碳源甲基苯热裂解机理的密度泛函动力学研究

在热力学研究的基础上,用UB3LYP/3-21G^*方法对甲苯热裂解机理进行了动力学研究。计算得到了甲苯的5种热裂解路径的活化能。用过渡状态理论,计算得到了这些路径在298～1223K温度范围内的速率常数。动力学计算结果表明：甲苯在热解温度低于963K时的主反应路径为甲苯热裂解生成苄基自由基的反应,其速控步的活化能△E~0^θ^≠=402.27kJ/mol;当温度高于963K达1223K左右时,主反应路径转为苯环上脱甲基生成苯基和甲基自由基的路径,该路径的活化能△E~0^θ^≠=456.91kJ/mol。以上研究结果与实验结果相一致。     

碳前驱体CH3ArCH2NH2热解反应的热力学和动力学DFT研究

在实验研究基础上 ,通过量子化学理论计算对碳前驱体 CH3 Ar CH2 NH2 的热裂解机理作了进一步的研究 .利用 Gaussian98程序包中 AM1方法及 DFT UB3 LYP/3 -2 1 G*方法 ,对化合物 5种可能热裂解路径的热力学和动力学计算结果表明 ,CH3 Ar CH2 NH2 热裂解的主反应路径为生成自由基 CH3 Ar CH2 ·和 NH2 · ,其主反应路径 AM1计算的活化能 Ea=2 3 0 .78k J/mol,DFT计算的活化能 Ea=3 2 1 .1 8k J/mol;比较键焓计算的数据与相应的实验数据 ,发现 DFT计算结果与实验结果吻合得较好 ;通过分析优化的反应物及产物自由基的部分结构参数 ,了解了理论支持主反应的原因 ;计算的产物自由基的空间构型表明主反应路径生成的产物自由基相互间若进行稠环缩合反应 ,将获得分子平面取向性很好的稠环芳烃产物     

纤维素单体热解机理的热力学研究

为了了解纤维素热解机理, 结合相关实验结果对纤维素单体(β-D-吡喃葡萄糖)的热解设计了四种热解反应途径. 利用Gaussian 03程序, 采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 在UB3LYP/6-31G(d)水平上, 对各反应物和产物的几何结构进行了能量梯度法全优化, 计算了不同温度下各反应路径的热力学参数. 计算结果表明: 所有反应均为吸热反应; 当温度在550 K以上时, 所有反应都能自发进行. 从热力学的角度分析, 热解更有利于发生开环反应而形成乙醇醛、1-羟基-2-丙酮、CO等小分子产物.     

Theoretical elucidation of kinetic and thermodynamic control of radical addition regioselectivity

The cyclizations of two structurally similar 2-oxo-5-hexenyl-type radicals have been investigated by ab initio and density functional (UB3LYP/6-31+G**//UHF/6-31G* and UB3LYP/6-31G*//UB3LYP/6-31G*) calculations. The origin of apparently contradictory reports of 6-endo and 5-exo cyclizations is determined. Kinetic control favors 6-endo cyclization, while thermodynamic control gives 5-exo cyclization, and the observation of different products from different research groups arises from the difference in experimental conditions used by the two groups. The outcome of a new cyclization reaction was predicted by using these theoretical techniques. Kinetic control is predicted to yield exclusively the products of 6-endo cyclization, while thermodynamic control would lead to an approximately equal mixture of one 6-endo and one 5-exo cyclized product. Experimental studies revealed that the reaction yields only the products of 6-endo cyclization through kinetic control.     

甲苯热解机理的AM1研究(Ⅰ)热力学分析

在实验的基础上,本文用Gaussian98程序包中AM1法UHF计算,对碳材料用碳前驱体甲苯的热裂解反应机理进行了研究。在对反应物,产物自由基的结构进行能量梯度法全优化的同时,计算了不同温度下的标准热力学参数（298－1073K）。热力学计算结果表明：（1）当甲苯的热裂解温度相对较低时（773K左右）,热力学计算结果首先支持苯环上甲基C－H键的断裂生成苯基自由基并继而生成联二甲苯的反应;随着温度的提高（达1073K时）,生成苯自由基和甲基自由基的反应比例将大生成苄基自由基的比例;该反应机理与实验结果基本一致。（2）采用Gaussian98程序包中AM1法中的UHF计算,较适合低级芳香烃热裂解反应机理的理论研究。     

2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二英分子结构与热力学性质的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT)和从头算(ab initio)方法,在B3LYP/6-31G、 B3LYP/6-31G*、 B3LYP/6-311G*和MP2/6-31G*水平上全优化计算了2,3,7,8-四氯苯并二英(2,3,7,8-TCDD)的几何构型、电子结构和振动频率,并用校正后的频率计算了298～1500 K的标准热力学函数,同时用半经验的PM3 SCF-MO进行了同样的计算,计算结果与实验值及文献值较好地吻合.     

