镁铁双羟基复合金属氧化物的可控合成及晶面生长特征研究

采用成核/晶化隔离法合成镁铁双羟基复合金属氧化物MgFe-LDH,考察了Mg ∶ Fe摩尔比对MgFe-LDH晶形的影响,探讨了晶化温度及晶化时间对晶面生长选择性及晶粒尺寸的影响规律.结果表明,随Mg ∶ Fe摩尔比增大,层板阳离子排列更为规整.晶化温度对晶粒尺寸的影响显著大于晶化时间的影响.晶化温度相同,随晶化时间延长, MgFe-LDH的晶体结构趋于完整,晶粒尺寸变化不大;晶化时间相同,随晶化温度升高,晶体结构趋于完整,晶粒尺寸明显增大.所得到的MgFe-LDH沿a轴方向的晶粒尺寸对晶化温度变化的敏感程度远大于对晶化时间变化的敏感程度,但总是沿a轴方向的晶粒尺寸大于沿c轴方向的尺寸,即[110]晶面的生长速率比[002]晶面的生长速率快.     

非平衡晶化控制水滑石晶粒尺寸

本文采用非平衡晶化法通过在晶化后期补加原料合成了一系列不同晶粒尺寸的水滑石（LDH）样品,研究表明：非平衡晶化法可在一定范围内调控LDH的粒径,所合成的LDH样品组成稳定,晶体结构完整。     

羟基磷灰石粉末的水热合成及动力学研究

以CaHPO_4·2H_2O(DCPD)为前驱物,在0.1mol·L~(-1)NaOH溶液中,100～200℃,2～12h条件下水热合成羟基磷灰石(HA)粉末。结果表明:HA晶粒尺寸和结晶程度随反应温度的提高和时间的延长而增大。提高反应温度,有利于晶粒沿c轴方向生长;延长反应时间,有利于晶粒沿a轴方向生长。在120～160℃、2～10h条件下可以得到HA纳米棒。水热合成过程中有缺钙磷灰石(DAP,Ca_(10)～(HPO_4)_x(PO_4)_(6-x)(OH)_(2-x),0≤x≤1)形成,并经历β-TCP→DAP→HA这一转化过程。转化反应为二级反应,活化能为72.91kJ·mol~(-1),推测反应为表面控制反应。     

磷酸对无机钛硅原料体系合成TS-1晶化速率的促进作用

考察了磷酸对无机钛硅原料体系合成TS-1晶化速率的影响．结果表明，磷酸的单独引入，可以将晶化时间由原来的120h左右缩短到90h左右．当晶种与磷酸共同作用时，晶化时间可以缩短到60h．同时磷酸的加入对TS-1的晶粒尺寸及晶型也有影响．在既不加入晶种也不加入无机酸时，TS-1晶体在9μm左右；加入晶种后约为6μm；加入无机酸后约18μm左右，且晶体两端呈尖形；当无机酸与晶种同时作用时约为13μm，晶型与单独加入磷酸的样品相同．另一方面，加入磷酸TS-1原粉的收率可以提高到85％左右．这表明磷酸的加入促进了TS-1晶体的生长，提高了晶化速率，缩短了晶化时间．     

Mg65Cu15Ag10Y10非晶合金的晶化动力学

采用DSC方法研究了Mg65Cu15Ag10Y10非晶态合金的晶化动力学. 结果表明, 在连续加热条件下, 随升温速度的加快, 特征温度Tg, Tx, Tp均向高温区移动, 其过冷液相区的宽度也逐渐增加. 利用Kissinger法得出合金的晶化激活能为134.8 kJ·mol-1;用Johnson-Mehl-Avrami方程描述合金的等温晶化过程, 在不同等温温度下计算得出的Avrami指数相差不大, 大约为2.7, 不同等温温度下, 合金的主要晶化过程是三维晶粒长大过程. 在Arrhenius方程的基础上, 得出合金的晶化激活能为206.3 kJ·mol-1, 并得到合金的阶段晶化激活能随晶化体积分数变化的关系曲线.     

