Anomalous decomposition of dinitramide metal salts in the solid phase

Unusual regularities are observed for decomposition of dinitramide metal salts in the solid phase: the solid-phase reaction is 10–10³ times faster than that in the melt, its rate has a sharp peak in the region of eutectics melting with the decomposition product (metal nitrate), and it is instantly inhibited by water vapor. In the inhibited regime, the rate in the solid phase is lower than that in the liquid phase. No indications of this anomalous behavior are observed for the decomposition of the dinitramide guanidinium salt. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 11, pp. 1947–1950, November, 1997.     

Thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide and mechanism of anomalous decay of dinitramide salts

Thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide proceedsvia homolytic rupture of the N−NO₂ bond and partially by the proton transfer reaction. The monomolecular decay of the anion to N₂O and NO₃ ⁻ in the solid state at 60 °C occurs with higher rates than those in the melt. This is related to a change in the reactivity of the anion due to the violation of its symmetry on going to the solid state. The absence of hydrogen bonds between the anion and cations or water molecules is an additional condition for the fast decay. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 50–54, January, 1999.     

Kinetics of thermal decomposition of dinitramide

Kinetic regularities of thermal decomposition of dinitramide in aqueous and sulfuric acid solutions were studied in a wide temperature range. The rate of the thermal decomposition of dinitramide was established to be determined by the rates of decomposition of different forms of dinitramide as the acidity of the medium increases: first, N(NO₂)⁻ anions, then HN(NO₂)₂ molecules, and finally, protonated H₂N(NO₂)₂ ⁺ cations. The temperature dependences of the rate constants of the decomposition of N(NO₂)⁻ (k _an) and HN(NO₂)₂ (k′_ac) and the equilibrium constant of dissociation of HN(NO₂)₂ (K _a) were determined:k _an=1.7·10¹⁷ exp(−20.5·10³/T), s⁻¹,k′_ac=7.9·10¹⁶ exp(−16.1·10³/T), s⁻¹, andK _a=1.4·10 exp(−2.6·10³/T). The temperature dependences of the decomposition rate constant of H₂N(NO₂)₂ ⁺ (k _d) and the equilibrium constant of the dissociation of H₂N(NO₂)₂ ⁺ (K _d) were estimated:k _d=10¹² exp(−7.9·10³/T), s⁻¹ andK _d=1.1 exp(6.4·10³/T). The kinetic and thermodynamic constants obtained make it possible to calculate the decomposition rate of dinitramide solutions in a wide range of temperatures and acidities of the medium. In this series of articles, we report the results of studies of the thermal decomposition of dinitramide performed in 1974–1978 and not published previously. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2129–2133, December, 1997.     

Kinetics of the thermal decomposition of dinitramide

The kinetic regularities of the thermal decomposition of dinitramide in aqueous solutions of HNO₃, in anhydrous acetic acid, and in several other organic solvents were studied. The rate of the decomposition of dinitramide in aqueous HNO₃ is determined by the decomposition of mixed anhydride of dinitramide and nitric acid (N₄O₆) formed in the solution in the reversible reaction. The decomposition of the anhydride is a reason for an increase in the decomposition rates of dinitramide in solutions of HNO₃ as compared to those in solutions in H₂SO₄ and the self-acceleration of the process in concentrated aqueous solutions of dinitramide. The increase in the decomposition rate of nondissociated dinitramide compared to the decomposition rate of the N(NO₂)₂ ⁻ anion is explained by a decrease in the order of the N−NO₂ bond. The increase in the rate constant of the decomposition of the protonated form of dinitramide compared to the corresponding value for neutral molecules is due to the dehydration mechanism of the reaction. For Part 1, see Ref. 1. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 41–47, January, 1998.     

Mechanism of formation of 3-methyl derivatives of imidazo[2,1-<Emphasis Type="Italic">b</Emphasis>]thiazoles and their benzo analogs in the reactions of 2-mercaptoimidazole and 2-mercaptobenzimidazole with 1,3-dichloroacetone under phase-transfer catalysis conditions

The mechanism of the unexpected formation of 3-methyl derivatives of imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles in the system 2-mercaptoimidazole–1,3-dichloroacetone–solid K₂CO₃–solid KI–18-crown-6–toluene has been studied. The structure of 3-methyl[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole has been confirmed using X-ray structural analysis.     

