非全裸离子-原子碰撞中的多重电离研究

利用加速器提供的非全裸重离子束 (q=1 - 4)轰击氦、氖和氩原子 ,研究了由非全裸离子引起原子多重电离的有效电荷效应和电荷交换效应 .提出用一个有效电荷来等价描述非全裸入射离子对靶原子的作用 ,将描述全裸离子 -原子碰撞过程的物理模型推广到处理非全裸离子 -原子碰撞过程 ,采用轨道贯穿模型对有效电荷的内在物理机制进行了解释 ,提出一种新的理论方法将多重电离中俄歇过程的贡献予以扣除 .通过研究发现 ,扣除俄歇过程贡献后 ,多重电离截面随入射离子q/ v的变化与多步过程的预言相符.The partially stripped C q+ , O q+ and F q+ ions (q=1-4) delivered by a 2×1.7 MV tandem accelerator were employed to bombard He, Ne and Ar targets. The cross section ratios of multiple ionization to single ionization were measured for different collision systems by using time of flight technique. The effective charge effects and charge exchange processes were studied. By using an effective charge q eff , the multiple ionization processes induced by partially stripped ions could...     

Na离子和Cl离子引起He原子直接多重电离过程的研究

利用2～8 MeV的Naq+、Clq+(q=2,3,4,5)轰击氦原子,对碰撞的直接多重电离过程进行研究.实验采用反冲离子-散射离子飞行时间符合技术,通过反冲离子飞行时间谱区分不同价态反冲离子;利用静电偏转和位置灵敏探测技术区分不同电荷态散射离子;结合CAMAC-PC多参数获取系统得到一定价态散射离子所对应的反冲离子电荷态分布谱;经分析该谱得到直接多重电离截面与直接单电离截面之比R21.讨论了R21随入射离子速度和电荷态的变化关系.     

氦原子与非全裸氟离子碰撞过程中多重电离的研究

用飞行时间符合技术测量了１．５－７．５ＭｅＶ非全裸氟离子与氦原子碰撞引起的氦的双、单重电离相对截面比，对非全裸离子核外电子对碰撞过程的影响进行了讨论。对碰撞系统还进行了多体经典轨道蒙特－卡罗模拟，得到氦的双、单重电离绝对截面，并对结果进行了讨论     

非全裸碳离子与氦原子碰撞过程中的多重电离研究

采用飞行时间符合技术测得１．５—７．５ＭｅＶ非全裸碳离子轰击氦原子，引起氦原子双重电离与单重电离的相对截面比。对碰撞过程进行多体经典轨道蒙特卡罗模拟，得到相应的Ｏｌｓｏｎ—Ｓｃｈｌａｃｈｔｅｒ曲线，结合本实验结果，给出非全裸碳离子引起氦原子双重电离和单重电离的绝对截面，并进行了讨论。     

类铍离子的自电离态

类铍子BeⅠ到OV的自电离态单重P态和单重S态在n=2到n=3能量域的几个最低的能级位置是利用多组态耦合的方法计算了的。并且利用Feshbach投影算符对类铍离子自电离态进行了理论分析。对于能够找到的实验测量、我们的计算与实验一致。     

类铍离子的电子碰撞电离

用Ｒ－矩阵方法计算了类铍离子Ｎ~（３＋）及Ｏ~（４＋）的电子碰撞电离截面，并讨论了组态１ｓ~２２Ｐｎｌ引起的共振以及一个２ｓ电子被激发到２ｐ轨道同时另一个被电离的截面对总截面的影响，计算结果表明与Ｊａｋｕｂｏｗｉｃｚ的密耦近似结果相一致。     

电离效率对激光电离团簇的高价离子产物的影响

纳秒激光与团簇相互作用产生高价离子逐渐成为分子物理界的热点之一, 为了深入研究团簇电离的本质, 本文以分子结构相似、元素组成相同的苯、环己烯和环己烷的分子团簇为对象, 利用飞行时间质谱研究了其与5 ns的532 nm激光相互作用时电离产物的价态和强度分布. 结果表明: 这三种化合物多光子电离效率苯>环己烯>环己烷, 但其高价离子的价态和比值苯是最低的, 环己烷的碳离子最高价态为4价, C³⁺和C²⁺的比值为1.1; 环己烯电离产物C³⁺和C²⁺ 的比值降低为0.6; 苯团簇的最高价态只有3价, C³⁺和C²⁺的比值约为0.4. 引起这种现象的原因可以归结于高的多光子电离效率会导致团簇多位点的电离, 引起团簇在电子加热到发生碰撞电离之前发生解离, 减小了团簇的尺寸, 进而减少了离子发生碰撞电离产生高价离子的反应时间, 最终阻碍了高价态离子的产生.     