纤维素热解形成左旋葡聚糖机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论UB3LYP/6-31G(d)方法,对模型化合物纤维二糖热解反应机理进行了量子化学理论计算研究。设计了三种可能的热解反应途径,对各种反应的反应物、产物、中间体和过渡态的结构进行了能量梯度全优化,计算了不同温度下热解反应的标准热力学和动力学参数。计算结果表明,糖苷键均裂而形成两个自由基中间体IM₁a和IM₁b,吸收热量为321.26kJ/mol,中间体IM₁a经过渡态TS₁a进一步形成左旋葡聚糖P₁,反应势垒为202.72kJ/mol;与分步反应相比,纤维二糖经过渡态TS₂协同反应直接形成左旋葡聚糖P₁和吡喃葡萄糖P₂的反应势垒低于分步反应的总势垒,其反应势垒为377.54kJ/mol;H⁺的加入有利于糖苷键的断裂,断裂形成的中间体IM₃很难进一步反应形成左旋葡聚糖。     

Evaluation of density functional theory in the bond rupture of octane

Density functional methods at the 6-31G* level are applied to the rupture of n-octane into methyl–heptyl, ethyl–hexyl, propyl–pentyl, and butyl–butyl radical fragments. The energetics of the radicals at UMP3, UMP2/6-31G*//UHF/6-31G* (hereafter referred to as UMP), are compared to UB3LYP/6-31G* results (referred to as UB). Although the UMP approach matches additivity energies to within 5 kcal/mol, it fails to mimic the overall energetic trend. The UB energies agree with additivity estimates and trends to within 1–2 kcal/mol and radical entropies deviate by only 2 e.u. from available experimental data. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 154–167, 1998     

Pyrolysis mechanism of carbon matrix precursor cyclohexane(III)—pyrolysis process of intermediate 1-hexene

The pyrolysis mechanism of important intermediate 1-hexene of carbon matrix precursor cyclohexane was studied theoretically. Possible reaction paths were designed based on the potential surface scan and electron structure of the initial C–C bond breaking reactions. Thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the possible reaction paths were computed by UB3LYP/6-31+G* at different temperature ranges. The results show that 1-hexene pyrolyzes at 873 K. When below 1273 K, the major reaction paths are those that produce C₃H₄, and above 1273 K, the major reaction paths are those that produce C₃H₃ from the viewpoint of thermodynamics. From the viewpoint of kinetics, the major product is C₃H₃, it results from the pyrolysis reaction of 1-hexene cracking bond C₃–C₄ and generating C₃H₅ and C₃H₇ with the activation energy ΔE₀^≠θ=296.32 kJ/mol. Kinetic results also show that product C₃H₄ accompany simultaneously, which is the side reaction starting from the pyrolysis of 1-hexene forming C₄H₇ and C₂H₅ with the activation energy of 356.73 kJ/mol. When reaching 1473 K, the rate constant of the rate-determining steps of these two reaction paths do not show much difference, which means both the reaction paths exist in the pyrolysis process at the high temperature. The above results are basically in accordance with mass spectrum analysis and far more specific.     

苯酚羟基化制备苯二酚反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)在UB3LYP/6-311G^**//UB3LYP/6-31G^*水平上研究了水溶液中羟基自由基进攻苯酚的邻位和对位生成邻苯二酚和对苯二酚的反应机理.结果表明,2个反应都存在3个过渡态,3个中间体,并通过振动分析对过渡态进行了确认.电荷密度的拓扑分析发现,邻位反应中羟基自由基的氧原子和苯酚环上的2个氢原子之间形成了氢键,并相应地形成了六元环和五元环结构.经单点能校正后,2个反应的主反应活化能十分接近,说明邻位和对位产物会同时存在,这与实验观测的结果一致.     

A DFT‐Based Investigation of Hydrogen Abstraction Reactions from Methylated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

