一步液滴法合成酸性和孔道属性可调的硅铝酸盐载体及其Pd基催化剂的性能研究

通过一步液滴法在不同的反应溶剂体系下制备了一系列无定形硅铝酸盐载体, 并进一步制备出Pd基负载型多孔催化材料, 探究了反应溶剂极性和反应物Si/Al比对载体材料和催化剂的影响, 实现了通过一步液滴法调控硅铝酸盐酸性和孔道属性. 结果表明, 在极性较小的反应溶剂体系中制得了富含介孔的无定形硅铝酸盐载体材料, 并且通过改变Si/Al比可实现载体材料的酸性、 比表面积及孔道尺寸的调控, 比表面积和总酸量分别达到349.6 m²/g和1.389 mmol/g. 由于该载体材料高的比表面积及丰富的介孔孔道, 所制得的Pd基负载型多孔催化材料的Pd金属分散性达到了63.17%, 在硝基苯加氢反应中实现了99.75%的转化率和94.62%的选择性, 在苯甲醇氧化反应中表现出40.61%的转化率及38.09%的选择性, 远远优于利用商用载体合成的 Pd/Al₂O₃催化材料. 这种简单有效的合成方法使得按照目标催化反应的类型来设计高效催化剂成为可能.     

Synthesis of Superacid‐Functionalized Mesoporous Nanocages with Tunable Pore Diameters and Their Application in the Synthesis of Coumarins

Here we demonstrate for the first time the preparation of a triflic acid (TFA)‐functionalized mesoporous nanocage with tunable pore diameters by the wet impregnation method. The obtained materials have been unambiguously characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption, FTIR spectroscopy, and NH₃ temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD). From the characterization results, it has been found that the TFA molecules are firmly anchored on the surface of the mesoporous supports without affecting their acidity. We also demonstrate the effect of the pore and cage diameter of the KIT‐5 supports on the loading of TFA molecules inside the pore channels. It has been found that the total acidity of the materials increases with an increase in the TFA loading on the support, whereas the acidity of the materials decreases with an increase in the pore diameter of the support. The acidity of the TFA‐functionalized mesoporous nanocages is much higher than that of the zeolites and metal‐substituted mesoporous acidic catalysts. The TFA‐functionalized materials have also been employed as the catalysts for the synthesis of 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin by means of the Pechmann reaction under solvent‐free conditions. It has been found that the catalytic activity of the TFA‐functionalized KIT‐5 is much higher than that of zeolites and metal‐substituted mesoporous catalytic materials in the synthesis of coumarin derivatives. The stability of the catalyst is extremely good and can be reused several times without much loss of activity in the above reaction.     

The influence of matrix structure on the activity and selectivity of polymer supported catalysts

The influence of the pore structure, surface area, crosslinking density and the distribution of catalytic groups on the activity / selectivity of polymer supported catalysts was investigated. As model catalysts a variety of styrene-divinylbenzene-copolymers functionalized with sulfonic acid groups were used. The isomerization of 1-butene and the cleavage of methyl tert - butyl ether (MTBE) were studied as gas phase reactions in the presence of the acid resins. The activity and selectivity was controlled by the acidity and accessibility of the polymer supported catalyst.     

过渡金属掺杂亚铁锌双金属氰化物催化合成生物柴油的研究

研究了掺杂过渡金属盐(La、Ce、Zr、Mn)对亚铁锌双金属氰化物(DMC)固体酸催化剂合成生物柴油的影响,并采用XRD、FT-IR、ICP、BET等方法对其进行结构和性能表征。结果表明,1%的镧、铈、锆、锰金属盐对催化剂的活性都有提高,其中,添加1%镧的DMC催化剂活性最高,在醇油摩尔比16∶1,反应温度160 ℃,催化剂加入量2%条件下,反应7 h,脂肪酸甲酯收率达到99.3%。过渡金属盐引入对催化剂的组成没有影响,但使得催化剂更加分散,颗粒粒径更小,比表面积变大,有利于催化剂和反应物的接触,从而提高了催化剂活性。     

HZSM-5分子筛用于合成聚甲醛二甲基醚

以磷酸二氢铵为前驱体,使用浸渍法制备了一系列不同磷含量改性的HZSM-5分子筛,并结合X射线衍射、N2吸附和氨程序升温脱附等表征结果探讨了催化剂硅/铝比、粒径尺寸、晶体结构、孔结构及表面酸性对其催化甲醇和三聚甲缩反应生成聚甲醛二甲基醚(PODEn)反应性能的影响,同时与商业催化剂进行了比较.结果表明,硅铝比为50,粒径尺寸为5μm,P2O5含量较低(0～6%)的HZSM-5分子筛表现出较高的催化活性和PODEn选择性.在130℃,原料甲醇和三聚甲醛的质量比为2:1的优化条件下反应时,三聚甲醛转化率可达到95.2%,PODEn(n=2～5)的选择性为62.9%,略好于商业催化剂.     

