Evaluation of photoinduced changes in stability constants for metal-ion complexes of crowned spirobenzopyran derivatives by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The photoinduced changes of metal-ion complexing ability of crowned spirobenzopyran derivatives were studied by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Stability constants for the complexation with various metal ions in methanol under visible-irradiation conditions were determined for the first time by ESI-MS. It was found that the stability constants of crowned bis(spirobenzopyran) derivatives with metal ions are decreased dramatically by visible irradiation due to the disappearance of powerful ionic interaction between phenolate anion(s) of the merocyanine form of their spirobenzopyran moiety and a metal ion bound to their crown ether moiety, and the decrease in the stability constants is more pronounced for the multivalent metal-ion complexes. A theoretical consideration was also made to attain reliable values of stability complexes for metal-ion complexes of crown compounds.     

Synthesis and photochromism of spirobenzopyran derivatives bearing an oxymethylcrown ether moiety: metal ion-induced switching between positive and negative photochromisms

Spirobenzopyran derivatives carrying an oxymethylcrown ether moiety were synthesized, and their photochromism was studied in the presence of various metal ions in acetonitrile. The metal ion complexing ability of the crown ether moiety in crowned spirobenzopyrans affects both thermal isomerization and photoisomerization of their spirobenzopyran moiety to a great extent. When the interaction of the crown ether moiety with a metal ion was strong enough to cause thermal isomerization of the spirobenzopyran moiety to its corresponding merocyanine form and to suppress UV-induced isomerization to the merocyanine form, a negative photochromism appears. On the other hand, a relatively weak interaction of the crown ether moiety with a metal ion affords a positive photochromism. This phenomenon enables us to switch the photochromic behavior between positive and negative photochromisms.     

冠醚聚合物的研究 Ⅱ.以聚硫醚为主链的硫杂冠醚聚合物的合成及其络合性能

本文报道了一种合成硫杂冠醚聚合物的新方法。以聚(2′-氯乙基-2,3-环硫丙基醚)为预聚物与二巯基化合物通过大分子反应直接环化,一步法合成了四种以聚硫醚为主链的新型硫杂冠醚聚合物(PD1-PD4)。并测定了它们对Ag~+、Au~(3+)、Pd~(2+)、Pt~(4+)、Cu~(2+)、Hg~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Ns~+等金属离子的络合性能。结果表明:它们除不络合K~+、Na~+、Mg~(2+)、Pb~(2+)外,对其它八种离子有不同程度的络合,其中对Ag~+、Au~(3+)、Pd~(2+)等贵金属离子的络合容量较高。     

Synthesis and Photochromism of Crowned Spirobenzothiapyran: Facilitated Photoisomerization by Cooperative Complexation of Crown Ether and Thiophenolate Moieties with Metal Ions

Spirobenzothiapyrans bearing monoaza-12-crown-4, -15-crown-5, -18-crown-6, and oligooxyethylene moieties were synthesized, and their photochromism was examined in the presence of cations in acetonitrile. The cation complexation by their crown ether moieties cannot induce thermal isomerization to their corresponding colored merocyanine form, unlike the corresponding spirobenzopyran derivatives. The UV-light-induced isomerization was, however, facilitated by the cation complexation of the crown ether moieties and the affinity of the merocyanine thiophenolate anion to metal ions, especially in the presence of Li(+) and Ag(+). The presence of Ag(+) brought about the most remarkable effect in the facilitation of photoisomerization of the spirobenzothiapyrans and the thermal stability of the colored merocyanine form mainly due to the powerful interaction of the thiophenolate anion with the soft metal ion.     

