处理量子反应散射的负虚数势方法

处理量子反应散射的负虚数势方法蔡宇民，胡旭光，李前树（西安石油学院化学工程系．西安，７１００６１）（吉林大学理论化学研究所，长春，１３００２３）关键词反应散射，反应几率，光学势近年来，处理反应散射问题的各种严格的和近似的量子力学方法发展迅速［１～５］...     

水合甘氨酸体系水桥式质子迁移的理论研究

水分子与甘氨酸作用会导致甘氨酸羧基上的质子迁移到氨基上,质子可以通过水分子链进行迁移。采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP/6-31++g**方法研究了水分子链的逐渐增长（1~5个水分子）对质子迁移的影响,发现水分子数少于5时,质子迁移一步完成;水分子数为5时,质子迁移经由一个中间体,需两步完成;水分子链的增长使质子迁移反应的自由能越来越低,但是反应的活化能越来越高,即在热力学上有利于质子迁移反应,在动力学上不利于质子迁移反应。     

3-羟基哌啶氮α-碳负离子的形成及α-羟烷化反应

合成了（S）-3-羟基哌啶苯硫醚化合物6作为3-羟基哌啶氮α-碳负离子手性合成子（B）的合成等效体.化合物6经羟基去质子现场保护、萘锂（LN）还原锂化形成手性哌啶醇双负离子中间体B.双负离子B可被质子淬灭得到还原产物2a 而与羰基化合物反应则得到α-羟烷化产物12～17和少量还原产物2a.该反应具有很高的环上2,3-位非对映立体选择性 与非对称的羰基化合物反应产生新手性中心的立体选择性从50：50到77：23.     

理论研究8-氮杂鸟嘌呤自由基阳离子脱质子反应

由于8-氮杂鸟嘌呤（8-AG）的氧化还原电势比鸟嘌呤（G）更低,所以单电子氧化嵌有8-AG的DNA后,空穴最终会被8-AG捕获形成8-氮杂鸟嘌呤自由基阳离子（8-AG^·+）.因为酸性的急剧增强,8-AG^·+一般会发生脱质子反应.在本工作中,在M06-2X/6-31+G（d）理论水平,使用显性水分子和连续溶剂化模型模拟8-AG^·+的溶剂化效应,对其脱亚氨基质子（N（1）-H）反应进行了研究.发现位于8-AG^·+中N（1）-H、O（6）、N（2）-H附近以及在O（6）水分子附近稍微远离8-AG^·+的4个水分子会对8-AG^·+脱质子反应产生重要影响,质子从8-AG^·+传递到溶液中具有方向性;最后,通过进一步在N（2）-H、N（3）、O（6）、N（7）和N（8）等位点附近添加水分子（9H₂O）得到了更加精确的8-AG^·+脱质子反应能垒（19.5 kJ/mol）.     