Pb_(1-x)La_xTi_(1-x/4)O_3纳米晶的结构

纳米材料的表面效应和尺寸效应能够使材料性质发生显著变化 .铁电纳米晶体是制备铁电纳米陶瓷和铁电复合材料的基础 ,薄膜材料亦可看作零维纳米材料在二维平面上扩展生长形成的 ,因此铁电纳米晶体结构研究具有重要意义 .对于纯ＰｂＴｉＯ3纳米晶 ,铁电 顺电相变温度随粒径减小而降低 ,并求得了室温下铁电 顺电相变消失、粒子成为顺电体的临界晶粒尺寸[1,2 ].近年来 ,有关Ｌａ改性钛酸铅 (ＰＬＴ)薄膜和纳米粉制备、结构和性质的研究引起了各国学者的重视[3～ 6 ],但对于其微观结构 ,缺乏系统的研究 .我们研究了ＰＬＴ纳米晶的结构和临界晶粒…     

纳米掺铁二氧化钛的sol-gel法制备与表征 (Ⅱ)纳米掺铁二氧化钛的微晶特性与晶体生长

本文结合透电镜分析研究了sol-gel方法制备的纯二氧化钛和掺铁二氧化钛干凝胶的晶化过程,计算了在不同的煅烧温度下二氧化钛微晶的晶胸参数,晶粒度,畸变等参数的变化关系,应用非晶物质晶化晶核生长速率议程计算的昌粒生长活化能表明晶粒生长分为两个阶段,临界点大约为相变温度,纯的和掺铁的二氧化钛在两个阶段的晶粒生长活化能分别约为20．8kJ.mol^-1,70.9kJ.mol^-1和26．6kJ.mol^-1,78.8kJ.mol^-1.这个差别可能是由于相主过程首先发生在小晶粒上,导致小晶粒生长较为困难所致。     

基底表面性质与前驱液化学环境对原位定向构筑钛硅分子筛膜的影响

b取向MFI型分子筛膜能够显著促进分子的传输效率, 被广泛应用于混合物分离及催化领域. 虽然传统的原位水热晶化法已较为成熟, 然而仍难以调控膜层的b轴取向生长. 本文以304不锈钢片为基底, 采用经典的原位水热晶化法研究了基底表面物化性质、 前驱液配比及晶化条件对钛硅分子筛膜b轴取向生长的影响. 结果表明, TiO₂中间层表面的羟基能够定向诱导分子筛晶粒的吸附, 进而提高钛硅分子筛膜的b轴取向程度. 同时, 前驱液中模板剂和水含量对晶粒的大小及膜层的定向生长具有显著影响, 即仅在合适的碱度下才能形成高b轴取向的钛硅分子筛膜.     

导向剂法合成低硅X型沸石(LSX)

利用导向剂法(CDA)合成低硅[n(SiO₂)/n(Al₂O₃)≈2.0]X型沸石,用XRD,X射线荧光光谱测定样品的晶相及化学组成,并利用电子衍射对导向剂在老化过程中的结构变化进行了研究.结果表明,导向剂法合成速度快、杂晶极少.在晶化过程中的导向作用是一个持续过程,其活性不仅与配方、老化时间和温度有关,而且与其晶面的生长有关.     

Fe/Dy非晶多层膜晶化反应的热力学及动力学研究

由Miedema半经验公式计算出了Fe Dy二元系自由能图以揭示Fe Dy非晶多层膜的晶化本质。晶化受热力学和动力学两种因素控制 ,Fe,Dy晶态自由能低于初始非晶态 ,提供了晶化的热力学驱动力 ,而形核势垒及临界晶核尺寸控制了晶化反应的相选择 ,因而中等温度退火时先出现Fe晶粒 ,继而Dy晶粒 ,不出现金属间化合物。     

