银杏发根中有机酸的离子色谱分析

银杏是我国的珍贵树种,其提取物中含银杏黄酮和银杏内酯等有效成分,在心、脑血管等疾病的治疗中有独到的疗效.目前主要从银杏叶片中提取有效成分,受产地、气候、季节等自然因素影响较大.国外有通过银杏细胞培养技术生产银杏天然药物的报道[1],但细胞培养的生长速度较慢.孙天恩等采用发根培养技术,利用发根农杆菌Ri质粒转化技术,诱导产生银杏发根,建立了悬浮培养无性系,发根生长速度快,分化水平高,为银杏天然药物的生产开辟了新的途径[2].     

ClO--鲁米诺流动注射-抑制化学发光法测定银杏黄酮

基于在碱性条件下,银杏黄酮对ClO--鲁米诺体系有显著的抑制作用,结合反相流动注射技术,建立了流动注射-抑制化学发光测定银杏提取物中的银杏黄酮.银杏黄酮质量浓度在0.4～14.0 μg/mL范围与相对发光强度呈线性关系,检出限为0.06 μg/mL,采样频率为120次/h,对10.0 μg/mL的银杏黄酮平行测定11次,其RSD为1.2%,回收率为98.0%～104%.该方法可用于银杏黄酮制剂的测定.     

H2O2-Luminol流动注射-抑制化学发光法测定银杏黄酮

基于在碱性条件下,银杏黄酮对H2O2 Luminol体系有显著的抑制作用,结合反相流动注射技术,首次建立了流动注射 抑制化学发光测定银杏提取物中的银杏黄酮。银杏黄酮质量浓度在0.2～20.0μg mL范围与相对发光强度呈线性关系,检出限为0.1μg mL,采样频率为140次 h,对10.0μg mL的银杏黄酮平行测定11次,其RSD为1.5%,回收率为100.0%～100.2%。该方法可用于银杏黄酮制剂的测定。     

原子吸收法间接测定银杏黄酮

提出了间接测定银杏叶精提物中银杏黄酮的原子吸收光谱法。银杏黄酮与乙酸铅发生配合反应,生成难溶的棕黄色沉淀,经离心分离后,用原子吸收法测定上清液中过量的铅离子,可间接测定银杏黄酮。方法线性范围为5.0～30.0μg mL,RSD为1.6%～1.8%,回收率为100.3%～106.0%。     

CIO^——鲁米诺流动注射-抑制化学发光法测定银杏黄酮

基于在碱性条件下，银杏黄酮对CIO^--鲁米诺体系有显著的抑制作用，结合反相流动注射技术，建立了流动注射．抑制化学发光测定银杏提取物中的银杏黄酮。银杏黄酮质量浓度在0．4～14．0μg/ML范围与相对发光强度呈线性关系，检出限为0．06μg/ML，采样频率为120次／h，对10．0μg／ML的银杏黄酮平行测定11次，其RSD为1．2％，回收率为98、0％～104％。该方法可用于银杏黄酮制剂的测定。     

银杏根中黄酮类化合物的分离分析

采用丙酮浸泡、回流从银杏根中提取得到黄酮，以HPLC法分离测定其中的槲皮素含量。实验结果表明：银杏根黄酮存在槲皮素甙，不含山奈酚、异鼠李素等物质。     

银杏叶SF-CO_2萃取物与残叶银杏黄酮的HPLC分析

银杏叶用SF -CO2 -CH3 CH2 OH体系萃取后 ,用HPLC法分析萃取物与残叶中银杏黄酮苷与黄酮苷元的含量。结果表明 ,有夹带剂时可萃取黄酮苷元 ;无论有无夹带剂银杏黄酮苷都残留在萃取残叶中。     

基于离子交换树脂制备多孔氧化铝球及在非水体系中分离银杏内酯

以磺酸型大孔离子交换树脂D072为模板, 设计合成了球形的多孔氧化铝, 利用XRD、SEM和氮气吸附仪对其结构进行了表征. 以这种球形多孔氧化铝作为分离材料, 考察了其在非水体系中对银杏黄酮和银杏内酯的吸附选择性, 在最佳分离条件下, 制备了纯度为58.5%, 且不含任何黄酮的银杏内酯. 利用红外光谱法证明了吸附机理为配位吸附.     