On the protonated state of amidinium-like diaromatic derivatives: X-ray and UV studies

We present the crystal structures of the chloride salts of the mono-guanidinium 1 (–CH₂CH₂– linker) and the bis-isouronium 2 (–O– linker) that have been resolved by us indicating that these compounds are diprotonated in the solid state as informed by the counterions positions. To determine the pK _a values of these compounds as well as those of their analogues 3 (mono-2-aminoimidazolinium with a –CH₂CH₂– linker) and 4 (mono-guanidinium with a –O– linker), the corresponding UV–Vis titrations were carried out. Thus, in aqueous solution compounds 1, 3 and 4 were present as mono-cationic species while derivative 2 was a bis-cation.     

Thermal behavior of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide

The thermal decomposition behavior of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide was measured using a C-500 type Calvet microcalorimeter at four different temperatures under atmospheric pressure. The apparent activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the exothermic decomposition reaction are 165.57 kJ mol⁻¹ and 10^18.04 s⁻¹, respectively. The critical temperature of thermal explosion is 431.71 K. The entropy of activation (ΔS ^≠), enthalpy of activation (ΔH ^≠), and free energy of activation (ΔG ^≠) are 97.19 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹, 161.90 kJ mol⁻¹, and 118.98 kJ mol⁻¹, respectively. The self-accelerating decomposition temperature (T _SADT) is 422.28 K. The specific heat capacity of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide was determined with a micro-DSC method and a theoretical calculation method. Specific heat capacity (J g⁻¹ K⁻¹) equation is C _p = 0.252 + 3.131 × 10⁻³  T (283.1 K < T < 353.2 K). The molar heat capacity of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide is 264.52 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ at 298.15 K. The adiabatic time-to-explosion of 3,4,5-triamino-1,2,4-triazole dinitramide is calculated to be a certain value between 123.36 and 128.56 s.     

Increasing the sorption activity of carbon adsorbents by electron-beam processing and fullerene microadditives

The sorption capacity of activated carbon with respect to Cu²⁺ cations was found to be enhanced considerably upon its chemical modification with fullerenes and during its electron-beam processing. It was discovered that introducing fullerenes (20 μg/g) into activated carbon leads to a change in the chemical composition of its surface, due to changes in the system of conjugated bonds in activated carbon leading to an increase in the content of Br?nsted acid (pK _a 0–5) and weakly base (pK _a 8–11) sites capable of cation exchange on the material surface. We conclude that electron-beam processing (optimal dose, 25–50 kGy) facilitates the rearrangement of bonds on the surface of activated carbon, thereby increasing the number of Lewis base and Br?nsted acid sites capable of adsorbing metal ions in accordance with the donor-acceptor and cation-exchange mechanism, respectively.     

Thermal decomposition behaviors of β-cyclodextrin,its inclusion complexes of alkyl amines,and complexed β-cyclodextrin at different heating rates

The present work revealed there was a conceptual difference in the thermal decomposition behaviors between the complexed β-cyclodextrin (CD) in an inclusion system and the β-CD complex of guest. The thermal decomposition behaviors of the solid inclusion complexes of β-CD with ethylenediamine (Eda), diethylenetriamine (Dta) and triethylamine (Tea) were investigated using nonisothermal thermogravimetry (TG) analysis based on weight loss as a function of temperature. In view of TG profiles, a consecutive mechanism describing the formation and thermal decomposition of the three solid supermolecules of β-CD was presented. Heating rate has very different effects on the thermal decomposition behaviors of these complexes. The faster the heating rate is, the higher the melting-decomposition point of the complexed β-CD in an inclusion system is, and on the whole the bigger the rate constant (k) of the thermal decomposition reaction of the complexed β-CD is. The thermal decomposition process of the complexed β-CD for each inclusion system is determined to be simple first-order reaction using Ozawa method. The apparent activation energies (E _a) and frequency factors (A) of the thermal decomposition reactions of the complexed β-CD molecules have been also calculated. It is found that when the decomposition reaction of the complexed β-CD encountered a large value of E _a, such as that in Dta–β-CD system, an apparent compensation effect of A on E _a can provide enough energy to conquer the reaction barrier in prompting the k value of thermal decomposition reaction of the complexed β-CD according to Arrhenius equation.     