Low-temperature synthesis and microstructural control of titania nano-particles

Nanocrystalline titania powders were synthesized at low temperature (⩽100°C) by a sol–gel method that achieved fine control of particle size and polymorph fraction. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to characterize the phase assemblages, crystal size and band gap of the powders. It was demonstrated that larger, well-ordered titania crystals can be obtained by increasing aging temperature and time. These processing parameters can be adjusted to select specific polymorphs from the gel precursors with particular size and shape. The quantum size effect was observed in the size-controlled nanocrystalline titania particles, leading to a blue shift in UV absorption with decreasing in particle size. The anatase to rutile transformation, which may proceed with brookite as a transition phase, is dependent on both particle size and surface structure of the nascent crystals.     

Mechanism of pore formation and structural characterization for mesoporous Mg-Al composite oxides

Mg-AI layered double hydroxides (LDH) with different particle sizes were prepared using different aging times at high supersaturation by a new method developed in our laboratory. The key features of this method are a very rapid mixing and nucleation process followed by a separate aging process. By calcination of LDH at 500癈, mesoporous Mg-AI composite oxides with an extremely narrow pore size distribution were produced. The crystal structure of the Mg-AI composite oxides was a multiphasic one consisting of MgO-like crystals and a layered material.     

Removal of Evans Blue by using Nickel-Iron Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Nanoparticles: Effect of Hydrothermal Treatment Temperature on Textural Properties and Dye Adsorption

Summary: The use of low-cost adsorbent has been investigated as a replacement for the current expensive methods of removing dyes from wastewater. The sorption of acid dye (Evans Blue) from aqueous effluents onto anionic clays (hydrotalcite-like) has been studied. Hydrotalcite may be an effective adsorbent of organic molecules due to its hydrophobic nature and the accessibility of its interlayer region. Ni/Fe layered double hydroxide (LDH), with a molar ratio of 3, were synthesised by coprecipitation followed by hydrothermal treatment at different temperatures (85, 100 and 140 °C) for 4 days. The materials were characterised by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and N₂ adsorption-desorption (BET). The diffractograms and FT-IR spectroscopy of the fresh materials showed that the hydrotalcite is present in all samples. The XRD pattern obtained was typical of a hydrotalcite, where the interlayer anion is CO, XRD and Infrared spectroscopy complemented each other by showing that with treatment the degree of order increased regardless of the type of treatment. Furthermore, it was shown that aging at increased temperature and pressure increased crystallinity. TEM showed that crystal size increased with aging temperature, so that growth occurred on the edges resulting in the formation of hexagonal plate shaped hydrotalcite crystals. The surface area decreased with increasing the hydrothermal treatment temperature. The effects of various parameters such as hydrothermal treatment temperature, crystallite size, contact time and calcination on the extent of adsorption were investigated. The studies of the removal efficiency of the reactive textile dye: Evans Blue (Direct Blue 53) by NiFeCO₃ HDLs showed that the effect of hydrothermal treatment temperature on adsorption increases with aging temperature. The Evans Blue (EB) removal percent increased with increasing contact time. Above the 70%, 50% and 20% of EB adsorption occurred in the first 2 min for HDL-140, HDL-100 and HDL-85°C respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the calcined materials are much more effective than the original LDH in removing Evans Bleu dye from an aqueous solution.     

T形微反应器共沉淀法制备Mg-Al层状双金属氢氧化物及其粒径可控性

采用T形微反应器通过共沉淀法制备了Mg-Al层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)纳米颗粒, 考察了流速、混合盐溶液浓度和温度等对产物粒径及其分布的影响. 实验结果表明, 所制备的LDHs样品的形貌和晶体结构与传统共沉淀法结果一致, 但本方法制备的样品粒径小、分布窄. 随着流速增大, 温度升高, 所合成的LDHs样品平均粒径减小, 分布变窄; 而随着混合盐溶液浓度的增大, 所得LDHs样品粒径增大, 分布变宽.     