银杏叶黄酮类化合物的提取分离Ⅰ.银杏黄酮化合物的提取

银杏叶为银杏科银杏属植物银杏（Ginkgo biloba L.)的叶子,银杏在植物学和化学上占有重要地位。据《本草纲目》记载,银杏果具有敛肺平喘,止遗尿,白带作用,近年来,国内外学者对银杏提取物（GBE）进行了大量的研究,发现其主要药用成分之一为黄酮类化合物,以银杏 叶为原料提取制成的药物,用于对心血管,脑血管,动脉硬化,高血压等疾病的治疗,有其他药物不能达到的特殊疗效^[1-4]。另外,银杏制剂长期服用几乎没有毒副作用,银杏叶制品还可用于生物农药,保健食品,化妆品等方面,如何从银杏叶中提取有效成分有研究的关键。银杏叶黄酮化合物的提取包括银杏叶黄酮化合物的浸取和浸出液的富集分离两大部分。本文主要讨论银杏叶黄酮类化合物的浸取。     

定量分析银杏黄酮甙的水解反应条件

提出了定量分析银杏提取物中黄酮甙含量的酸水解反应条件：反应液温度７０～７１℃、反应４ｈ、低速搅拌。     

Flavonoid-Rich Plants Used as Sole Substrate to Induce the Solid-State Fermentation of Laccase

High cost becomes the major obstacle for the industrial application of laccase. Many approaches have been applied to enhance the yield and decrease the cost of laccase. Since flavonoids are the natural inducers for laccase production, in this article, flavonoid-rich plants were taken as the sole substrate for the solid-state fermentation of Funalia trogii (Cui 3676). It indicated that flavonoid-rich plants can effectively promote the production of F. trogii laccase without the addition of inducers. The laccase activity was 42.5 IU g^?1 substrate when kudzu vine root was used as the substrate, which was enhanced by 4.46 times than that when bran was used as the substrate. Meanwhile, the solid-state fermentation of laccase could enrich flavonoids, benefiting their extraction. The content of flavonoids extracted from fermented kudzu vine root and Ginkgo biloba leaves was enhanced by 56.41 and 24.11 %, respectively, compared to the unfermented substrate, and the relative reductive ability and scavenging ability of hydroxyl radicals of flavonoids in the fermented residues were essentially unchanged. Thus, flavonoid-rich plants will become a kind of potential substrate for laccase fermentation which is beneficial in enhancing the yield and reducing the cost of laccase.     

Isolation and enrichment of Ginkgo biloba extract by a continuous chromatography system

In this study, an effective method was developed for the isolation and enrichment of Ginkgo biloba extract by continuous chromatography system. The adsorption and desorption ratio of flavonoids as main index, the best macroporous resin was screened out from six resins by static adsorption and desorption tests. At the same time the adsorption and desorption parameters were optimized by dynamic adsorption and desorption tests. Under optimal parameters, five operations consisting of loading, washing, desorbing, regenerating, and balancing were integrated across the continuous chromatography system for the purpose of refining 66 L of crude extract solution. The results were as follows, 198.22 g of Ginkgo biloba extracts was produced, which contained 65.83 g of flavonoids and 15.44 g of lactones. The content of flavonoids and lactones increased from 2.76 and 0.72% in the crude extract to 33.21 and 7.79%, with a recovery yield of 91.26 and 81.21%. Methodology validation showed that the proposed method had high stability and reproducibility. Compared with the traditional macroporous resin method, the proposed method had a short processing time and low solvent consumption. Our studies indicated that the newly developed method is an effective procedure for the isolation and enrichment of Ginkgo biloba extract.     

Selective extraction of flavonoids from Ginkgo biloba leaves using human serum albumin functionalized magnetic nanoparticles

In a novel procedure, human serum albumin timctionalized magnetic nanoparticles （ HSA-MNPS ） were used to selectively extract nine flavonoids in the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves. The chemical structures of those flavonoids were characterized with high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry （HPLC-MS）. The selective extraction with HSA-MNPs coupled with structural elucidation with HPLC-MS shows powerful potential for analysis of bioactive components in traditional Chinese medicines.     

黄酮类化合物的超临界流体色谱分离

利用超临界流体色谱成功地分离了黄酮类化合物，研究了流动相组成，柱条件，压力及温度的影响。发现流动相组成是影响色谱分离的最主要因素；其次，色谱柱条件也是影响分离的一个很重要的因素，硅胶基质的键合苯基柱比较适合于极性黄酮类化合物的分离。     

Determination of active components of Ginkgo biloba in human urine by capillary high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with on-line column-switching purification

Ginkgo biloba is one of the most popular herbal nutritional supplements, with terpene lactones and flavonoids being the two major active components. An on-line purification high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) method was successfully developed for the quantitative determination of flavonoids and terpene lactones excreted in human urine after ingesting the herbal supplement. Satisfactory separation was obtained using a C18 capillary column made in-house with sample clean-up and pre-concentration achieved using a C18 pre-column with column switching. High selectivity and limits of detection of 1-18 ng/mL were achieved using a selected ion monitoring (SIM) scan in negative ion mode; the on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) recovery of the active components in Ginkgo biloba determined in this study was greater than 75%.     