卤素及卤素离子的电子结构

卤素离子的质子亲和势是随卤素原子在元素周期表中的位置从上到下按F-,Cl-,Br-,I-依次降低.但人们熟知的卤素原子电负性却按F,Cl,Br,I依次减小,或者说卤素原子的电正性随上述顺序依次增大,对应于卤原子价轨道np的能量按F,Cl,Br,I依次升高;这个结果意味着卤素阴离子的电子给予能力,或者说它们的质子亲和势似乎应该随F-,Cl-,Br-,I-依次增大.这样就出现了两个完全相反的质子亲和势顺序.为了对这一结果作出解释,我们分别采用Kohn-Sham密度泛函理论(在SAOP/TZ2P和OLYP/TZ2P计算水平上),以及采用从头计算理论(在HF/TZ2P水平)中的分子轨道模型对卤素离子及卤素原子进行了详尽的理论分析.同时我们对在Hartree-Fock理论框架下轨道能量和质子亲和势的变化趋势之间存在的内在矛盾进行了阐述.研究表明质子亲和势按F-,Cl-,Br-,I-依次降低的原因是由于当卤素原子X得到一个电子成为卤素阴离子X-后,价轨道np的能量将会升高,从而表现出异常的不稳定性.更关键的是,这种由于库仑排斥造成的卤素离子价轨道的不稳定性对于本身半径比较小的氟原子尤为突出,但随着卤素的半径增大,这种不稳定效应逐渐减弱.结果较强的HOMO(F-)-LUMO(H+)轨道相互作用导致F-的质子亲和势大于其他体积较大的卤素离子.以上的定性分子轨道分析表明考虑净电荷对轨道能量的影响是十分重要的.这不仅清楚地解释了采用Kohn-Sham密度泛函理论可以得到正确的质子亲和势变化趋势,即F-Cl-Br-I-,而且还能解释为何在从头计算的Hartree-Fock分子轨道理论框架下,虽然X-的价轨道np能量随F-,Cl-,Br-,I-递减,似乎应该得到不正确的质子亲和势变化趋势,但实际上得到质子亲和势顺序仍然是正确的.之所以所有的分子轨道模型下都有同样的HOMO-LUMO相互作用能及质子亲和势顺序,其原因是电荷效应,即在HF,OLYP和SAOP计算中,卤素原子与卤素离子的价轨道能量差都是升高的.通过这些理论分析得到的结论有助于理解诸如亲核取代反应(SN2)以及碱催化的消去反应(E2)等基本有机化学反应的微观机理.     

气相质子转移反应中热化学和动力学的关系

质子键合的分子簇的离子－分子反应中的热化学和动力学关系的考察结果表明：对于非烷基锁闭的分子簇,如（C2H5OH）nH＋（5＝1-3）和（CH3OH）3H＋;与中性碱B的质子转移反应,属快速反应,其反应效率r是由总反应的自由能变化△γGm控制,而与反应过渡态的本质无关。那些反应可能存在两个中间体,因电子转移导致质子从分子簇内部转移到中性碱,进而导致二个或三个溶剂分子的直接蒸发;烷基锁闭的质子键合的二聚体,如（CH3CN）2H＋,（CH3OCH3）2H＋,（CH3COCH3）2H＋和（C3COOCH3）2H＋,与中性碱的质子转移反应,其效率远小于1;与总反应的△γGm无关     

LiCl-KCl-LaCl3熔盐体系中La(III)的电化学行为

在773 K条件下,研究了La（III）在LiCl-KCl熔盐中W和Ni电极上的电化学行为。La（III）还原反应是一步三电子转移的准可逆反应;通过在Ni电极上直接电沉积La的方法可以获得La-Ni金属间化合物;恒电位电解可以获得含三种金属间化合物（LaNi₅、La₇Ni₁₆和La₂Ni₃）的La-Ni合金层,并且通过X射线衍射仪（XRD）和扫描电镜-能谱分析仪（SEM-EDS）确定物相并表征结构。采用开路计时电位法估算了LaNi₅金属间化合物的标准生成吉布斯自由能。揭示了恒电位电解方法是制备La-Ni镀层合金以及提取熔盐中La的有效方法。     

Ag（I）-EGTA螯合体系共振散射法测定痕量银

在Walpole缓冲介质和十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）溶液中,Ag（I）与乙二醇-双-（2氨基乙基醚）四乙酸（EGTA）可形成较稳定的无色螯合物微粒,使得体系的共振散射信号增强。该螯合物微粒在313nm处产生1个较强共振散射峰。研究表明,在最佳实验条件下,Ag（I）浓度在5．4×10^-3～2．7μg／mL范围内与共振散射强度△I呈较好的线性关系,检出限为0．17ng／mL。该方法用于废胶片中痕量银的测定,结果较满意。     

交联网络和浓溶液中高分子链运动的NMR研究：I.NMR质子线型分析

用质子ＮＭＲ谱对交联凝胶高分子（聚丙烯酰胺－丙烯酸）网络与线型高分子（聚苯乙烯）浓溶液体系的ＮＭＲ线型进行了比较研究，结果表明，两种体系中高分子链段运动具有不同的特征。在充分溶胀的交联凝结胶高人子网络中，交联点间的链段运动比较自由，交联点的运动则比较慢，使其质子谱呈现“超洛伦兹”线型；而在线型高分子浓溶液中，缠结点间链段与缠结点一样，运动并不自由，使谱线呈现出类似固体的宽线宽的高斯线型。     