Dehydration of solids in different modes as a proof of their primary congruent dissociative vaporization

The main purpose of this paper is to prove the applicability of the mechanism of congruent dissociative vaporization (CDV) to the solid-state decomposition kinetics through the comparison of the fundamental theoretical relationship E_i/E_e=(a+b)/a resulted from this mechanism with experiment. It has been shown that the ratios of E_i and E_e parameters of the Arrhenius equation measured in the isobaric and equimolar modes (in the presence and absence of H₂O vapour) for 22 reactants with the general formula aSalt⋅bH₂O or aOxide⋅bH₂O are in agreement with the values of (a+b)/a. The relative standard deviation is only 17% and the correlation coefficient is close to 0.99. A probability of accidental correlation for all set of the E parameters taken from the literature is lower than 4⋅10^–16 . This strongly supports the validity of the CDV mechanism. The problem of stability of polyatomic molecules of inorganic salts in the gaseous state, which are the primary decomposition products of crystalline hydrates, was also discussed on the basis of recent mass spectroscopy studies. It was concluded that any doubts in the applicability of the CDV mechanism as a general mechanism of solid-state decomposition reactions are unsound.     

Acid-base properties of N-methyl-substituted 1,2-dihydroquinolines in the ground and excited states

Changes in the absorption and fluorescence spectra of 1,2,2,3-tetramethyl-(1), 1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-(2), 6-ethoxy-1,2,2,4-tetramethyl-(3), and 1,2,6-trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinolines (4) were studied in aqueous solution over a wide pH range from 1.0 to 12.0. The quantum yields of fluorescence and the values of pK _a of dihydroquinolines (DHQs) under study in the ground and excited states were determined, pK _a = 4.5, 3.8, 4.5, and 4.2 for the ground state of compounds 1–4, respectively, and pK _a ∼ 1.7 for the S ₁^* state for all DHQs.     

Laws of complex formation in a series of azo-substituted pyrocatechol derivatives and their tin(II) complexes

Physicochemical properties of new reagents, azo-substituted pyrocatechol derivatives and their tin(II) complexes, are studied. The acid-base properties of the hydroxy groups (pK′_i, pK″_i), parameters of complex formation reactions (pH, temperature, time), and instability constants of the complexes formed (pK _i) are determined. Quantitative correlations between the dissociation constants (pK′_a) of the functional analytical group, and the electronic Hammett constant σ for a substituent (pK′_a-pH₅₀ of the complex formation reaction), as well as between pK′_a and instability constants of the complexes (pK _a), are established. The quantitative correlations established allow the prediction of the physicochemical properties of the reagents and tin(II) complexes with new reagents of this class with the same functional analytical group (FAG) but other substituents.     

Oxygen nonstoichiometry and the thermodynamic and structural properties of double perovskites PrBaCo2 ? xCuxO5 + δ

The special features of the structure, electrophysical properties, and oxygen nonstoichiometry of new double perovskites PrBaCo_{2 − x} Cu _x O_{5 + δ} were studied. Within the homogeneity region with respect to copper 0 < x ≤ 1, solid solution samples had an orthorhombic structure (space group Pmmm) with the parameters a _p × 2a _p × 2a _p , where a _p ≈ 3.8 ?. The oxygen nonstoichiometry of PrBaCo_{2 − x} Cu _x O_{5 + δ} changes as the copper content increases approximately as δ ≈ 0.85 − x/2. The content of oxygen was measured by coulometric titration over wide temperature and oxygen pressure ranges. The partial thermodynamic functions of labile oxygen were calculated and the limits of the thermodynamic stability of the solid solution were established. Original Russian Text ? A.Yu. Suntsov, I.A. Leonidov, A.A. Markov, M.V. Patrakeev, Ya.N. Blinovskov, V.L. Kozhevnikov, 2009, published in Zhurnal Fizicheskoi Khimii, 2009, Vol. 83, No. 5, pp. 954–960.     

Effect of Buffer Species on the Complexation of Basic Drug Terfenadine with β-Cyclodextrin

The complexation of terfenadine (Terf) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) in solution and solid state has been investigated by phase solubility diagram (PSD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffractometry (PXD) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR). The PSD results indicated that the salt saturation with the buffer counter ion (citrate⁻², H₂PO₄⁻¹ and Cl⁻¹ ions) of Terf (pK _a = 9.5) and the hydrophobic effect play in tandem to increase the value of the complex formation constant (K₁₁) measured at different conditions of pH, ionic strength, buffer type and buffer concentration. The correlation of the free energy of complex formation (ΔG₁₁) with the free energy of inherent solubility of Terf (ΔG_So) obtained by changing the pH, ionic strength and buffer concentration was used to measure the contribution of the hydrophobic effect (desolvation) to complex formation. The hydrophobic effect was found to constitute 57.8% of the driving force for complex stability, while other factors including specific interactions contribute −13.4 kJ/mol. ¹H-NMR spectra of Terf–citrate and Terf–HCl salts gave identical chemical shift displacements (ΔΔ) upon complexation, thus indicating that the counter anions are positioned somewhere outside of the β-CD cavity. DSC, XRPD and ¹H-NMR proved the formation of solid Terf/acid/β-CD ternary complexes.     