氮杂冠醚接枝壳聚糖的合成及其对金属离子的吸附性能

本文利用壳聚糖Ｃ２位上活泼的氨基先与苯醛反应制备成保护氨基的Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱壳聚糖,再将含环氧基的氮杂冠醚接枝到壳聚糖的Ｃ６位上,制得含Ｓｃｈｉｆｆ碱的氮杂冠醚壳聚糖,随后使其在一定条件下脱去苯甲醛,合成了一种含氮杂冠醚功能基的新型壳聚糖衍生物,研究了其重金属离子Ｐｂ＾２＋,Ｃｕ＾２＋、Ｃｒ＾３＋、Ｃｄ＾２＋的静态吸附性能。结果表明,该吸附剂对重金属离子具有较强的吸附能力,在Ｐｈ＾２＋、Ｃｕ＾２＋、     

两种臂式荧光氮杂冠醚化学传感器

合成了萘基臂式苯并氮杂15-冠-5 (3)和5-氯喹啉基臂式苯并氮杂15-冠-5 (4)两种荧光化学传感器, 由元素分析、NMR等进行了结构表征|在乙醇溶剂中采用紫外光谱和荧光光谱法分别研究了冠醚3和4对金属离子K^＋, Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, Pb^2＋, Co^2＋, Ni^2＋, Mn^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋, Cd^2＋和Hg^2＋的选择性传感性能. 结果表明, 冠醚3仅对Cu^2＋离子有显著的传感作用, 是一种典型的辐射能量转移过程. 冠醚4对Ni^2＋, Co^2＋, Cu^2＋和Mn^2＋离子有特殊的敏感性, 金属离子浓度逐渐增大使冠醚4产生先增强后猝灭的荧光现象, 荧光增强归因于阻断了从冠环氮原子到喹啉荧光体的弱光诱导电子转移(PET)过程, 而选择性猝灭源于冠醚环与喹啉基团对金属离子协同螯合的机制. 冠醚3和4的构性关系表明, 发光体基团对传感器的选择性能够产生重要的影响.     

Solvent Extraction of Alkali Metal Picrates by Lipophilic Cyclodextrin Derivatives

Lipophilic cyclodextrin (CD) derivatives were prepared to extract alkali metal cations from a water phase into an organic phase. The extraction equilibrium constant, K ex, was determined by the solvent extraction method using UV absorption spectroscopy. Hydroxyl groups at the carbons in the 2,6-positions of CD molecules were dipropylated to add the hydrophobicity for dissolving into organic solvents, and furthermore hydroxyl groups at the carbons in the 3-position of these derivatives were acylated as complexing sites with the alkali metal cations. These CD derivatives formed a 1 : 1 complex with alkali metal cations, except for the case of Li+, and transported the alkali metal cations from a water phase into a benzene phase. The initial concentrations of alkali metal cation and picrate anion in the water phase and that of the CD derivatives in the organic phase strongly influenced the extraction equilibrium. Extraction of the alkali metal cation by the derivative without acyl groups was not detected. K ex values of these CD derivatives are of the same order of magnitude as or larger than those of crown ethers. The order of the K ex values in all cases is Li+ < Na+ < K+ Rb+ Cs+, although these CD derivatives have no special selectivity for the alkali metal cations. The cation extraction mechanism was interpreted by an induced-fit mechanism.     

Crowned dendron: ion-responsive flexibility of macromolecules induced by integrated crown ether moieties

Polybenzyl ether type dendrons bearing the crown ether moieties at the periphery, namely, crowned dendrons were synthesized, and the effect of complex formation on their flexibility with metal-ion binding properties was examined. Upon addition of Na⁺, ¹H NMR spectra of the crowned dendrons in CD₃CN were significantly broadened, reflecting the flexibility restriction of the crowned dendrons by the complex formation with Na⁺. Such a significant flexibility restriction was observed only with Na⁺, although ESI-MS studies revealed that the crowned dendrons formed 1:2 complexes (a metal ion:the crown ether moiety) regardless of the kind of metal ions. The flexibility restriction became significant with increasing dendron generation on the basis of ¹H NMR spectra and spin-lattice relaxation time (T₁) measurements. Binding constants of the crowned dendrons with metal ions in CD₃CN decreased with the increase of the dendron generation, reflecting an influence of the charge repulsion as well as a dendrimer effect to cause the steric hindrance. The examination of UV-vis absorption spectra for complexes of the crowned dendron with metal picrates in THF displayed the formation of a loose ion-pair complex with Na⁺, namely, a typical sandwich type complex. However, in CH₃CN, all metal picrates were solvated to be in a loose ion-pair even without complex formation. These results suggested that the control of macromolecular flexibility with metal ions is feasible by the integration of crown ether moieties with a dendritic structure.     