利用同步辐射与离子阱研究高电离态离子

近年来,各种形式的离子阱作为“清洁”的离子存储器被应用于低能高电离态离子的碰撞和光谱学的研究.同步辐射作为一种新型光源,其能量范围宽,产生的光子能量高,是高电离态产生、电离和激发的有力手段.把二者的优点结合起来,可开辟新的科学生长点.[1] 研究低能高电离态离子,对于实验室等离子体和天体等离子体中的光电离和碰撞过程;对于量子电动力学的精密检验; 对于研究高电离态离子的能极结构和谱线;对于检验和发展光电离以及其他光与离子相互作用理论,都具有非常重要的意义,是当前原子、分子物理学的重要研究前沿. 利用同步辐射光产生离子…     

类硼离子的电子碰撞电离截面

运用扭曲波玻恩交换近似对处于Hartree-Fock基态的类硼离子的电子碰撞直接电离截面进行了计算。电离过程中直接电离与交换电离振幅的干涉有重要的贡献。研究结果表明“自然相因子”近似比“最大干涉”近似要好。后者用于其它离子种类的计算与实验符合很好。同Moores等人的Coulomb-Born近似计算相比较,我们的计算结果与现有的实验数据符合有改进。 关键词：     

电子与多电荷离子的碰撞电离(英文)

主要揭示了不同电离机制对高电荷态离子单电离和多重电离的贡献 ,包括直接电离 (一步过程 )、激发 自电离 (两步过程 )以及内壳Auger过程 ,研究了高电荷态镨离子的电子碰撞电离. Electron-impact ionization of ions is one of the most fundamental processes in every kind of plasma. Especially in high-temperature plasmas-whether in laboratory (nuclear fusion) or in astrophysics (atmosphere of stars)-atoms become ionized into multiply-charged ions by electron impact. The main purpose of our investigations is to unravel the contributions from different ionization mechanisms-like direct ionization (one-step process), excitation-autoionization (two-step process) and...     

Use of Crustacean Shells for Uptake and Removal of Metal Ions in Solution

Abstract

The use of crustacean shells, in particular crab shells, for the removal of metal ions in solution is described. Research studies found in the literature on the ability of the shells, effect of particle size, pH, competitive studies in mixtures of metals, application to real samples such as acid mine drainage, and use of the shells in a column are presented. The major component of the shells that allows uptake to occur is chitin. Several mechanisms are proposed for uptake. There are conflicting accounts in the literature on such areas as the effect of pH, flow rate, and particle size.     

纳秒激光电离产生Kr17 + 的研究

随着激光技术 ,尤其是超快、超强激光技术的发展 ,强光场与原子、分子及团簇的相互作用 ,已成为近年来人们研究的热点[1 -8] .团簇分子与超快超强光场之间的相互作用 ,可以产生高价态离子以及高能电子 ,并产生强X射线发射甚至实现“台式核聚变” ,已引起广泛的重视 .Kr气及其团簇的强场电离 ,近年也有不少研究 .利用波长 1 .0 64μm的皮秒Nd YAG激光 ,Huillier等人在 1 0 1 3 ～ 1 0 1 4 W/cm2 光场强度下 ,研究了氪气的多光子电离过程 ,观察到 +4价的氪高价离子[7] .Castleman等人利用 80 0nm ,功率密度为 1 0 1 5W/cm2 的飞秒激光 ,对…     

纳秒强光场下呋喃的激光电离中高价离子的产生

利用 2 5ns脉冲Nd :YAG 5 32nm的激光 ,在 10 11W/cm2 的光场强度下 ,用飞行时间质谱对不同条件下呋喃的激光电离过程进行了研究 .当利用氩作为载气时 ,首次观察到了较强的Cn + (n =2～ 4 )和Om + (m =2～ 3)离子信号 .通过测定峰分裂和数值模拟计算的方法可以确定其中C2 + 、C3 + 和C4+ 的最可几平动能分别为 2 1、6 3和 10 0eV ,O2 + 和O3 + 的最可几平动能分别为 2 0和 4 0eV .质谱峰型的分裂现象和激光延迟实验结果表明 ,这些高价离子可能来源于呋喃团簇的库仑爆炸过程 .     