锗钨酸盐的电化学性能及GeW11Co/P-oPD/GC电极对过氧化氢的电催化还原

研究了杂多酸-钴取代三聚Keggin结构锗钨酸盐（[Co（H2O）3（α-GeW11CoO38）3]10-）的电化学性能.实验表明,在玻碳（GC）电极上,锗钨酸盐循环伏安曲线呈现2对可逆的氧化还原峰,峰电位差分别为31 mV和35 mV,各对应于2电子4质子和2电子3质子电极反应,其过程受表面吸附控制.经过电聚合将Ge...     

Measurements of Rayleigh scattering and relativistic calculations of incoherent scattering functions

Recent measurements of Rayleigh scattering employing neutron capture γ-rays are presented. Experimental conditions are achieved such that the Rayleigh contribution is dominant and much larger than the other competing coherent processes. A detailed comparison with the modified relativistic form factor (MRFF) approximation is made and it is concluded that the latter overestimates the cross-section by 3–4%. New calculations of S, the incoherent scattering function, are presented in the relativistic treatment of Ribberfors and Berggren, using multiconfiguration Dirac–Fock relativistic wavefunctions. Tables of S, for Z=1–110, are shown on a momentum transfer mesh identical to previous non-relativistic calculations. S has been calculated at a representative angle θ=60° and energies compatible with the presentation mesh. For other scattering angles, the values presented in the tables are accurate to within 1–2% for momentum transfers larger than 0.1 Å⁻¹. In the region below 0.1 Å⁻¹ the accuracy worsens with decreasing momentum transfer, reaching 6% at 0.01 Å⁻¹ and 10% at 0.005 Å⁻¹. The same multiconfiguration wave functions were used to evaluate new MRFFs. The new elastic scattering cross sections differ by 3–6% compared with calculations based on single configuration wave functions.     

Characterization of polymer materials by scattering techniques,with applications to block copolymers

The application of six techniques—static and dynamic light scattering, small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering, neutron and X-ray reflectivity—to the characterization of polymer materials is summarized. Emphasis is placed on the similarities and differences among the various techniques, and on recent advances in experimental practice. Twelve examples from the recent literature are described, most of which concern block copolymers. A brief introduction to block copolymer properties is also provided.     

大肠杆菌的共振散射光谱研究

研究了大肠杆菌的共振散射光谱.它在470nm、510nm和730nm产生三个瑞利散射峰.当激发波长为470nm(6.38×1014Hz)时,大肠杆菌溶液在470nm(6.38×1014Hz)和940nm(1/2×6.38×1014Hz)分别产生一个瑞利散射峰和一个1/2分频散射峰;当激发波长为510nm(5.88×1014Hz)时,在510nm产生一个共振散射峰;当激发波长为730nm(4.11×1014Hz)时在365nm(2×4.11×1014Hz)和730nm(4.11×1014Hz)分别产生一个2倍频散射峰和一个共振散射峰.分频散射和倍频散峰与共振散射峰具有相似的散射行为.大肠杆菌的浓度在0.074～38×108个/mL范围内与共振光散射强度I470nm、I510nm、I730nm成良好线性关系.     

Inhomogeneity control in polymer gels

Inhomogeneities, that is, nonrelaxing frozen concentration fluctuations, are inevitably present in polymer gels because they are introduced during the crosslinking of the constituent polymer chains in a solvent. Therefore, inhomogeneities increase as the number of crosslinks increases in a gel. The ionization of polymer gels is one of the methods used to suppress inhomogeneities. However, because crosslinking also means a freezing‐in of the conformation and topology of polymer chains in a solvent according to the chemistry of crosslinking, inhomogeneity control is quite sophisticated. In this article, we discuss the relationship between the inhomogeneities and the molecular/environmental parameters of polymer gels, such as the polymer concentration, the degree of crosslinking, the degree of ionization, and the interaction parameter, by considering the memory effect of gels. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 617–628, 2005     

