Multi-modal analysis for low energy neutron-induced fission of 235U

Low energy neutron induced fission of 235U is studied in the framework of the multi-modal fission model. The fission fragment properties, such as the yields, the average total kinetic energy distribution and the average neutron separation energy, are investigated for incident neutron energies from thermal to 6.0 MeV. The multi-modal fission approach is also used to evaluate the prompt fission neutron multiplicity and spectra for the neutron-induced fission of 235U with an improved version of the Los Alamos model for incident neutrons below the （n, nf） threshold. The three most dominant fission modes are taken into account. The model parameters are determined on the basis of experimental data. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data.     

Calculation of prompt fission neutron spectrum for 233U（n,f） reaction by the semi-empirical method

The prompt fission neutron spectra for the neutron-induced fission of 233U for low energy neutrons （below 6 MeV） are calculated using nuclear evaporation theory with a semi-empirical method, in which the partition of the total excitation energy between the fission fragments for the nth＋233U fission reactions is determined by the available experimental and evaluation data. The calculated prompt fission neutron spectra agree well with the experimental data. The proportions of high-energy neutrons of prompt fission neutron spectrum versus incident neutron energies are investigated with the theoretical spectra, and the results are consistent with the systematics. The semi-empirical method could be a useful tool for the prompt evaluation of fission neutron spectra.     

Calculation of prompt fission neutron spectrum for 233U（n,f）reaction by the semi-empirical method~

The prompt fission neutron spectra for the neutron-induced fission of ²³³U for low energy neutrons (below 6 MeV) are calculated using nuclear evaporation theory with a semi-empirical method, in which the partition of the total excitation energy between the fission fragments for the n_th+²³³U fission reactions is determined by the available experimental and evaluation data. The calculated prompt fission neutron spectra agree well with the experimental data. The proportions of high-energy neutrons of prompt fission neutron spectrum versus incident neutron energies are investigated with the theoretical spectra, and the results are consistent with the systematics. The semi-empirical method could be a useful tool for the prompt evaluation of fission neutron spectra.     

Research on the prompt neutron multiplicity of fission fragments for 235U（n,f）

According to some experimental and evaluated data,the total excitation energy partitioning way between both of the fission fragments was given with a semi-empirical method. With the calculated energy partitioning way,the prompt neutron multiplicity as a function of fragment mass,（A） ,for neutron-induced fission of 235U at En=0.0253 eV,3 MeV,and 5 MeV was calculated. The results are checked with the total average prompt neutron multiplicities  and compared with the experimental and evaluated data.     

n+233U裂变碎片质量分布的唯象模型研究

本模型基于裂变多通道无规颈断裂模型,考虑宏观液滴能、壳效应能以及壳效应与温度的关系,得到参数化的势能表示形式。通过拟合不同测量方法得到的实验数据(经过评价) 获得3 组模型参数。3 组参数计算的碎片质量分布均很好地再现了不同能点的实验数据,除了基于动能法实验数据得到的参数外,其14 MeV的计算结果与实验数据符合较差。研究发现,不同入射中子能量的裂变碎片质量分布有4 个主要交叉点,在叉点之上的产额随入射中子能量增加减少,之下的产额则随入射中子能量上升;内侧(或外侧) 的两个交叉点质量数之和近似等于裂变复合核的质量数;不同裂变系统的重峰左侧的交叉点都保持在132 附近。Present model was based upon Brosa model, where macro energy,shell effect energy and its decreasing with system temperature were considered and parameterized. 3 sets of model parameters were obtained by fitting to 3 groups of evaluated experimental data, respectively, where the groups were classified by measured method: radiochemistry (RA) method, double kinetic energy (KE) method, and both (ALL). All the 3 sets of parameters could well reproduce themeasured mass distributions on different energies, except the KE set on 14 MeV. The result shows the mass distributions mainly had 4 trend turning points, above which the yield decreasing and below which the yield increasing with energy.The sum of the 1st and 4th (or 2nd and 3rd) point positions was equal to the compound nuclei mass approximately. And the 3rd point was kept at ~132 constantly for different fission systems n+233 U, n+235U, n+233Pu.     

232Th 中子诱发裂变产额数据比对评价

232Th 中子诱发裂变产额在Th/U 燃料循环的核能开发中具有重要的意义,在现有国际评价产额数据库基础上,结合最新的实验数据,对产物核的质量分布和反应堆计算所需的重点产物核进行了比对。这些产物核包括95Mo,99Tc,101Ru,103Rh,109Ag,133Cs,147Sm,149Sm,150Sm,151Sm,152Sm,143Nd,145Nd 和153Eu 等,对有分歧的133Cs,152Sm 和153Eu 累积产额数据进行了评价调整。最后推荐给出了n+232Th 裂变的产额数据库,作为CENDL 库的组成部分。The yields of n+232Th fission are important in study of the Th/U fuel cycle. Based upon the evaluated nuclear data libraries and recent experimental data,comparison and evaluation for yield mass distribution and cumulativeyield were performed for those products are needed and important in reactor calculations,including 95Mo,99Tc,101Ru,103Rh,109Ag,133Cs,147Sm,149Sm,150Sm,151Sm,152Sm,143Nd,145Nd adn 153Eu etc. Adjustments were made for 133Cs, 152Sm and 153En which have discrepancies among the libraries. Database for n+233Th fission yield is recommended as a part of CENDL update.     