A PCT-based, pyrene-armed calix[4]crown fluoroionophore

A photoinduced charge transfer (PCT)-based 1,3-alternate calix[4]crown fluoroionophore containing two cation recognition sites, a crown ether ring and two facing pyreneamide groups, is synthesized. Upon addition of K+, Pb2+, or Cu2+, wavelength changes are observed in both the fluorescence and absorption spectra, but with different binding modes. With K+, fluorescence emissions of the ligand scarcely change, while addition of Pb2+ or Cu2+ produces a remarkable change in both the excimer and monomer emissions. The observed data indicate that the metal cation is encapsulated in the crown-5 ring for K+ and by the two facing amide groups in the latter case, which is verified by a metal ion exchange experiment. The wavelength shifts in both fluorescence and absorption spectra upon addition of Cu2+ show that, in contrast to Pb2+, Cu2+ interacts with the nitrogen atoms of the amide groups, resulting in a PCT mechanism.     

Displacement of Cu(II) by Ag(I) in solvated metal sulfides. A DFT and AIM computational study

The substitution of Cu2+ by Ag+ in hydrated CuIIS and (CuII)3S3 was modeled computationally by density functional theory quantum theory of atoms in molecules, and solvent field methods. The coordination, first-shell and partly second-shell molecular structures, and thermochemical data for solvated Cu2+, Ag+, CuIIS, (CuII)3S3, AgCu2S3 and their reactions were obtained. The thermochemical data showed that displacement of Cu2+ and Cu+ from CuIIS and (CuII)3S3 by Ag+, while unfavorable in the gas phase, is facilitated in an aqueous environment. Several covalently bonded species were examined as intermediates in the substitution reactions.     

聚合物假冠醚研究 (II)新型聚合物的合成、吸附特性与绿色应用

合成了两种假冠醚型聚合物。研究了聚合物对金属离子的静态吸附性能。结果表明,聚合物对Ag+,Pb2+,Hg2+ 表现出良好的吸附特性,且聚合物B的吸附能力优于聚合物A。吸附实验表明,除冠醚氧原子参与配位外,-CH2OH的氧原子亦参与了配位。聚合物B对Ag+的吸附过程中存在着明显的氧化还原现象,Ag+ 被还原为Ago,而聚合物分子中的 -CH2OH被氧化成为 -COOH。已初步将研究成果应用于本化学实验室的绿色化建设中。     

冠醚共缩聚物的合成与性能

双冠醚化合物对某些金属离子比单冠醚具有更好的络合性能和选择性,它们合成、应用研究越来越受到人们的重视,本工作采用2,6-二羟甲基对甲氧基苯酚为缩合剂与芳香族冠醚缩聚,得到一系列具有双冠醚结构特征的新酚醛型聚苯并冠醚(简称聚冠醚),聚冠醚合成容易,并呈现了比相应单冠醚更优越的络合萃取能力和富集效率。     

开链冠醚Schiff碱配体与过渡金属离子相互作用研究

合成了开链冠醚Schiff碱配体H₂L(H₂L=N,N′-双(邻羟苯亚甲基)-3,6-二氧杂-1,8-二氨基辛烷).详细研究了该配体在不同溶剂中和过渡金属离子存在下的荧光光谱,探讨了溶剂极性和不同金属离子对其荧光光谱的影响.结果表明:溶剂的极性和金属离子对其荧光性质有较大影响,随着溶剂极性的减小,配体的荧光增强,且谱峰发生蓝移.金属离子Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺对配体具有荧光增敏作用,Ni²⁺、Cu²⁺具有荧光猝灭作用.探讨了配体与金属离子结合的pH范围,结果显示最佳pH值为7—8.     