Acid-base properties and nucleophilicity of o-aminomethylphenols in aqueous micellar solutions and microemulsions

The pK _a values and constants of tautomeric equilibrium of several o-aminomethylphenols with different hydrophilic-lipophilic ability were measured in aqueous micellar solutions and in direct microemulsions based on cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. The kinetics of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate at different pH and concentrations of aminomethylphenol and surfactant was studied. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 1724–1729, October, 2006     

Theoretical pKa calculations of proteins; the tyrosine and lysine residues of b-elicitin

Elicitins are small proteins that are secreted by plant pathogenic fungi. In this work we have used a computer program that utilizes the boundary element method for heterogeneous dielectrics with ionic strength to calculate the pK _a of all titrating groups in the 98-residue protein β-cryptogein. Our results are in reasonable agreement with the experimentally determined pK _a values for the Tyr residues in the protein. We find that the functionally important Lys13 residue has a normal pK _a of 10.3. Our work also shows that there is no direct correlation between the exposure of an amino acid sidechain and its pK _a. Received: 24 April 1998 / Accepted: 4 August 1998 / Published online: 11 November 1998     

Spectroscopic study of 2,3-Bis(p-methoxybenzoyl)cyclopentadiene as potential iron(III)-chelating agent

2,3-Bis(p-methoxybenzoyl)cyclopentadiene was studied as iron(III)-chelating agent. Its pK _a value was determined by spectrophotometry (pK _a = 8.27 ± 0.02 at 25 ± 0.1°C; λ = 421 nm). 2,3-Bis(p-methoxybenzoyl)cyclopentadiene reacts with Fe³⁺ ions in aqueous ethanol (1:1, by volume) to give a 2:1 ligandmetal complex. The effects of different factors on the complex formation were studied. The reaction of 2,3-bis(p-methoxybenzoyl)cyclopentadiene with Fe³⁺ ions can be used as an alternative method for spectrophotometric determination of iron(III) in a range of concentrations from 0.1 to 1 μg cm⁻³, where the Beer law is fulfilled with a correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The results of spectrophotometric determination of iron(III) in geological materials (iron rock) showed very good agreement with those obtained by the atomic absorption measurements. Published in Russian in Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii, 2006, Vol. 76, No. 5, pp. 790–793. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

(E)-2-Benzylidenebenzocyclanones, part VIII: spectrophotometric determination of pKa values of some natural and synthetic chalcones and their cyclic analogues

Abstract  

UV–Vis spectrophotometry was used to determine acid dissociation constant (pK _a) values of the natural flavonoids phloretin, phlorizin, naringenin, and naringin, as well as 4′-hydroxychalcone, 4′-(dimethylamino)chalcone, and their cyclic analogues. Comparison of the results with those previously reported for the natural flavonoids showed the applied method is a relatively straightforward and easy-to-perform technique for the determination of pK _a values of compounds with relatively low solubility. Comparative analysis of the pK _a values of the synthetic chalcones showed a strong correlation between the degree of conjugation and the acid strength of the respective compounds with different geometry. Our results provide further evidence that modification of the three-dimensional structure of open-chain bioactive compounds is the method of choice to modify not only their stereochemistry but also their physicochemical properties.     

Synthesis, structure, and properties of [RuNO(NH3)4OH][PtCl4] and [RuNO(NH3)4OH][PdCl4]

Double complex [RuNO(NH₃)₄OH][PtCl₄] (I) and [RuNO(NH₃)₄OH][PdCl₄] (II) salts have been prepared and explored with TGA, IR spectroscopy, powder and single crystals X-ray diffraction. Crystal phases of I and II are isostructural (space group Cmc2₁) and have the following crystal chemical characteristics: a = 8.106 Å, b = 18.190(3) Å, c = 8.097 Å, V = 1194.0 ų, Z = 4, ρ_calc = 3.077 g/cm³ (I), and a = 8.116 Å, b = 18.135 Å, c = 8.062 Å, V = 1186.5 ų, Z = 4, ρ_calc = 2.600 g/cm³ (II). The product of thermal decomposition of I in inert and hydrogen atmospheres is a substitution solid solution Pt_0.5Ru_0.5 with the parameter of the FCC unit cell a = 3.856(3) Å. Thermolysis of II affords two-phase mixtures of limited solid solutions of the metals featuring Ru-based HCP and Pd-based FCC cells. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Strukturnoi Khimii, Vol. 48, No.1, pp.114–121, January–February, 2007.