d电子态, 且磁矩的大小与过渡金属的电子排布有关. V、Cr、Mn掺杂SnO2后的总磁矩分别为0.94μB、2.02μB、3.00μB. 磁矩主要来源于过渡金属3d轨道的自旋极化, 当O原子出现负磁矩的时候, 还有很小一部分磁矩来源于临近过渡金属的Sn原子.     

TiO2/SnO2复合空心球在染料敏化太阳能电池中的应用

采用模板辅助法制备了SnO2/TiO2复合空心球,样品直径为1.5~4.0μm,比表面积达到了92.9 m^2·g^-1,复合空心球表现出优越的光散射性能.以这种复合空心球作为染料敏化太阳能电池的光阳极,电池的光电转换效率可达到7.72%,高于SnO2微米球(2.70%)和TiO2微米球(6.26%).此外,以锐钛矿型TiO2纳米晶作为底层,SnO2/TiO2复合空心球作为光散射层制备的双层结构光阳极,电池光电转换效率进一步提升至8.43%.     

钛酸钠纤维表面自组织生长SnO2纳米晶体

SnO2是重要的宽禁带半导体材料之一,禁带宽度为3.6 eV,在透明导电膜、气敏传感器、光催化、太阳能转换等有广泛的应用.纳米尺度SnO,材料存在许多优异的物理化学性能,受到特别的关注.合成SnO2纳米材料的方法有气相法、溶胶凝胶法、液相沉淀法、固相法、水热法等,其中水热法是在高压釜里的高温、高压反应环境中,采用水作为反应介质的结晶过程.     

Photoluminescence properties of SnO2 nanowhiskers grown by thermal evaporation

SnO₂ nanowhiskers were synthesized by thermal oxidation with and without a gold film as a catalyst. The SEM images reveal wire-like and rod-shaped nanowhiskers about several hundred micrometers in length and 100 nm in diameter. The three observed Raman peaks at 474, 632, and 774 cm⁻¹ indicate the typical rutile phase which is in agreement with the X-ray diffraction results. The photoluminescence properties were measured at room temperature. The peaks at 342 nm corresponding to the excitation transitions from the conduction band to the valence band of the SnO₂ nanowhiskers were not observed. However, a strong emission band at 600 nm was detected indicating the existence of oxygen vacancies in both samples. A new emission band at 398 nm was also observed in the sample with the gold film and it could be attributed to the near band-edge emission.     

Promoting effect of sol-gel method and pre-treatment on the activity of SnO2/Al2O3 catalyst for NO reduction by propene

SnO₂/Al₂O₃ catalyst prepared by sol-gel method showed higher activity than those prepared by impregnation method, and their activity was significantly improved by pre-treatment in the reaction gas. The increased activity is closely related to the agglomeration of SnO₂ species and the re-exposure of Al₂O₃, which was previously covered by dispersed SnO₂ species. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Highly Responsive and Selective Ethanol Gas Sensor Based on Co3O4-Modified SnO2 Nanofibers

SnO₂ nanofibers were synthesized by electrospinning and modified with Co₃O₄ via impregnation in this work. Chemical composition and morphology of the nanofibers were systematically characterized, and their gas sensing properties were investigated. Results showed that Co₃O₄ modification significantly enhanced the sensing performance of SnO₂ nanofibers to ethanol gas. For a sample with 1.2 mol% Co₃O₄, the response to 100 ppm ethanol was 38.0 at 300℃, about 6.7 times larger than that of SnO₂ nanofibers. In addition, the response/recovery time was also greatly reduced. A power-law dependence of the sensor response on the ethanol concentration as well as excellent ethanol selectivity was observed for the Co₃O₄/SnO₂ sensor. The enhanced ethanol sensing performance may be attributed to the formation of p-n heterojunctions between the two oxides.     

一维带状SnO2的电子传输性能

采用水辅助化学气相沉积法制备了结晶性好的一维带状SnO₂. 分别以小粒径锡粉和金修饰的小粒径锡粉作为反应原料制得带宽度不同的带状SnO₂, 小粒径锡粉作为反应原料能提高带状SnO₂的产率. 将所得SnO₂带和SnO₂纳米颗粒按不同比例混合配制成胶体, 采用刮涂法制备含不同比例纳米颗粒和纳米带的复合SnO₂薄膜并组装染料敏化太阳能电池(DSSCs)来评价带状SnO₂的电子输运性能. 组装的太阳能电池表现出与复合纳晶薄膜中一维SnO₂带的带宽度和所含比例密切相关的光电性能. 通过强度调制光电流谱的测量确定复合SnO₂薄膜的电子传输速率, 并进一步分析一维材料所具有的良好电子传输性能对光电流增加的贡献. 因为一维SnO₂带在复合纳晶薄膜中作为电子输运的快速通道可以加快电子的输运速度, 所以以适宜的比例添加具有合适宽度的一维SnO₂带可以明显提高太阳能电池的光电性能.     

刷涂热分解法制备Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5阳极及其性能

通过刷涂热分解法制备了锑掺杂的钛基二氧化锡(Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5)涂层电极. 在酸性介质中, 用扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、循环伏安和快速寿命测试等方法研究了Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极制备条件、电极结构、性能和寿命. 结果表明, Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5电极涂层具有“干泥”结构, 用锡锑摩尔比为9:1的涂液组成、在550 ℃烧结温度下制备的Ti/SnO2-Sb2O5的电极涂层平整致密,龟裂小, 电极孔隙率小, 稳定性最好.     