Quality control of flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba leaves by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and on-line radical scavenging activity detection

Flavonoids in plants used for the treatment of various cardiovascular, cancer diseases have been reported to possess potential protective effects against oxidative injury. Ginkgo biloba leaves, known for their antioxidant activity, were chosen for this study. In this paper, 12 flavonoids in G. biloba leaves were identified by HPLC-diode array detection (DAD)-electrospray ionization MS. HPLC-DAD coupled with chemiluminescence detection was used to determine free radical scavenging activity of flavonoids. It was found that the flavonol glycosides could markedly inhibit the luminescent signal, which indicated that they are mainly responsible for the antioxidant activities of G. biloba leaves. Total antioxidant activity of these flavonoids was used to evaluate the differences of G. biloba leaves collected in 13 habitats. The combination of chemical and activity analysis can provide a valid method to quantify the bioactive components in G. biloba leaves, and this may be a more rational approach to the quality assessment of G. biloba leaves.     

Ginkgolide

The ginkgolides are along with bilobalide and some flavonoids the most important active agents of the maidenhair tree (Ginkgo biloba). They derive from the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway, and are established by cyclisation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, oxidative functionalization and scaffold rearrangements. Elias J. Corey and Michael T. Crimmins published prominent total syntheses of ginkgolide B. In the 1950s, Willmar Schwabe III developed an extract of the dried leaves, which is rich in ginkgolides, bilobalide and flavonoids. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of memory disorders, absent‐mindedness, dizziness, tinnitus and dementia.     

Analysis of flavonoids in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ginkgo biloba</Emphasis> L. and its phytopharmaceuticals by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection

A high-performance capillary electrophoretic (CE) method with electrochemical detection (ED) has been developed for determination of the pharmacologically active flavonoids in Ginkgo biloba L. and phytopharmaceuticals containing its extract. Epicatechin, catechin, rutin, apigenin, luteolin, and quercetin are important flavonoids in this plant. Operated in a wall-jet configuration, a 300 micro m diameter carbon-disk electrode was used as working electrode with good response to the six analytes at +1000 mV (relative to the SCE). Under the optimum conditions, the analytes were separated within 22 min in a borax buffer (pH 9.0). Excellent linearity was obtained over two orders of magnitude and detection limits (S/N=3) ranged from 1.4 x 10(-7) to 5.0 x 10(-7) g mL(-1) for all six analytes. The method was successfully used for assay of Ginkgo biloba L. and its phytopharmaceuticals after a relatively simple extraction procedure; the results obtained were satisfactory.     

生产银杏黄酮的模拟移动床色谱工艺

世界各国银杏黄酮类药品的标度为总黄酮含量24％,生产工艺主要是浸取。现在国内有厂家提出制备高纯度银杏黄酮产品——总黄酮含量44％,生产工艺主要包括浸取和提纯两步,提纯主要采用树脂柱层析法。本文用模拟移动床色谱(Sinulated Moving Bed Chromatography,简称SMBC)提纯生产工艺,所得黄酮纯度可达90％以上。     

Quantitative analysis of bilobalide and ginkgolides from Ginkgo biloba leaves and Ginkgo products using (1)H-NMR

1H-NMR spectrometry was applied to the quantitative analysis of the bilobalide, ginkgolides A, B, and C in Ginkgo biloba leaves and six kinds of commercial Ginkgo products without any chromatographic purification. The experiment was performed by the analysis of each singlet H-12, which were well separated in the range of delta 6.0-7.0 in the (1)H-NMR spectrum. However, the H-12 protons of bilobalide and ginkgolides may have overlapped with H-6 or H-8 protons of the Ginkgo flavonoids. Therefore, the optimum (1)H-NMR solvent for the analysis of the compound was selected through the evaluation of solvent effects on the resolution of these signals from the compounds. Acetone-d(6)-benzene-d(6) (50 : 50) was found to be the best one among the solvents evaluated. The quantity of the compounds was calculated by the relative ratio of the intensity of each compound to the known amount of internal standard (25 microgram), phloroglucinol. This method allows rapid and simple quantitation of underivatized bilobalide and ginkgolides in 5 min without any pre-purification steps.