Frequency-dependence of the polarizability anisotropy of CO2 revisited

We present extended determinations of the polarizability anisotropy κ(ω) of CO₂ at 514.5 and 488.0 nm by means of measuring the depolarization ratio ρ(ω) of linearly polarized laser light. Taking into account the hitherto reported data on ρ(ω) as well as experimental data on the mean polarizability (ω) and additional information derived from Kerr-effect measurements, we obtain a value of the static polarizability anisotropy of CO₂ of κ(0)=15.2(1.6) au. The large uncertainty of ≈10% results from the fact that all available experimental information is used to obtain an estimate of the static polarizability ansiotropy of CO₂. This zero-frequency value, which includes the vibrational part of the static anisotropy, is in reasonable agreement with hitherto reported experimental data and in good accordance with new ab initio calculations.     

Attractive interactions in critical scattering from non-ionic micelles

We have studied the temperature-dependent critical scattering of both light and neutrons from aqueous solutions ofn-octyl pentaoxyethylene glycol monoether (C₈E₅). We show that the assumption of a short-ranged temperature-dependent attractive pair potential between approximately spherical micelles of constant size permits a quantitative analysis of the neutron scattering data. The analysis, which is undertaken using current liquid-state theory and is in analytic form, contains only one free parameter, the depth of the attractive potential. We find that a potential with a range of only a fraction of a nm is sufficient to generate spatial correlations over tens of nm as the attractive potential deepens on approaching the critical temperature. The analysis also provides a semi-quantitative understanding of the light scattering data as a function of concentration and temperature, and leads to a qualitative prediction of the form of the phase diagram. Numerical values obtained are consistent with the hypothesis that the primary effect of raising the temperature is to lower the degree of structure of water near the micelle surface, allowing increased van der Waals attraction due to closer contact.     

Study on the resonance Rayleigh scattering spectra and resonance non-linear spectra of congo red-amikacin system and its analytical application

The interaction between congo red (CR) and amikacin (AMK) was studied by resonance Rayleigh scattering (RRS), frequency doubling scattering (FDS) and second-order scattering (SOS) combining with absorption spectrum. In a weak acidic medium, CR combined with AMK to form an ion association complex with the composition ratio of 1∶1 by electrostatic interaction, hydrophobicity and charge transferring effect. As a result, the new spectra of RRS, FDS, and SOS appeared and their intensities were enhanced greatly. The maximum wavelengths of RRS, FDS and SOS were located at 563 nm, 475 nm and 940 nm, and the scattering intensities were proportional to the concentration of AMK. These three methods have very high sensitivities, and the detection limits were 4.0 ng·mL?1 for RRS, 3.6 ng·mL?1 for FDS and 1.9 ng·mL?1 for SOS, respectively. At the same time, the methods have better selectivity. A new method for the determination of trace amounts of AMK with congo red by resonance scattering technique has been developed. The recovery for the determination of AMK in blood serum and urine sample was between 95.5% and 105.5%. In this study, the properties, such as enthalpy of formation, charge distribution and mean polarizability, were calculated by AM1 quantum chemistry method. In addition, the reaction mechanism and the reasons for the enhancement of scattering spectra were discussed.     

Vibrational spectroscopy study of essential oils from Plectranthus amboinicus Lour. Spreng and Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker

Essential oils are aroma compounds extracted from plants with pharmacology and mecial uses, being also utilized as perfumes, cosmetics and for flavoring foods. In this work, Fourier Transform-Raman and Attenuated Total Reflection-infrared spectra of essential oils from Plectranthus amboinicus Lour. Spreng (Labiateae) and Vanillosmopsis arborea Baker (Asteraceae) were investigated at room temperature. The analysis of the vibrational spectra of the major constituents performed on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations allowed us to assign the normal modes of these essential oils. Our analyses show that vibrational spectra of these essential oils in the spectral region of lower wavenumber (<1500 cm⁻¹) present bands with characteristic profile of their main chemical constituents. Additionally, this study also shows that compounds which participated in an essential oil composition in relatively low percentage can have a significant influence on the Raman and infrared spectra of these essential oils, in particular in the high wavenumber spectral region.