PMC敏化SnO2纳米结构多孔膜电极的光电化学特性

研究了五甲川菁（PMC）敏化SnO2纳米结构电极的光电化学行为．结合循环伏安曲线及五甲川菁的光吸收阈值,初步确定了五甲川菁染料电子基态和激发态能级．结果表明,五甲川菁染料电子激发态能级能与SnO2纳米粒子导带边位置相匹配,因而使用该染料敏化可以显著地提高SnO2纳米结构电极的光电流,使SnO2纳米结构电极吸收波长红移至可见光区和近红外区,光电转换效率（IPCE）得到明显改善,其值最高可达45．7％．     

Well Dispersed SnO2 Nanoclusters Preparation and Modulation of Metal-Insulator Transition Induced by Ionic Liquid

Tin dioxide (SnO₂) has attracted broad interest due to its particular gas-sensor property. Nano- or atom-scale SnO₂ material has always been the aim in order to ultimately improve the sensitivity. However, until now, it remains difficult to synthesize SnO₂ nanoclusters by using traditional methods. In the present work, we have achieved the preparation of SnO₂ nanoclusters by using the cluster beam deposition technique. The obtained nanoclusters were well characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscope HR-TEM. Results indicated the formation of the well-dispersed SnO₂ nanoclusters with uniform size distribution (5-7 nm). Furthermore, an obvious metal insulator transition was observed by gating with ionic liquid. Combined with theory calculation, the corresponding mechanism was systematically analyzed from oxygen vacancy induced electron doping.     

Carbon coated Na3V2(PO4)3 as novel electrode material for sodium ion batteries

A Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ sample coated uniformly with a layer of 6 nm carbon has been successfully synthesized by a one-step solid state reaction. This material shows two flat voltage plateaus at 3.4 V vs. Na⁺/Na and 1.63 V vs. Na⁺/Na in a nonaqueous sodium cell. When the Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C sample is tested as a cathode in a voltage range of 2.7-3.8 V vs. Na⁺/Na, its initial charge and discharge capacities are 98.6 and 93 mAh/g. The capacity retention of 99% can be achieved after 10 cycles. The electrode shows good cycle performance and moderate rate performance. When it is tested as an anode in a voltage range of 1.0-3.0 V vs. Na⁺/Na, the initial reversible capacity is 66.3 mAh/g and the capacity of 59 mAh/g can be maintained after 50 cycles. These preliminary results indicate that Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃/C is a new promising material for sodium ion batteries.     

基于SnO2为修饰层的Au-Pt / SnO2 / Au复合电极研究

用真空镀膜法在Au电极上沉积SnO₂薄膜，在HAuCl₄和H₂PtCl₄的混合溶液中利用直接还原法，将Au-Pt双金属纳米颗粒组装在SnO₂ / Au电极上，得到Au-Pt / SnO₂ / Au复合电极。采用SEM、TEM、XPS及CV曲线测定对Au-Pt / SnO₂ / Au复合电极进行了表征。结果表明:复合电极上双金属纳米颗粒分布均匀，粒子粒径约为25 nm左右。SnO₂作为修饰层以配位键与双金属纳米粒子结合。Au-Pt / SnO₂ / Au复合电极具有良好对甲醇氧化的电化学性能。     

电沉积三维多孔Pt/SnO2薄膜及其对甲醇的电催化氧化

在高电流密度下以阴极析出的氢气泡为“模板”电沉积三维多孔Sn薄膜, 经在200 ℃ 2 h和400 ℃ 2 h热处理氧化后电沉积金属Pt, 制得三维多孔的Pt/SnO₂ (3D-Pt/SnO₂)薄膜. 通过扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析了薄膜的形貌和结构. 结果显示Pt主要沉积在SnO₂枝晶上, 形成Pt_shell/SnO_2core结构的枝晶. 在0.5 mol•dm^－3 H₂SO₄＋1.0 mol•dm^－3 CH₃OH溶液中的循环伏安结果表明, 3D-Pt/SnO₂薄膜电极在酸性溶液中电催化氧化甲醇的性能优于电沉积的纯铂电极, 而且具有较高的稳定性.     

基于1D/0D有序复合SnO2纳米晶的钙钛矿太阳能电池

通过水热前驱体中的功能添加剂调控一维(1D)纳米棒阵列疏密度,继而在纳米棒间隙沉积零维(0D)纳米颗粒,制备1D/0D有序的复合SnO2电子传输层(ETL),并组装高效、稳定的钙钛矿太阳能电池。系统研究前驱体中NaCl添加剂以及后续纳米颗粒的沉积对复合ETL的形貌结构、光谱性能及界面电荷过程的作用规律,探讨上述作用对电池光电性能的影响机制。前驱体中NaCl的加入使棒密度变小,从而使0D纳米颗粒顺利渗透到1D纳米棒间隙中,其对钙钛矿/ETL和钙钛矿/FTO界面复合的抑制作用是造成器件开路电压和填充因子增大的原因。在经2 mL饱和NaCl水溶液改性的1D电子传输层ETL-2Cl的基础上,继续沉积0D的纳米颗粒,制备得到新型1D/0D复合电子传输层ETL-2P,后者优良的电荷复合抑制作用(复合电阻是ETL-2Cl的2.9倍)和高效的电子抽提性能(抽提速率3.03×10^7 s^-1,抽提效率91.6%)促成了电池较优的光电性能(光电效率12.15%)。