A biparametric family of optimally convergent sixteenth-order multipoint methods with their fourth-step weighting function as a sum of a rational and a generic two-variable function

A biparametric family of four-step multipoint iterative methods of order sixteen to numerically solve nonlinear equations are developed and their convergence properties are investigated. The efficiency indices of these methods are all found to be 16^1/5≈1.741101, being optimally consistent with the conjecture of Kung-Traub. Numerical examples as well as comparison with existing methods developed by Kung-Traub and Neta are demonstrated to confirm the developed theory in this paper.     

One-point pseudospectral collocation for the one-dimensional Bratu equation

The one-dimensional planar Bratu problem is u_xx + λ exp(u) = 0 subject to u(±1) = 0. Because there is an analytical solution, this problem has been widely used to test numerical and perturbative schemes. We show that over the entire lower branch, and most of the upper branch, the solution is well approximated by a parabola, u(x) ≈ u₀ (1 − x²) where u₀ is determined by collocation at a single point x = ξ. The collocation equation can be solved explicitly in terms of the Lambert W-function as u(0) ≈ −W(−λ(1 − ξ²)/2)/(1 − ξ²) where both real-valued branches of the W-function yield good approximations to the two branches of the Bratu function. We carefully analyze the consequences of the choice of ξ. We also analyze the rate of convergence of a series of even Chebyshev polynomials which extends the one-point approximation to arbitrary accuracy. The Bratu function is so smooth that it is actually poor for comparing methods because even a bad, inefficient algorithm is successful. It is, however, a solution so smooth that a numerical scheme (the collocation or pseudospectral method) yields an explicit, analytical approximation. We also fill some gaps in theory of the Bratu equation. We prove that the general solution can be written in terms of a single, parameter-free β(x) without knowledge of the explicit solution. The analytical solution can only be evaluated by solving a transcendental eigenrelation whose solution is not known explicitly. We give three overlapping perturbative approximations to the eigenrelation, allowing the analytical solution to be easily evaluated throughout the entire parameter space.     

A family of optimal three-point methods for solving nonlinear equations using two parametric functions

Using an interactive approach which combines symbolic computation and Taylor’s series, a wide family of three-point iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations is constructed. These methods use two suitable parametric functions at the second and third step and reach the eighth order of convergence consuming only four function evaluations per iteration. This means that the proposed family supports the Kung-Traub hypothesis (1974) on the upper bound 2^m of the order of multipoint methods based on m + 1 function evaluations, providing very high computational efficiency. Different methods are obtained by taking specific parametric functions. The presented numerical examples demonstrate exceptional convergence speed with only few function evaluations.     

Derivative free two-point methods with and without memory for solving nonlinear equations

Two families of derivative free two-point iterative methods for solving nonlinear equations are constructed. These methods use a suitable parametric function and an arbitrary real parameter. It is proved that the first family has the convergence order four requiring only three function evaluations per iteration. In this way it is demonstrated that the proposed family without memory supports the Kung-Traub hypothesis (1974) on the upper bound 2ⁿ of the order of multipoint methods based on n + 1 function evaluations. Further acceleration of the convergence rate is attained by varying a free parameter from step to step using information available from the previous step. This approach leads to a family of two-step self-accelerating methods with memory whose order of convergence is at least and even in special cases. The increase of convergence order is attained without any additional calculations so that the family of methods with memory possesses a very high computational efficiency. Numerical examples are included to demonstrate exceptional convergence speed of the proposed methods using only few function evaluations.     

On the Hermitian positive definite solutions of nonlinear matrix equation X + A∗XA = Q

Nonlinear matrix equation X^s + A∗X^−tA = Q, where A, Q are n × n complex matrices with Q Hermitian positive definite, has widely applied background. In this paper, we consider the Hermitian positive definite solutions of this matrix equation with two cases: s ? 1, 0 < t ? 1 and 0 < s ? 1, t ? 1. We derive necessary conditions and sufficient conditions for the existence of Hermitian positive definite solutions for the matrix equation and obtain some properties of the solutions. We also propose iterative methods for obtaining the extremal Hermitian positive definite solution of the matrix equation. Finally, we give some numerical examples to show the efficiency of the proposed iterative methods.     