Calculation of prompt fission neutron spectra for 235U(n,f)

The prompt fission neutron spectra for the neutron-induced fission of ²³⁵U at E_n < 5 MeV are calculated using nuclear evaporation theory with a semi-empirical model, in which the nonconstant and constant temperatures related to the Fermi gas model are taken into account. The calculated prompt fission neutron spectra reproduce the experimental data well. For the n(thermal)+²³⁵U reaction, the average nuclear temperature of the fission fragment, and the probability distribution of the nuclear temperature, are discussed and compared with the Los Alamos model. The energy carried away by γ rays emitted from each fragment is also obtained and the results are in good agreement with the existing experimental data.     

238U(n,f)短寿命产物核累积产额的评价(英文)

为满足堆内或核爆中链式反应过程的燃耗值的计算需要，对裂变谱中子和14MeV中子诱发238U裂变的短寿命产物核的累积产额进行了评价。评价利用了所有可利用的实验数据， 经物理分析后， 使用AVERAGE程序加权平均， 用ZOTT程序进行同时评价， 给出了所要求能点的唯一最佳推荐数据， 并将评价结果与ENDF/B-VII， JEF-2.2， JENDL-3.2和CENDL-2的推荐数据进行了比较。 评价结果将用于CENDL-2的更新与升级。For reliable and consistent nuclear calculation, the cumulative yields for short lived fission products are evaluated based on the available experimental data for 238U fission induced by fission spectrum neutrons and ~14 MeV neutrons. The data are processed using codes AVERAGE for weighed average and ZOOT for simultaneous evaluation. The evaluated data are compared with those in the major international nuclear data libraries, including ENDF/B-VII, JEF-2.2, JENDL-3.2 and CENDL-2. The present evaluation will be used to improve and update the CENDL-2 library.     

Prompt neutron multiplicity distribution for ~（235）U（n,f） at incident energies up to 20 MeV

For the n+²³⁵U fission reaction, the total excitation energy partition of the fission fragments, the average neutron kinetic energy <ε>(A) and the total average energies E_γ(A) removed by γ rays as a function of fission fragment mass are given at incident energies up to 20 MeV. The prompt neutron multiplicity as a function of the fragment mass, ν(A), for neutron-induced fission of ²³⁵U at different incident neutron energies is calculated. The calculated results are checked with the total average prompt neutron multiplicities ν and compared with the experimental and evaluated data. Some prompt neutron and γ emission mechanisms are discussed.     

Mass dependence of pion-induced fission cross sections on the level density parameter

Fission probabilities and fission cross sections strongly depend on the mass number of the target and energy of the projectile. In this research work, a cascade-exciton model (using CEM95 computer code) has been implemented to observe the dependence of pion-induced fission cross sections and fission probabilities on the target mass and ratio of the level density parameter in fission to neutron emission. The analysis has been performed for both the positive and negative pions as the projectile at 80, 100 and 150 MeV energies. The computed cross sections satisfactorily reproduced the experimental findings when compared with the available experimental data in the literature. We observed a smooth dependence at 150 MeV, and a sharper dependence at 80 and 100 MeV pion energy, in the fissility region above 29.44.     

Xe~(26+)入射Au靶离子L壳层空穴的产生与退激辐射

基于两体碰撞过程的能量与角动量守恒,推导出Xe26+离子与Au原子碰撞过程,单离子的L壳层空穴产额与离子动能的理论关系.实验测定了动能2.4-3.6Me V的Xe26+离子入射Au靶,产生的Xe的L-X射线谱,获得了射线产额与离子入射动能的实验关系.结果表明,碰撞过程产生Xe L壳层空穴的同时,产生了一定数目的 M壳层空穴,导致L壳层空穴平均荧光产额显著变大,在实验能量范围,空穴产额的理论值与射线产额的实验值存在较好的一致性.     

Investigation of the <Superscript>232</Superscript>Th and <Superscript>238</Superscript>U photofission

The average angular momenta of the ⁸⁴Br, ¹³²Sb, ¹³³Te, and ¹³⁵Xe fission fragments, produced as a result of ²³²Th and ²³⁸U photofission by bremmsstrahlung γ photons with an endpoint energy of 8.5 MeV, have been determined by measuring the isomeric yield ratios. The experimental isomeric yield ratios have been calculated taking into account the contribution from β decay of isobaric nuclei to the yields of isotopes studied.     