Effects of Ions Charge-Mass Ratio on Energy and Energy Spread of Accelerated Ions in Laser Driven Plasma

Effects of ions charge-mass ratio on energy and energy spread of accelerated ions in laser driven plasma are investigated in detail by proposing a simple double-layer model for a foil target driven by an ultrastrong laser. The radiation pressure acceleration mechanism plays an important role on the studied problem. For the ions near the plasma mirror, i.e. electrons layer, the dependence of ions energy on their charge-mass ratio is derived theoretically. It is found that the larger the charge-mass ratio is, the higher the accelerated ions energy gets. For those ions far away from the layer, the dependence of energy and energy spread on ions charge-mass ratio are also obtained by numerical performance. It exhibits that, as ions charge-mass ratio increases, not only the accelerated ions energy but also the energy spread will become large.     

Storage of Entangled States with Multiple Trapped Ions in Thermal Motion

This paper presents an alternative scheme to realize the storage of entangled states for multiple trapped ions including W state, Bell states, and GHZ states even with ions which exchange vibrational energy with a heating surrounding. Our scheme requires that the ions be simultaneously excited by two laser beams with different frequencies.In this scheme the vibrational degrees of freedom are only regarded as intermediate states and the ions exchange energy via the mediation of the vibration of the vibrational mode in coupling processes. The scheme is insensitive to both the initial vibrational state and heating if the system remains in the Lamb-Dicke regime. Since the effective Rabi frequency has a small dependence on the vibrational quantum number the heating will have no direct effect on the internal state evolution.     

Detection of Metal Ions by Quenching of Dye Laser Emission

A novel laser intracavity method for detecting metal ions is described in which a metal analyte is added directly to a dye ligand and the dye laser emission is monitored as a measure of the analyte's concentration. The technique is both sensitive and selective and may have applications as an indirect probe of chemical analysis and of energy transfer.     

Fiber Optic Spectroelectrochemical Sensing for in situ Determination of Metal Ions

In situ chemical sensing techniques are increasingly used for a variety of applications, including industrial process control, on‐site environmental assessment, and detection of explosives and chemical and biological weapons. A common category of sensors for such purposes entails the use of optical fibers for making spectral measurements of target compounds or species derived from these compounds via physical, chemical, enzymatic, or immunologic reactions. A less common but potentially advantageous approach involves the electrochemical conversion of the analyte subsequent to its spectroscopic detection. These spectroelectrochemical schemes represent versatile, essentially reagent‐free analyses that could provide superior alternatives to existing methods. Reported here is a summary of progress made by the authors' group toward the development of fiber optic spectroelectrochemical sensors for in situ measurements. The aqueous copper (II)/copper (0) couple was chosen as a model system to investigate the merit of an analytical scheme involving (i) cathodic preconcentration of Cu²⁺ as Cu⁰ followed by (ii) anodic stripping of Cu⁰ to Cu²⁺, (iii) complexation of Cu²⁺ by an appropriate ligand, and finally (iv) absorbance determination of the copper–ligand complex or fluorescence determination of the unbound ligand. Results are encouraging and indicate the need for further refinement of the sensor's design and the experimental protocol in order to improve the method's sensitivity.     

彩色金刚石中过渡金属离子的谱学研究

过渡金属镍、钴和铁是高温高压法合成金刚石的常用触媒,已有研究表明：采用镍、钴作触媒所合成的金刚石中存在镍、钴离子,部分天然金刚石含有镍离子;镍、钴离子以替代方式或间隙形式进入金刚石的晶格,并能与杂质氮形成复合体。为了探寻彩色金刚石中过渡金属离子存在的谱学标志,确定镍、钴离子在彩色金刚石中的赋存状态,文章对6颗彩色天然与合成金刚石进行了扫描电镜-能谱、显微红外光谱、光致发光谱、电子顺磁共振谱(EPR)等测试研究。结果表明天然与合成的样品都具有与镍、钴有关的发光中心与EPR结构：包括西澳的蓝灰色天然金刚石中与镍有关的884.6 nm等发光中心,以及天然变色金刚石中与钴有关的发光中心。对各种谱学测试结果的综合分析,得出样品中存在镍、钴离子并与杂质氮形成各种Ni-N或Co-N复合体的结论,其中在天然金刚石中发现钴离子在该领域研究中尚属首次。