ZSM-5分子筛结晶度及晶粒大小的影响因素

以硅溶胶为硅源,偏铝酸钠为铝源,用晶种法制备ZSM-5分子筛.考察了物料混合方式、陈化时间、晶化时间、晶化温度、碱度和水量等对ZSM-5分子筛相对结晶度和晶粒大小的影响.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和激光粒度分析等对所合成样品进行了表征.结果表明:在一定的高碱度条件下形成高浓度的硅铝酸盐凝胶,才能合成出晶化良好的样品,ZSM-5分子筛是按固相机理形成的;合成ZSM-5分子筛的相对结晶度和平均颗粒度均随晶化温度的升高及硅铝酸盐凝胶浓度的增加而增大,在室温陈化24 h、180℃晶化12～24 h时相对结晶度最高,平均颗粒度基本上与陈化时间无关.     

Monte Carlo simulations of single crystals from polymer solutions

A novel "anisotropic aggregation" model is proposed to simulate nucleation and growth of polymer single crystals as functions of temperature and polymer concentration in dilute solutions. Prefolded chains in a dilute solution are assumed to aggregate at a seed nucleus with an anisotropic interaction by a reversible adsorption/desorption mechanism, with temperature, concentration, and seed size being the control variables. The Monte Carlo results of this model resolve the long-standing dilemma regarding the kinetic and thermal roughenings, by producing a rough-flat-rough transition in the crystal morphology with increasing temperature. It is found that the crystal growth rate varies nonlinearly with temperature and concentration without any marked transitions among any regimes of polymer crystallization kinetics. The induction time increases with decreasing the seed nucleus size, increasing temperature, or decreasing concentration. The apparent critical nucleus size is found to increase exponentially with increasing temperature or decreasing concentration, leading to a critical nucleus diagram composed in the temperature-concentration plane with three regions of different nucleation barriers: no growth, nucleation and growth, and spontaneous growth. Melting temperatures as functions of the crystal size, heating rate, and concentration are also reported. The present model, falling in the same category of small molecular crystallization with anisotropic interactions, captures most of the phenomenology of polymer crystallization in dilute solutions.     

晶面选择性生长对球形氢氧化镍形貌及电化学活性的影响

在相同的物理化学条件、不同晶化时间的条件下,采用化学沉淀法制备球形氢氧化镍晶体并应用SEM技术分别考察制得样品的形貌。研究表明：在相同的物理化学条件下,随着晶化时间的增加,样品的微观形貌由不规则状晶体变为完整的球状晶体。结合XRD表征结果分析得出：（001）晶面在晶化时间达到3 h时生长到了一个稳定的状态,并不随着晶化时间的增加而有明显的变化,但（100）与（101）晶面随晶化时间的增加继续生长,当晶化时间达到12 h时氢氧化镍的相对结晶度最大,（100）与（101）衍射峰强度高且峰形尖锐,说明氢氧化镍晶体的结构规整性增强。本文还讨论了氢氧化镍生长结晶过程中晶面选择性生长对晶体形貌及电化学性能的影响。     

晶面选择性生长对球形氢氧化镍形貌及电化学活性的影响

在相同的物理化学条件、不同晶化时间的条件下,采用化学沉淀法制备球形氢氧化镍晶体并应用SEM技术分别考察制得样品的形貌。研究表明：在相同的物理化学条件下,随着晶化时间的增加,样品的微观形貌由不规则状晶体变为完整的球状晶体。结合XRD表征结果分析得出：（001）晶面在晶化时间达到3 h时生长到了一个稳定的状态,并不随着晶化时间的增加而有明显的变化,但（100）与（101）晶面随晶化时间的增加继续生长,当晶化时间达到12 h时氢氧化镍的相对结晶度最大,（100）与（101）衍射峰强度高且峰形尖锐,说明氢氧化镍晶体的结构规整性增强。本文还讨论了氢氧化镍生长结晶过程中晶面选择性生长对晶体形貌及电化学性能的影响。