引力波探测的现状和意义

 引力波是广义相对论的一个理论预言。1916年爱因斯坦创立广义相对论,揭示了一个全新的时空观念:时间和空间并非绝对和独立地存在,它们是相互联系的,由物质分布和运动所决定的属性。在时空中运动的物质,其轨迹由时空曲率决定。这种时空结构的几何化概念,对引力的本质提出全新的解释,是一种新的引力理论。一、引力波是变化着的4维时空曲率的传播物质的引力场是一种无需介质的广延场,与电磁场相类比:电荷的加速运动能辐射电磁波,那么,理论上物质的运动也辐射引力波。爱因斯坦在引力场方程的弱场近似解中得到平面引力波辐射的结论。近代其他引力理论也得出存在引力波的预言。     

用圈量子引力解除Schwarichild-de Sitter黑洞的时空奇点

通过引入圈量子引力中holonomy基本变量的类比变量和采用相应的量子化方法,对Schwarichild-de Sitter黑洞中心附近的引力场进行量子化.分析和计算了黑洞中心附近的1r和曲率标量的谱分布,得到了它们均存在有限上界的结果.通过求解经典时空奇点r=0附近的量子哈密顿约束方程,给出了黑洞波函数在黑洞中心附近的时间演化行为,得到了该波函数可以通过经典奇点进行量子演化的结果.     

等效原理与双生子问题

爱因斯坦等效原理是广义相对论的基石,引力场的钟慢效应和引力红移效应是等效原理的两个基本推论;双生子问题属于狭义相对论的范畴.等效原理与双生子问题间的联系在相对论的教学中常被忽视.文章基于爱因斯坦等效原理,将匀加速系统与一个均匀引力场等效起来,详细地推导出引力场的钟慢效应,并证明了与之本质相同的引力红移效应;最后根据等效原理的这些基本推论在广义相对论框架下讨论了双生子问题,并用一个清晰的物理图像给出了双生子问题的广义相对论解释.     

黑洞的“解剖学”

 1915年,36岁的爱因斯坦创立了广义相对论.我们不妨说,这种关于时空与引力的崭新理论的精髓乃是:物质告诉其周围的时空如何弯曲;弯曲的时空则告诉其中的物质如何运动.这两句话的前一句说的是:在离任何质量(即引力源)都极其遥远的地方,时空是平坦的;但当你趋近一个大质量的物体(即强引力源)时,你就会发现那里的时空曲率在逐渐增大,引力场越强,时空的弯曲也越显著.第二句话说的是:在弯曲的时空中,物体总是沿着有可能遵循的各种路径中的最短者运行,犹如在平坦时空中物体永远沿直线行进一般.     

引力波的昨天、今天和明天

正一、引力波的历史1.引力波的理论预言及其特性赫维赛德基于引力和电磁力都是平方反比力以及电磁波的物理特性早在1893年就提出了引力波的概念。庞加莱于1905年进一步指出了引力波以光速传播。1915年年底爱因斯坦给出了引力场所满足的相对论场方程—爱因斯坦场方程,并且于1916年对爱因斯坦场方程在平直时空背景下做线性近似,推导出了引力波所满足的波动方程及引力辐射的四极矩公式,     

量子引力和弦论在中国

直到20世纪60年代,爱因斯坦的广义相对论一直是理论物理中理论色彩最浓的一个分支,那时广义相对论的主要实验验证是水星近日点进动、太阳引力场中的光线弯曲、引力红移。直到宇宙学和涉及强引力场的一些天体物理问题成为实验观测对象后,广义相对论才成为和其他物理理论（如粒子物理）类似的学科。与此同时,人们开始尝试将引力和量子力学结合起来,这就是著名的量子引力或引力量子化问题。     

利用快速射电暴检验爱因斯坦等效原理

正刚刚过去的2015年距离爱因斯坦1915年广义相对论的发表正好过去了100年,魏俊杰等人利用快速射电暴不同频率光子到达地球的时间差,给出了迄今为止对于爱因斯坦等效原理的最精确检验1。下面,我们将向大家详细地介绍这个工作。1.什么是爱因斯坦等效原理等效原理是广义相对论和其他许多引力理论的基本原理之一,据说是令爱因斯坦"最开心的灵感"。等效原理又分为强形式与弱形式,弱形式的直接表述     