An adaptive Huber method for non-linear systems of weakly singular second kind Volterra integral equations

Numerical methods for systems of weakly singular Volterra integral equations are rarely considered in the literature, especially if the equations involve non-linear dependencies between unknowns and their integrals. In the present work an adaptive Huber method for such systems is proposed, by extending the method previously formulated for single weakly singular second kind Volterra equations. The method is tested on example systems of integral equations involving integrals with kernels K(t, τ) = (t − τ)^−1/2, K(t, τ) = exp[−λ(t − τ)](t − τ)^−1/2 (where λ > 0), and K(t, τ) = 1. The magnitude of the errors, and practical accuracy orders, observed for IE systems, are comparable to those for single IEs. In cases when the solution vector is not differentiable at t = 0, the estimation of errors at t = 0 is found somewhat less reliable for IE systems, than it was for single IEs. The stability of the IE systems solved appears to be sufficient, in practice, for the numerical stability of the method.     

Minimal ranks of some quaternion matrix expressions with applications

Suppose that p(X, Y) = A − BX − X^(∗)B^(∗) − CYC^(∗) and q(X, Y) = A − BX + X^(∗)B^(∗) − CYC^(∗) are quaternion matrix expressions, where A is persymmetric or perskew-symmetric. We in this paper derive the minimal rank formula of p(X, Y) with respect to pair of matrices X and Y = Y^(∗), and the minimal rank formula of q(X, Y) with respect to pair of matrices X and Y = −Y^(∗). As applications, we establish some necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of the general (persymmetric or perskew-symmetric) solutions to some well-known linear quaternion matrix equations. The expressions are also given for the corresponding general solutions of the matrix equations when the solvability conditions are satisfied. At the same time, some useful consequences are also developed.     

General Construction of Non-Dense Disjoint Iteration Groups on the Circle

Let be a disjoint iteration group on the unit circle , that is a family of homeomorphisms such that F ^v1 ○ F ^v2 = F ^v1+v2 for v ₁, v ₂ ∈ V and each F ^v either is the identity mapping or has no fixed point ((V, +) is a 2-divisible nontrivial Abelian group). Denote by the set of all cluster points of {F ^v (z), v ∈ V} for . In this paper we give a general construction of disjoint iteration groups for which .     

Local and Global Existence of Solutions to Initial Value Problems of Nonlinear Kaup-Kupershmidt Equations

This paper is devoted to studying the initial value problems of the nonlinear Kaup Kupershmidt equations δu/δt ＋ α1 uδ^2u/δx^2 ＋ βδ^3u/δx^3 ＋ γδ^5u/δx^5 = 0, （x,t）∈ E R^2, and δu/δt ＋ α2 δu/δx δ^2u/δx^2 ＋ βδ^3u/δx^3 ＋ γδ^5u/δx^5 = 0, （x, t） ∈R^2. Several important Strichartz type estimates for the fundamental solution of the corresponding linear problem are established. Then we apply such estimates to prove the local and global existence of solutions for the initial value problems of the nonlinear Kaup- Kupershmidt equations. The results show that a local solution exists if the initial function u0（x） ∈ H^s（R）, and s ≥ 5/4 for the first equation and s≥301/108 for the second equation.     

Natural extensions of holomorphic motions

We consider an arbitrary real analytic family X_z, , over the closed unit disc , of real analytic plane Jordan curves X_z. Ifj _e ^iθ ,e ^iθ ∋ ∂D, is an arbitrary real-analytic family of orientation-reversing homeomorphisms of fixingX _e ^iθ pointwise, we show that there is a unique holomorphic motion of extending the given motion of Jordan curves and consistent with the given family of involutions. If these generalized reflections are defined using the barycentric extension construction of Douady-Earle-Nag, then the resulting extension method for holomorphic motions of X is natural, that is Moebius-invariant and continuous with respect to variation of the given motion of X₀.     