过渡金属改性Mg-Al基固体碱催化剂上碳酸丙烯酯与甲醇合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

以共沉淀法制备了一系列不同价态过渡金属(Fe、Cu、Zr)改性的Mg-Al固体碱催化剂,考察了其对于甲醇与碳酸丙烯酯(PC)酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯的反应性能。采用XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、FT-IR、XPS、CO_2-TPD等手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行了表征。结果表明,催化剂的碱强度、碱密度是影响催化活性的主要因素,不同价态过渡金属的加入可以调控Mg-Al固体催化剂的碱性。在考察的催化剂中,FeMgAl催化剂具有最高的表面碱密度,因此,表现出最好的催化性能。在温度为65℃、时间为4 h、甲醇与PC物质的量比为10∶1、催化剂用量为4%的反应条件下,PC转化率可达66.2%。     

SAPO分子筛的酸性及其孔道分布对丁烷异构脱氢反应的影响

 合成了四种磷铝及硅磷铝系列分子筛,并用XRD表征了分子筛的晶体结构,用X荧光光谱测定了其元素组成,用NH3－TPD和物理吸附考察了其酸性和孔道分布．考察了以合成的分子筛为基质制备的催化剂上丁烷异构脱氢反应的性能．结果表明,以弱酸性的SAPO－5分子筛和孔口狭窄的SAPO－34分子筛为载体的催化剂,它们的催化性能较差;以十元环的SAPO－11分子筛为载体的催化剂显示出较高的活性和选择性．同时,考察了不同分子筛催化剂上Pd金属粒子的分散状态,分析了分子筛的酸性和孔道结构对反应性能的影响．     

金属改性硅基介孔材料及其加氢脱硫研究进展

硅基介孔材料具有孔径分布均一、孔道结构独特、比表面积高等优点,其在石油产品加氢脱硫(HDS)催化剂载体中的应用成为近年来研究的热点。但在实际应用过程中硅基介孔材料的耐硫性差、路径选择性低等局限性也逐渐显现出来,针对此类问题,近年来的研究集中在硅基材料的改性工作上。本文综述了近年来金属改性的硅基介孔材料应用于油品加氢脱硫的研究现状,重点讨论了铝、钛、锆等金属的引入对硅基介孔材料基本结构(比表面积、孔容和孔径)、酸性和HDS催化活性的影响。分析总结了经金属改性的硅基介孔材料作为HDS催化剂载体的优点和不足,并展望了其未来的应用前景。     

硅对铁基费-托合成催化剂的影响

用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同硅含量的铁基催化剂,采用N2吸附和原位X射线衍射对催化剂进行了表征,在固定床反应器中考察了催化剂的费-托合成反应活性、选择性和稳定性.结果表明,含硅的催化剂具有较大的比表面积和较小的平均孔径,在CO还原及费-托合成反应中生成的碳化铁物种的稳定性比不含硅的催化剂高.在费-托合成反应中,不含硅的催化剂具有较高的初始活性,但易失活;含硅的催化剂具有较低的初始活性,但稳定性较高.Fe7C3是活性最高的碳化铁物种.随着硅含量的增加,催化剂的费-托合成反应更易生成低碳数产物.     

酸、盐处理对Pt/SAPO-11物化及其催化性能的影响

采用不同酸和盐浸渍处理SAPO-11分子筛,然后负载Pt制成改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,用XRF、XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、SEM、NH_3-TPD和Py-IR对催化剂进行表征,分析其物理化学性能。结果表明,酸和盐处理没有破坏SAPO-11的骨架结构,还提高了催化剂的孔容、孔径、比表面积等性质,催化剂的酸性、酸量也明显发生了改变。在固定床反应器中,评价了改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化小桐子油一步加氢制异构烷烃性能;结合催化剂表征数据表明,颗粒粒径、比表面积、孔径、酸性和酸量影响催化剂的活性及产物分布。对比发现,经0.5 mol/L柠檬酸处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂孔径大小、酸性、B酸和L酸量分布合适,因此,一步加氢催化处理小桐子油性能优异;其中,生物航油组分(C_(8-16))的收率为32.47%,异构烷烃(C8-16)选择性为53.13%。     