引力场的二分量理论和验证广义相对论的新实验

美国斯坦福大学以W.Fairbank为首的研究组,正在考虑验证广义相对论的极为精密的新实验. 从1915年爱因斯坦发表广义相对论以来,通过水星近日点的移动,光线在引力场中的折射及光谱线的红移等现象的观测,验证了广义相对论的正确性.但是,上述新实验是以最近提出的引力场二分量理论来验证广义相对论的一种新尝试. 众所周知,电磁场中有电场和磁场.与此相似,可认为引力场也由两个分量所构成.由于牛顿势和库仑势在形式上是相同的,因而牛顿势对应于电场势.根据牛顿引力理论,不存在对应于磁场的分量.而按上述理论,在广义相对论所讨论的引力场中必然存…     

广义相对论及其实验证明

 爱因斯坦1905年提出的狭义相对论(平直时空理论)用狭义相对性原理代替伽利略相对性原理,即所有动力学方程式都要在洛伦兹坐标变换下保持形式不变。     

爱因斯坦与黎曼几何

1907年爱因斯坦发现等效原理后,由于一时还找不到建立理论的途径,广义相对论在几年中没有多大进展.从1908年至1911年,他在这方面的工作主要是为新的引力观点寻找可由实验检验的证据,这就是引力红移和引力场中光线的弯曲两个效应.1911年他导出了这两个效应的定量公式[1],但由于方法是半经典的,后一效应的公式并不正确.这两个效应当时都未能进行检验.前者对于像地球这样的弱引力场来说,它过于微弱,大家知道,迟至1924年才由亚当斯通过对天狼星的伴星的观测得到证实;而后一效应的观测也因为第一次世界大战的爆发而夭折.大约在1912年初,事情有了…     

New ways of deriving Arnowitt—Deser—Misner constraint equations in four—dimensional gravity

In this paper,the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) constraint equations are naturally derived in two different ways.One method is to construct a one-parametric gravitational action in the Lorentzian spacetime.Hence,the oneparametric ADM constraint equations can be obtained.The other method is to apply the double complex function method to Einstein-Hilbert gravitational fields in Hamiltonian formulation,Therefore the double ADM constraint equations can be obtained,in which the well-known ADM constraint equations are included as a special case.     

The Double Self-Dual Gravity with Cosmological Term and Constraints Under the Double Constant Conformal Transformation

The double constraint equations in the self-dual gravitational theory containing the cosmological term are derived in 3 + 1 gravity. Furthermore, in order to deeply study the Lorentzian and Euclidean reality conditions for this theory, the relations between constraints are discussed by introducing the double constant conformal transformation and the double complex function method.     

The double complex Ashtekar gravitational theory and the corresponding constraint equations with the cosmological term

We establish the double complex Ashtekar gravitational theory with the cosmological term.In particular,by performing the 3 1 decomposition of the double Ashtekar action containing the cosmological term to pass on the Hamiltonian framework,the double Ashtekar constraint equations are derived,which respectively correspond to Lorentzian and Euclidean gravity.     

On the problem of reality conditions for the Ashtekar formulation

In this paper we discuss the reality conditions for Lorentzian and Euclidean gravity in the Ashtekar formulation by introducing a double conformal transformation.We generalize Marugan‘s results and demonstrate that the values of the double conformal factor have to be either real or double complex numbers.Either Lorentzian or Enclidean gravitational theory is up to the different values of the double conformal factor.Furthermore,the reality conditions of Lorentzian and Euclidean gravitational theory can be expressed in a unified way be use of the double complex function method.     

Initial data sets of minimal energy

The total mass of a gravitational system, the ADM mass, is considered as a functional of the initial data sets for sources and gravitation. From the condition that such a functional has a minimum under a restricted class of variations, tensorial equations for the gravitational initial data are obtained. The solutions to these equations, whose existence for a large class of source fields is asserted, represent initial data sets for gravitation satisfying the constraint equations and may be considered as having no gravitational radiation.     