The 3D Inverse Problem of the Wave Equation for a General Multi-connected Vibrating Membrane with a Finite Number of Piecewise Smooth Boundary Conditions

The trace of the wave kernel μ（t） =∑ω=1^∞ exp（-itEω^1/2）, where {Eω}ω^∞=1 are the eigenvalues of the negative Laplacian -△↓2 = -∑k^3=1 （δ/δxk）^2 in the （x^1, x^2, x^3）-space, is studied for a variety of bounded domains, where -∞ 〈 t 〈 ∞ and i= √-1. The dependence of μ （t） on the connectivity of bounded domains and the Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions are analyzed. Particular attention is given for a multi-connected vibrating membrane Ω in Ra surrounded by simply connected bounded domains Ω j with smooth bounding surfaces S j （j = 1,……, n）, where a finite number of piecewise smooth Dirichlet, Neumann and Robin boundary conditions on the piecewise smooth components Si^＊ （i = 1 ＋ kj-1,……, kj） of the bounding surfaces S j are considered, such that S j = Ui-1＋kj-1^kj Si^＊, where k0=0. The basic problem is to extract information on the geometry Ω by using the wave equation approach from a complete knowledge of its eigenvalues. Some geometrical quantities of Ω （e.g. the volume, the surface area, the mean curvuture and the Gaussian curvature） are determined from the asymptotic expansion ofexpansion of μ（t） for small │t│.     

Holomorphic automorphisms and collective compactness in J*-algebras of operator

Let G be the Banach-Lie group of all holomorphic automorphisms of the open unit ball in a J^*-algebra of operators. Let be the family of all collectively compact subsets W contained in . We show that the subgroup F ⊂ G of all those g ∈ G that preserve the family is a closed Lie subgroup of G and characterize its Banach-Lie algebra. We make a detailed study of F when is a Cartan factor.      

Addendum to “Complete rotation hypersurfaces with <Emphasis Type="Italic">H</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis></Subscript> constant in space forms”*

Here we study complete rotation hypersurfaces with constant k-th mean curvature H_k in even and 2 < k < n. We prove the existence of a constant such that there are no such hypersurfaces for . We have only one compact hypersurface of this kind with . For each there is a corresponding family of complete immersed rotation hypersurfaces, each family containing two isoparametric hypersurfaces. For H_k ≥ 0, there is also such a family, now containing only one isoparametric hypersurface. Finally, we prove the existence of compact hypersurfaces with arbitrarily large H_k , neither isometric to a sphere nor to a product of spheres. *Bull. Braz. Math. Soc. 30 (2), 1999, 139–161. **Partially supported by FUNCAP, Brazil. ***Partially supported by CNPq, Brazil and DGAPA-UNAM, México.     

3-Folds in ℙ5 of degree 12of degree 12

Let be a 3-dimensional submanifold of ℙ⁵ of degree 12. This article gives, up to one case, a complete classification of the deformation classes of those 3-folds. The main tools used are methods already applied in the classification of degrees 9 to 11 and adjunction theoretic results. We show here how the 2^nd reduction of can be applied to analyse the birational structure of or even exclude the existence of .     

New kinematic parameters of the finite rotation of a rigid body

A new family of kinematic parameters for the orientation of a rigid body (global and local) is presented and described. All the kinematic parameters are obtained by mapping the variables onto a corresponding orientated subspace (hyperplane). In particular, a method of stereographically projecting a point belonging to a five-dimensional sphere S⁵ ⊂ R⁶ onto an orientated hyperplane R⁵ is demonstrated in the case of the classical direction cosines of the angles specifying the orientation of two systems of coordinates. A family of global kinematic parameters is described, obtained by mapping the Hopf five-dimensional kinematic parameters defined in the space R⁵ onto a four-dimensional orientated subspace R⁴. A correspondence between the five-dimensional and four-dimensional kinematic parameters defined in the corresponding spaces is established on the basis of a theorem on the homeomorphism of two topological spaces (a four-dimensional sphere S⁴ ⊂ R⁵ with one deleted point and an orientated hyperplane in R⁴). It is also shown to which global four-dimensional orientation parameters–quaternions defined in the space R⁴ the classical local parameters, that is, the three-dimensional Rodrigues and Gibbs finite rotation vectors, correspond. The kinematic differential rotational equations corresponding to the five-dimensional and four-dimensional orientation parameters are obtained by the projection method. All the rigid body kinematic orientation parameters enable one, using the kinematic equations corresponding to them, to solve the classical Darboux problem, that is, to determine the actual angular position of a body in a three-dimensional space using the known (measured) angular velocity of rotation of the object and its specified initial position.