Density functional theory and QT atoms-in-molecules study on the hydration of CuI and AgI ions and sulfides

The hydrates of Cu+, Ag+, CuS-, AgS-, Cu2S, and Ag2S were investigated with density functional theory (DFT), solvent field, and atoms-in-molecules (QTAIM) calculations. We found that covalent bonding of the first-shell water molecules to the metals plays a significant role in the total solvation energy. Molecular graphs were obtained and the bonding characterized by analysis of the electron density and its laplacian at bond critical points. Long-range electrostatic interactions between solute and the bulk solvent, quantified by solvent-field calculations, are more important for hydrated anions CuS- and AgS- than for Cu+ and Ag+ as well as for the neutral species Cu2S and Ag2S. Computed enthalpies of formation for hydrated Cu+ and Ag+ correlated well with experimentally determined values and allowed us to characterize the structures of several hydrates studied in the gas phase. We found that the stability of the hydrates is leveled in the water solvent field. The reactions of dissociation and substitution of metal sulfides in the gas phase and in solution were compared. A decrease in the of energy of the reactions in going from the gas phase to solution is explained on the basis of the higher coordination of metal atoms in the first hydration shell.     

Co-extraction of lanthanoid(III) with various metal ions in the chelate extraction system with acetylacetone.

The co-extraction phenomenon was found in a typical chelate extraction system, in which the extraction of lanthanoid ion (Ln3+) with acetylacetone (Hacac) was highly enhanced by various metal ions (M(n+)) such as Cu2+, Al3+, and Zr4+. This phenomenon was ascribed to the formation of the 1:1 adduct between Ln(acac)3 and the M(acac),, extracted into the organic phase. The co-extraction occurred more readily for La3+ than that for Lu3+, and increased in the order of Cu2+ < Al3+ < Zr4+. This work elucidated that the co-extraction due to the adduct formation is a rather common phenomenon in the chelate extraction.     

含噁二唑大环冠醚的合成、 结构及金属离子识别性能

合成了含有1,3,4-噁二唑基团的大环冠醚: 2,3,11,12-二苯并-4,7,10,16-四氧-14,15-二氮杂双环[11.2.1]-十六烷-13,15-二烯(2)、 2,3,14,15-二苯并-4,7,10,13,19-五氧-17,18-二氮杂双环[14.2.1]-十九烷-16,18-二烯(3)和2,3,17,18-二苯并-4,7,10,13,16,22-六氧-20,21-二氮杂双环[17.2.1]-二十二烷-19,21-二烯(4), 并培养得到其单晶; 通过核磁共振波谱、 高分辨质谱及X射线单晶衍射对其结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 冠醚2属正交晶系, Pna2₁空间群; 冠醚3属于单斜晶系, C2/c空间群; 冠醚4属正交晶系, Pbca空间群. 在3个主体化合物中均存在分子间氢键和π-π相互作用将分子连接成三维空间结构. 采用荧光光谱测定了开链冠醚2,5-二[2-(2-甲氧乙氧基)苯基]-1,3,4-噁二唑(1)和不同环空腔大小的噁二唑冠醚(2~4)对金属离子Li ⁺, Na ⁺, K ⁺, Rb ⁺, Mg ²⁺和Ca ²⁺的键合行为. 研究结果表明, 开链冠醚1和冠醚4对碱土金属Mg ²⁺和Ca ²⁺表现出荧光猝灭行为, 且对Ca ²⁺表现出良好的键合能力和选择性; 而冠醚2对Na ⁺和K ⁺表现出良好的键合能力, 但其Na ⁺/K ⁺的选择性较差.     

Synthesis and characterisation of helical beta-peptide architectures that contain (S)-beta3-HDOPA(Crown Ether) derivatives

A new set of beta-amino acids that carry various crown ether receptors on their side chains of the general formula (S)-beta(3)-HDOPA(crown ether) (HDOPA: homo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; (crown ether): [15]crown-5 ([15-C-5]), [18]crown-6 ([18-C-6]), [21]crown-7 ([21-C-7]), 1,2-Benzo-[24]crown-8 ([Benzo-24-C-8]) and (R)-Binol-[20]crown-6 ([(R)-Binol-20-C-6])) was prepared. Peptides that are based on these new crowned beta-amino acids combined with (1S,2S)-ACHC (2-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid), which is known to be a potent 3(14)-helix inducer, to the hexamer level, with two crowned residues at the i and i+3 positions of the main-chain, were synthesized in solution by stepwise coupling using Boc-N(alpha)-protection (Boc: tert-butoxycarbonyl) and the EDC/HOAt C-activation method. Their conformational analysis was performed by using FTIR absorption, NMR and CD spectroscopy techniques. Our results are in full agreement with a 3(14)-helix conformation.     