A modified equation of state for Xe at high pressures by molecular dynamics simulation

The exact equation of state （EOS） for the fission gas Xe is necessary for the accurate prediction of the fission gas behavior in uranium dioxide nuclear fuel, However, the comparison with the experimental data indicates that the applicable pressure ranges of existing EOS for Xe published in the literature cannot cover the overpressure of the rim fission gas bubble at the typical UO2 fuel pellet rim structure. Based on the interatomic potential of Xe, the pressure-volume-temperature data are calculated by the molecular dynamics （MD） simulation. The results indicate that the data of MD simulation with Ross and McMahan＇s potential [M. Ross and A. K. McMahan 1980 Phys. Rev. B 21 1658] are in good agreement with the experimental data. A preferable EOS for Xe is proposed based on the MD simulation. The comparison with the MD simulation data shows that the proposed EOS can be applied at pressures up to 550 MPa and 3 GPa and temperatures 900 K and 1373 K respectively. The applicable pressure range of this EOS is wider than those of the other existing EOS for Xe published in the literature.     

Study of mass spectra of light-actinide fission isotopes Kr and Xe in the framework of a new statistical approach

Results on light-actinide fission fragments Kr and Xe yields calculated within the framework of a new statistical approach are presented. The proposed statistical method is derived from the equilibrium condition of the ensemble of all possible fission fragments. Using ²³⁷Np isotope as an example, we investigate the influence of excitation energy (nuclear temperature) and nuclear particle emission on the formation of mass fission channels. The results obtained are compared with the experimental data on Kr and Xe isotope yields at the fission of Th, U, Np, and Pu.     

Investigation of <Superscript>235</Superscript>U and <Superscript>239</Superscript>Pu photofission

Average angular momenta of fission fragments ⁹⁰Rb, ^129,130,132Sb, ^131,133Te, ^134,136I, and ¹³⁵Xe produced in photofission of ²³⁵U and ²³⁹Pu by bremsstrahlung γ rays with a threshold energy of 9.6 and 9.8 MeV, respectively, were determined by measuring the isomeric yield ratios. The experimental values of the isomeric ratios were calculated with account of the contribution from β decay of isobaric nuclei in the yields of the studied isotopes.     

On the role of energy separated in fission process,excitation energy and reaction channels effects in the isomeric ratios of fission product <Superscript>135</Superscript>Xe in photofission of actinide elements

In this work we present the isomeric ratio of fission product ¹³⁵Xe in the photo-fission of actinide elements ²³²Th, ²³³U and ²³⁷Np induced by end-point bremsstrahlung energies of 13.5, 23.5 and 25.0 MeV which were determined by the method of inert gaseous flow. The data were analyzed, discussed and compared with the similar data from literature to examine the role of energy separated in fission process, excitation energy and reaction channels effects.     

Investigating 237Np and 241Am photofission

Average angular momenta of the fission fragments ⁹⁰Rb, ¹³⁰Sb, ¹³³Te, ¹³⁴I, and ¹³⁵Xe resulting from ²³⁷Np photofission induced by Bremsstrahlung ??-ray quanta with endpoint energies of 9.8 and 17 MeV, and from ²⁴¹Am photofission induced by ??-ray quanta with an endpoint energy of 17 MeV, are found by measuring the isomeric yield ratios. The experimental values of the isomeric ratios are calculated with allowance for the contribution from the beta decay of isobaric nuclei to the yields of the investigated isotopes.     

Iodine- and xenon-isotope yield ratio in photofission fragments of heavy nuclei

The ratios of cumulative yields of the ¹³⁵I isotope and the independent yield of ¹³⁵Xe at photofission of ²³²Th, ²³⁸U, ²³⁷Np, ²⁴³Am, and ²³⁸Cm by bremsstrahlung radiation with a boundary energy of 25 MeV are measured. The selective gas transportation of fission fragments and a measurement of the spectra of their γ radiation were used. A large difference in the ratios of the yields for these targets was discovered: from 34 for ²³⁸U to 1.3 for ²⁴³Am. This difference is discussed based on the known ideas of the formation mechanism of fission fragments.     

Sub-Coulomb transfer and fission in collisions of129Xe,132Xe and136Xe with238U

Integral cross sections for fission and for one- and two-neutron transfer reactions in the system¹³²Xe+²³⁸U were measured radiochemically in the energy range 0.7≦E/E _Coul≦1. The excitation functions for fission and transfer are found to be essentially parallel below 0.85×E _Coul. Even at the lowest energies the transfer cross sections exceed the fission cross section by more than one order of magnitude. With the other projectiles¹²⁹Xe and¹³⁶Xe different transfer cross sections illustrating their sensitivity for the ground stateQ-values,Q _gg , are observed while the fission cross sections are the same as in the¹³²Xe +²³⁸U reaction. The fission data are interpreted in terms of a continuous transition between Coulomb fission and several transfer-induced fission processes.