三元复合驱碱/表面活性剂/聚合物模拟原油乳状液稳定动力学特性

基于两相分离的乳状液稳定模型,研究了三元复合驱模拟原油乳状液稳定动力学特性;通过液膜强度和油水界面张力探讨了碱/表面活性剂/聚合物对模拟原油乳状液稳定动力学特性的影响机理。 结果表明,乳状液稳定模型可以很好的评价乳状液的稳定性,并得到乳状液的稳定动力学特性;碱浓度小于900 mg/L有利于乳状液的稳定,碱浓度大于900 mg/L不利于乳状液的稳定;表面活性剂和聚合物浓度的增加使得形成的模拟原油乳状液更加稳定;模拟原油乳状液的稳定作用主要是通过碱、表面活性剂降低油水界面张力并增加油水界面膜强度,聚合物通过提高界面膜强度实现的,三者存在协同效应。     

聚表剂驱模拟采出液油水界面性能研究

通过考察聚表剂对大庆油田聚表剂驱模拟采出液油水界面张力、油水界面扩散双电层zeta电位、界面粘弹性以及界面膜强度的影响,研究聚表剂对聚表剂驱模拟采出液油水界面性能的影响规律。结果表明:具有表面活性剂和聚合物双重性能的聚表剂利用其两亲性质在油水界面吸附,形成稳定的界面膜,使油水界面张力降低,界面膜强度增加;且随聚表剂浓度增加,油水界面张力降低,界面膜强度增加。在所研究的四种聚表剂类型中,海博Ⅲ(O/W)型聚表剂改善油水界面性能的效果较为突出。     

白油乳状液稳定性实验研究与机理分析

乳状液的微观特征影响着油包水乳状液的稳定性，从而影响油基钻井液的稳定性能。室内选用3^#白油、26%CaCl₂水溶液、JH主辅乳化剂，采用超声分散乳化方法，配制得到油包水型白油乳状液。采用显微图像技术，研究了JH主辅乳化剂加量、油水比、有机土对白油乳状液微观特性的影响；以油水界面张力、动态界面张力以及界面扩张粘弹性等为参数分析了乳状液稳定性的机理。结果表明：JH主辅乳化剂配比为4∶1,加量为4%,油水比为80∶20时，白油乳状液中的分散相呈球形液珠，直径为3.31～12.93μm;油水界面张力为0.559 mN·m^-1;JH主辅乳化剂形成的油水界面膜强度大，白油乳状液稳定性好；有机土与JH主辅乳化剂的协同作用使白油乳状液和油基钻井液的稳定性能显著提高。     

表面活性剂对驱油聚合物界面剪切流变性质的影响

利用双锥法研究了表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)对油田现场用部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(PHPAM)和疏水改性聚丙烯酰胺(HMPAM)溶液的界面剪切流变性质的影响,实验结果表明:HMPAM分子通过疏水作用形成界面网络结构,界面剪切复合模量明显高于PHPAM.SDBS和CTAB通过疏水相互作用与HMPAM分子中的疏水嵌段形成聚集体,破坏界面网络结构,剪切模量随表面活性剂浓度增大明显降低.同时,界面膜从粘性膜向弹性膜转变.低SDBS浓度时,少量SDBS分子与PHPAM形成混合吸附膜,界面膜强度略有升高;SDBS浓度较高时,界面层中PHPAM分子被顶替,吸附膜强度开始减弱.阳离子表面活性剂CTAB通过静电相互作用中和PHPAM分子的负电性,造成聚合物链的部分卷曲,从而降低界面膜强度.弛豫实验结果证实了表面活性剂破坏HMPAM网络结构的机理.     

阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系对原油的乳化及增粘行为

利用阴阳离子表面活性剂复配技术,实现了高含水量原油体系的乳化及增粘.通过调整表面活性剂分子结构,解决了阴阳离子表面活性剂复配体系在油田模拟水中的溶解度问题.确定了相关体系高含水量油包水(W/O)乳状液的表面活性剂浓度,研究了可以产生高含水量油包水乳状液的油水混合体积比范围,并研究了温度、pH值、油水混合比例和离子强度对乳化及增粘作用的影响.获得了一系列具有优良乳化效果和乳状液稳定性的体系,其中部分体系粘度可增大80倍.这对于三次采油提高采收率有重要意义.     

阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系对原油的乳化及增粘行为

利用阴阳离子表面活性剂复配技术,实现了高含水量原油体系的乳化及增粘. 通过调整表面活性剂分子结构,解决了阴阳离子表面活性剂复配体系在油田模拟水中的溶解度问题. 确定了相关体系高含水量油包水（W/O）乳状液的表面活性剂浓度,研究了可以产生高含水量油包水乳状液的油水混合体积比范围,并研究了温度、pH值、油水混合比例和离子强度对乳化及增粘作用的影响. 获得了一系列具有优良乳化效果和乳状液稳定性的体系,其中部分体系粘度可增大80倍. 这对于三次采油提高采收率有重要意义.     

Brij类表面活性剂与Laponite纳米颗粒的相互作用及其稳定乳液的研究

通过表面张力、Zeta电位和流变学参数的测定, 研究了聚氧乙烯烷基醚类非离子型表面活性剂(Brij 30和Brij 35)在合成锂皂石(Laponite)纳米颗粒表面的吸附及对Laponite水分散体系中颗粒间相互作用和体系粘度的影响. 结果表明, 这类表面活性剂能显著地吸附在Laponite颗粒表面上, 且吸附量随其分子中POE链长短而不同. 这种吸附没有改变Laponite粒子的带电性质, 但一定程度地降低了Laponite颗粒Zeta电位; 吸附也会减弱颗粒间的相互作用, 降低体系的粘度. 实验以Laponite和Brij为乳化剂, 制备了O/W型乳状液. 乳液稳定性变化和乳液粒径分布结果表明, 体系中Brij的浓度较低时, 乳液的性质主要是由Laponite颗粒决定的; 而Brij浓度较高时, 则主要取决于Brij表面活性剂. 高速剪切含Brij的Laponite水分散体系, 剪切后表面张力随时间的变化表明, 剪切作用会使得吸附在Laponite颗粒表面的Brij分子不同程度地解吸下来. 这也意味着乳液制备时, 高速剪切作用也会造成Brij分子自Laponite颗粒表面的脱附, 这可能是非离子表面活性剂与阳离子表面活性剂对负电固体颗粒稳定乳液影响不同的原因.     

固体粒子稳定的乳状液研究进展

综述了固体粒子对乳状液稳定性影响的有关研究进展。微细不溶的固体粒子构成重要的一类乳化剂,被水相和油相部分润湿的固体粒子能够有效地稳定乳状液。固体粒子稳定乳状液的效果取决于以下因素:粒子大小、粒子间相互作用和粒子的润湿性质。固体粒子存在的油-水界面表现出粘弹行为,这种粘弹界面膜可大大地提高空间位阻,减缓乳状液液珠间液膜变薄的速率,从而提高乳状液地稳定性。原油中的粘土、胶质、沥青质和石蜡等胶体粒子被证明对乳状液的稳定性起很大的作用。     

环烷酸对油水界面膜流变性质的影响研究

研究了环烷酸对油水界面膜界面张力、弹性模量、损耗模量以及界面膜破裂速率常数的影响,同时对环烷酸与沥青质之间的相互作用进行了测定。结果表明,环烷酸使得原油油水界面张力下降;弹性模量随着环烷酸加量以及振荡频率的增加都分别逐渐增大,并且最终都趋于平衡;在任何振荡频率值时,损耗模量都随着环烷酸加量先增大后减小;当环烷酸加量增加时,界面膜破裂速率常数降低。环烷酸与沥青质之间存在相互作用,随着环烷酸加量的增加,其对沥青质界面膜弹性模量的影响与对原油界面膜弹性模量的影响相似,表明环烷酸主要是通过与沥青质相互作用而促进乳状液稳定性的。     

疏水缔合聚合物稳定乳状液的研究*

本文综述了近年来疏水缔合聚合物稳定乳状液的研究进展。论述了疏水缔合聚合物水溶液的性质,由于其较复杂的分子结构以及其分子主链上疏水基团的缔合作用,使其水溶液增稠的能力比小分子表面活性剂的增稠能力强的多。另外,对疏水缔合聚合物单独稳定乳状液的研究现状进行了介绍,其稳定乳状液的机理与小分子表面活性剂不同。同时讨论了疏水缔合聚合物与表面活性剂的相互作用,此类聚合物可与小分子表面活性剂通过静电和疏水缔合发生强烈的相互作用形成复合体系,并评述了其复配体系稳定乳状液的情况。最后总结了疏水缔合聚合物稳定乳状液的机理。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。