Decoupled anisotropic spheres in self-interacting Brans-Dicke gravity

The focus of this paper is to obtain anisotropic spherically symmetric solutions by means of gravitational decoupling in the background of self-interacting Brans-Dicke theory. We introduce minimal geometric deformation in the radial metric component to decouple the field equations into two arrays. The first set, governed by the seed source, is determined through metric functions of isotropic solution (Heintzmann/Tolman VII spacetimes) while the second set is solved by imposing two constraints on the anisotropic source. The unknown constants are evaluated via matching conditions at the stellar boundary. We investigate the effects of massive scalar field as well as decoupling parameter on the physical structure of anisotropic models and check them for viability through energy conditions. It is concluded that the anisotropic solutions obtained through constraint I are well-behaved for selected values of the decoupling parameter. For the second constraint, the extended Heintzmann solution is viable but anisotropic Tolman solution does not comply with dominant energy condition for higher values of the decoupling parameter.     

Densities of electron’s continuum in gravitational and electromagnetic fields

Relativistic dynamics of distributed mass and charge densities of the extended classical particle is considered for arbitrary gravitational and electromagnetic fields. Both geodesic and field gravitational equations can be derived by variation of the same Lagrange density in the classical action of a nonlocal particle distributed over its radial field. Vector geodesic relations for material space densities are contraction consequences of tensor gravitational equations for continuous sources and their fields. Classical four-flows of elementary material space depend on local electromagnetic fourpotentials for charged densities, as in quantum theory. Besides the Lorentz force, these potentials result in two more accelerating factors vanishing under equilibrium internal stresses within the continuous particle.     

Review: Dirac's Observables for the Rest-Frame Instant Form of Tetrad Gravity in a Completely Fixed 3-Orthogonal Gauge

We define the rest-frame instant form of tetrad gravity restricted to Christodoulou-Klainermann spacetimes. After a study of the Hamiltonian group of gauge transformations generated by the 14 first class constraints of the theory, we define and solve the multitemporal equations associated with the rotation and space diffeomorphism constraints, finding how the cotriads and their momenta depend on the corresponding gauge variables. This allows to find a quasi-Shanmugadhasan canonical transformation to the class of 3-orthogonal gauges and to find the Dirac observables for superspace in these gauges. The construction of the explicit form of the transformation and of the solution of the rotation and supermomentum constraints is reduced to solve a system of elliptic linear and quasi-linear partial differential equations. We then show that the superhamiltonian constraint becomes the Lichnerowicz equation for the conformal factor of the 3-metric and that the last gauge variable is the momentum conjugated to the conformal factor. The gauge transformations generated by the superhamiltonian constraint perform the transitions among the allowed foliations of spacetime, so that the theory is independent from its 3+1 splittings. In the special 3-orthogonal gauge defined by the vanishing of the conformal factor momentum we determine the final Dirac observables for the gravitational field even if we are not able to solve the Lichnerowicz equation. The final Hamiltonian is the weak ADM energy restricted to this completely fixed gauge.     

二重非交换时空与二重复对称引力理论

通过引入二重复对称度规张量，建立了一种二重复对称引力理论. 从一个二重实的作用量出发，导出了静态球对称二重复度规的具体表达式. 该理论扩展了Moffat结果，不仅自然地得到了双曲复对称引力理 论，而且把著名的Schwarzschild解作为特殊情况包含在其中，并且在线性化的弱场近似下自动摆脱了Moffat理论中存在的负 能鬼态问题. 进一步，通过将二重复坐标推广到满足二重非对易关系以及将Moyal星积二重 化，由此构造出二重非交换复对称引力场作用量. 关键词： 非交换几何 复对称度规 非对易坐标 引力场作用量     

Non-commutative wormholes exhibiting conformal motion in Rastall gravity

In the present paper, we explore the existence of wormhole solutions using conformal symmetries in Rastall theory of gravity. For this purpose, we take spherical symmetric model filled with matter distribution as anisotropic fluid. For the sake of simplifications, we consider the energy density profiles of Gaussian and Lorentzian distributions of non-commutative geometry. Using both these distributions, we obtain analytic wormhole solutions in terms of some special math functions like gamma, exponential and hypergeometric functions. For graphical illustrations, we take some appropriate choices of the free parameters along with different values of Rastall parameter. It is seen that in both cases, the obtained wormhole solutions satisfy the basic criteria of wormhole existence. Further, we describe the possible constraints for the positivity of active gravitational mass in both distributions. We also explore the stability of obtained wormholes solutions by utilizing the modified equilibrium condition in terms of four different forces in Rastall theory. It is concluded that the constructed solutions are stable and physically viable.