On the synergistic catalytic properties of bimetallic mesoporous materials containing aluminum and zirconium: the Prins cyclisation of citronellal

Bimetallic three‐dimensional amorphous mesoporous materials, Al‐Zr‐TUD‐1 materials, were synthesised by using a surfactant‐free, one‐pot procedure employing triethanolamine (TEA) as a complexing reagent. The amount of aluminium and zirconium was varied in order to study the effect of these metals on the Brønsted and Lewis acidity, as well as on the resulting catalytic activity of the material. The materials were characterised by various techniques, including elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction, high‐resolution TEM, N₂ physisorption, temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) of NH₃, and ²⁷Al MAS NMR, XPS and FT‐IR spectroscopy using pyridine and CO as probe molecules. Al‐Zr‐TUD‐1 materials are mesoporous with surface areas ranging from 700–900 m² g^?1, an average pore size of around 4 nm and a pore volume of around 0.70 cm³ g^?1. The synthesised Al‐Zr‐TUD‐1 materials were tested as catalyst materials in the Lewis acid catalysed Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley reduction of 4‐tert‐butylcyclohexanone, the intermolecular Prins synthesis of nopol and in the intramolecular Prins cyclisation of citronellal. Although Al‐Zr‐TUD‐1 catalysts possess a lower amount of acid sites than their monometallic counterparts, according to TPD of NH₃, these materials outperformed those of the monometallic Al‐TUD‐1 as well as Zr‐TUD‐1 in the Prins cyclisation of citronellal. This proves the existence of synergistic properties of Al‐Zr‐TUD‐1. Due to the intramolecular nature of the Prins cyclisation of citronellal, the hydrophilic surface of the catalyst as well as the presence of both Brønsted and Lewis acid sites synergy could be obtained with bimetallic Al‐Zr‐TUD‐1. Besides spectroscopic investigation of the active sites of the catalyst material a thorough testing of the catalyst in different types of reactions is crucial in identifying its specific active sites.     

非均相Fenton催化剂的组成结构设计与性能优化

非均相Fenton催化技术解决了均相Fenton反应存在的问题,具有pH适用范围广以及催化剂易于回收利用等优点,因而成为水处理领域的研究热点。本文首先介绍了非均相Fenton反应用于降解有机污染物的发展、反应机理以及机理的研究方法。总结了非均相Fenton催化剂的种类,主要包括铁氧化物、其它金属氧化物、金属有机框架材料。重点讨论了提高非均相Fenton催化剂活性及稳定性的方法,包括通过调控催化剂的形貌、尺寸、孔结构使催化剂具有更高的比表面积,将活性组分负载在具有高比表面积的载体上,通过与其它金属复合以及引入光、超声、微波等外场。最后,对非均相Fenton催化技术的发展进行了展望。     

过渡金属改性MCM-41的结构及对苯催化氧化的研究

制备了Ti,Fe,Cr,Ni改性的MCM-41,采用XRD、低温N₂吸附及TPD手段研究了改性MCM-41的结构特征和表面性质.过渡金属可同品取代骨架Si,同品取代的能力与过渡金属离子半径有关.过渡金属改性MCM-41均具有较好的长程有序结构、均一的孔径分布和较高的比表面积.引入不同的过渡金属可以改变MCM-41表面酸性和亲水/憎水性.考察了改性MCM-41对苯氧化的催化性能.     

含磷铝单元的AlMCM-41负载的磷化钨催化剂DBT HDS性能

通过微波加热的方法,分别合成了硅/铝比(30、40、50、55、60)不同的含磷铝结构单元的AlMCM-41复合分子筛,并以此为载体采用共浸渍和程序升温高纯氢气还原的方法制备了负载量为30%(以WO₃计)的磷化钨催化剂。采用X射线衍射(XRD)、BET比表面积测定、扫描电镜(SEM)及X光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了表征。通过高压微反装置对催化剂的二苯并噻吩(DBT)加氢脱硫(HDS)性能进行了评价。结果表明,在催化剂表面检测到活性组分WP和以类似-Al-O-W-P结构形式存在的具有一定活性的物种。WP是主要的活性相,硅/铝比对WP活性相在催化剂表面所占的比例有一定影响。不同硅/铝比的催化剂表现出不同的选择性加氢性能,但直接加氢脱硫是催化剂DBT HDS的主要路径。其中,硅铝比为55的催化剂具有相对最高的DBT HDS的转化率(93.1%),且其直接加氢脱硫产物(联苯)的选择性相对最高(82.7%),这对减少氢耗,保护环境有利。     