Resorcarene-based receptor: versatile behavior in its interaction with heavy and soft metal cations

Standard solution Gibbs energies, DeltasG degrees, of the resorcarene-based receptor 5,11,17,23-ethylthiomethylated calix[4]resorcarene, (characterized by 1H NMR and X-ray diffraction studies) in its monomeric state (established through partition experiments) in various solvents are for the first time reported in the area of resorcarene chemistry. Transfer Gibbs energies of from hexane (reference solvent) to other medium are calculated. Agreement between DeltatG degrees (referred to the pure solvents) and standard partition Gibbs energies, DeltapG degrees (solvent mutually saturated) is found. Cation-ligand interactions were investigated through 1H NMR (CD3CN and CD3OD) and conductometric titrations in acetonitrile and methanol. 1H NMR data revealed the sites of interaction of with the metal cation. The composition of the metal-ion complexes (Ag+ and Pb2+ in acetonitrile and Ag+ and Cu2+ in methanol) was established through conductometric titrations. Thus, complexes of 1:1 stoichiometry were formed between and Ag+ and Pb2+ in acetonitrile and Cu2+ in methanol. However, in moving from acetonitrile to methanol, the composition of the silver complex was altered. Thus, two metal cations are hosted by a unit of the ligand. As far as Cu2+ and in acetonitrile is concerned, conductance data suggest that metalates are formed in which up to four units of Cu2+ are taken up per unit of resorcarene. The contrasting behavior of with Cu2+ in acetonitrile relative to methanol is discussed. As far as mercury (II) is concerned, the unusual jump in conductance observed in the titration of Hg2+ with in acetonitrile and methanol after the formation of a multicharged complex (undefined composition) is attributed to the presence of highly charged smaller units (higher mobility) resulting from the departure of pendant arms from the resorcarene backbone. Isolation of these species followed by X-ray diffraction studies corroborated this statement. The thermodynamic characterization of metal-ion complexes of Ag+ and Pb2+ in acetonitrile and Cu2+ and Ag+ in methanol is reported. Final conclusions are given.     

1^H、7^Li、23^Na、133^Cs NMR研究含氮大环醚双内酯和大环胺双内酰胺的配合性能

本文报道1^H、7^Li、23^Na、133^Cs NMR测定N, N'-二羧甲基大环醚双内酯(1-4)和大环胺双内酰胺(5), N-对甲苯磺酰基大环醚双内酯(6, 7), 4'-丹磺酰氨基苯并-18-冠-6(8)与Li^+、Na^+、K^+、Cs^+、Cd^2+和Pb^2+金属离子的配位作用, 并以非线性最小二乘法拟合计算了配合物的形成常数; 同时, 发展了一种用133^Cs NMR测量冠醚和碘离子竞争配合Cs^+的配合物形成常数的新技术。     

大孔型腐植酸树脂的合成及其对重金属离子的螯合性

交联的聚苯乙烯(PS)通过偶氮键—N=N—或酯、醚键与腐植酸(HA)相连接枝得珠状大孔型腐植酸树脂(HAR)。当HA/PSNH_2的重量比为0.7—1.0,PSN_2~+Cl~-偶联PH13时制得的偶氮型腐植酸树脂(AHAR)对重金属离子有优良的吸附性。延长PSCH_2Cl与HA的反应时间可提高酯醚型腐植酸树脂(EHAR)对Cu~(2+)的吸附量。红外光谱探讨了HAR的结构。AHAR的吸附容量为1.01mmol~(2+)Cd/g树脂,对Ni~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Co~(3+)、Zn~(2+)为0.6—0.53mmol离子/g树脂。重金属离子在AHAR上的分配系数为 Cu~(2+)(8.7×10~3)>Cd~(2+)(3.8×10~2)>Zn~(2+)(2.4×10~2)>Ni~(2+)(1.8×10~2)>Mn~(2+)(4.9×10)。 pH6.5时AHAR能定量吸附Cu~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Ni~(2+)、Mn~(2+),并能用INHNO_3定量洗脱。AHAR可再生,重复使用,分析了四种天然水、自来水中痕量上述金属离子的浓度。