无粘结剂ZSM-5沸石催化剂骨架脱铝改性的研究

对比了无粘结剂和有粘结剂ZSM-5沸石催化剂的吸附性质, 证实前者的优良品质. 以27Al固体核磁共振(MAS NMR)考察了盐酸处理、水蒸气处理及水蒸气-盐酸相结合处理后无粘结剂ZSM-5沸石催化剂的骨架脱铝行为以及非骨架铝的状态. 以X射线粉末衍射(XRD), X射线荧光光谱(XRF), 低温氮吸附, NH3-TPD和吡啶吸附原位红外光谱(in situ IR)等详细表征了骨架脱铝对其晶体、元素组成及孔结构、表面强(S)酸与弱(L)酸、Brönsted(B)酸与Lewis(L)酸酸量分布等影响. 揭示了水蒸气处理的深度骨架脱铝强烈地调变沸石的结构和表面酸性的本质, 证明了该处理方式对调变S酸和B酸起主导作用.     

Synthesis of amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate materials with high thermal stability using a citric acid route

Amorphous mesoporous aluminophosphate materials synthesized from precursors of Al(NO3)3/H3PO4/NH4OH in the presence of citric acid, exhibit high specific surface areas, narrow pore size distributions and excellent thermal stabilities.     

氧化铝载体对Pt-Sn/Al2O3催化剂上苯胺和苯甲醇一步合成N-苯基苄胺催化反应性能的影响

以基于借氢策略的苯甲醇和苯胺一步合成N-苯基苄胺为模型反应,研究了三种不同表面结构的氧化铝对其负载的Pt-Sn催化剂上N-烷基化合成仲胺反应性能的影响.采用N₂吸附-脱附法、压汞法、X射线衍射、透射电镜、扫描电镜、CO脉冲吸附、H₂-程序升温还原及NH₃-程序升温脱附等技术对载体和Pt-Sn/Al₂O₃催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,与Al₂O₃相互作用较弱且高度分散的Pt颗粒具有很高的催化活性,Al₂O₃载体较大的孔体积和大孔分布的孔结构有助于反应物扩散和吸附到催化剂表面并提高反应活性.同时也有利于反应产物从催化剂表面离开,从而提高催化剂的稳定性.然而Al₂O₃较强的酸性及酸性分布降低了产物仲胺的选择性和催化剂稳定性.     

制备高碳醇Cu-Fe系催化剂的比表面积、孔结构和孔径分布

用ＡＳＡＰ－２０００型物理吸附仪,研究了制备高碳醇Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ系催化剂的比表面积、孔结构、孔容积和孔径分布等．结果表明,随着焙烧温度的提高,比表面积下降;在相同的焙烧温度下,组成和沉淀过程的ｐＨ值也影响其表面积大小．催化剂的活性与反应可利用的表面积相关．根据吸附－脱附等温线,确定了催化剂的孔结构及孔径分布的变化规律．数据表明,孔径分布和孔容积对催化剂的活性至关重要,平均孔径（４Ｖ／Ａ,根据ＢＥＴ）可作为衡量Ｃｕ－Ｆｅ系催化剂活性高低的一个参数．焙烧温度的选择是使催化剂具有适宜的孔径分布和较大的孔容积,因而具有较高活性的重要条件     

Catalytic activity of CeO2 and Pr2O3 for the liquid-phase benzylation of o-xylene to 3,4 – dimethyldiphenylmethane

The liquid phase benzylation of o-xylene with benzyl chloride over rare earth oxide catalysts like CeO₂ and Pr₂O₃ was studied in a batch reactor at atmospheric pressure and 363 K. Surface area, pore volume, DTA, acid strength distribution on the catalyst surface and optimum temperature of the catalyst are reported.     

Mesoporous aluminophosphate thin films with cubic pore arrangement

Mesoporous aluminophosphate thin films with 3D cubic (Im3m) pore arrangement were synthesized for the first time. Thin films were templated with block copolymer nonionic templates Pluronic F127 and F108 and deposited on a glass substrate by dip-coating. In situ SAXS investigations show the formation of a highly ordered mesostructure upon the dip-coating process, which remains stable up to at least 670 K. A cubic mesostructure was observed also by TEM. Template removal process was monitored by TG and FT-IR. A transition from an amorphous aluminophosphate gel to a well-defined aluminophosphate framework was observed by MAS NMR.