The growth of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is in many areas of combustion and pyrolysis of hydrocarbons an inconvenient side effect that warrants an extensive investigation of the underlying reaction mechanism, which is known to be a cascade of radical reactions. Herein, the focus lies on one of the key reaction classes within the coke formation process: hydrogen abstraction reactions induced by a methyl radical from methylated benzenoid species. It has been shown previously that hydrogen abstractions determine the global PAH formation rate. In particular, the influence of the polyaromatic environment on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties is the subject of a thorough exploration. Reaction enthalpies at 298 K, reaction barriers at 0 K, rate constants, and kinetic parameters (within the temperature interval 700–1100 K) are calculated by using B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p) geometries and BMK/6‐311+G(3df,2p) single‐point energies. This level of theory has been validated with available experimental data for the abstraction at toluene. The enhanced stability of the product benzylic radicals and its influence on the reaction enthalpies is highlighted. Corrections for tunneling effects and hindered (or free) rotations of the methyl group are taken into account. The largest spreading in thermochemical and kinetic data is observed in the series of linear acenes, and a normal reactivity–enthalpy relationship is obtained. The abstraction of a methyl hydrogen atom at one of the center rings of large methylated acenes is largely preferred. Geometrical and electronic aspects lie at the basis of this striking feature. Comparison with hydrogen abstractions leading to arylic radicals is also made.     

Theoretical study on the mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction between stannylene and ethylene or formaldehyde

The mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction of singlet stannylene and ethylene or formaldehyde has been studied by using density functional theory. The geometrical parameters, harmonic vibrational frequencies and energies of stationary points for potential energy surface are calculated by RB3LYP/3–21G* method. The results show that the two reaction processes are both two steps: (1) stannylene and ethylene or formaldehyde form an energy‐rich intermediate complex respectively, which is an exothermal reaction with no barrier; (2) two intermediate complexes isomerize to the product, respectively, with the barriers of these two reactions being 52.97 and 45.15 kJ/mol at RB3LYP/3–21G* level.     

聚苯乙烯热降解机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-311G（d）方法,对聚苯乙烯（PS）热降解反应机理进行了研究。PS热降解的主要产物是苯乙烯,其次是甲苯、α-甲基苯乙烯、乙苯和二聚体等芳烃化合物。PS热降解反应主要包括主链C-C键均裂、β-断裂、氢转移和自由基终止等反应。针对以上各类反应进行了路径设计和理论计算分析,对参与反应的分子的几何结构进行了优化和频率计算,获得了各热降解路径的标准动力学和热力学参数。计算结果表明,苯乙烯主要由自由基的链端β-断裂反应形成;二聚体主要由分子内1,3氢转移的反应形成;α-甲基苯乙烯由分子内的1,2氢转移后进行β-断裂形成;甲苯由苯甲基自由基夺取主链上的氢原子形成;乙苯由苯乙基自由基夺取氢原子形成。动力学分析表明,苯乙烯形成所需要的能垒低于其他产物形成所需要的能垒,故苯乙烯为主要的热降解产物;这与相关实验结果基本一致。     

硝酸甲与硝酸乙酯的结构、振动频率和热力学性质的密度函数 理论(DFT)研究

用密度函数理论(DFT)的BLYP和B3LYP方法,取6-31G,6-31G^*,6-31G^*^*,6-311G,6-311G^*和6-311G^*^*六种基组,对硝酸甲酯和硝酸乙酯的几何构型和红外振动频率进行了计算研究.结果表明,B3LYP方法在采用极化基组(6-31G^*,6-31G^*^*,6-311G^*和6-311G^*^*)时计算得到的结果均较好,适用于硝酸酯类化合物的研究.而BLYP方法无论采用何种基组均不适用;运用校正后的B3LYP/6-31G^*频率(校正因子0.975)计算得到的热力学性质(C^o~p,H^o和S^o)与实验结果较吻合。     

(CH2)2N和(CH3)2NH+的密度泛函理论计算

用密度泛函理论UB3LYP／6-31G（d,p）方法研究了二甲胺自由基（CH3）2N及其质子化离子（CH3）2NH 的构象和超精细结构．在由构象研究得到的两种自由基的最稳定结构上,用密度泛函的UB3LYP和UB3PW91方法及从头计算的UHF、UMP2（FULL）方法计算了α-质子、β-质子和N核上的超精细偶合常数A（Hα）、A（Hβ）和A（N）结果表明：两种自由基中甲基内旋转的位垒均很低,分别为0．46kJ·mol-1（（CH3）2NH ）和2．6kJ·mol-1（（CH3）2N）．UB3LYP／6-31G（d,p）和UB3PW91／6-31G（d,p）计算的A（Hα）、A（Hβ）和A（N）与ESR实验结果符合得很好,UMP2／6-31G（d,p）方法的计算值与实验值符合得也较好．     

异硫氰酸与甲亚胺环加成反应机理的理论研究

对异硫氰酸与甲亚胺形成四元或六元环产物的环加成反应进行了理论研究,结果表明,一分子异硫氰酸与一分子甲亚胺形成四元环(1:1)产物P1的反应(1)为经过一个两性离子中间体的分步反应,其中第二步为速控步骤,其活化热垒为107.86kJ/mol.此外,反应(1)的中间体还可与另一甲亚胺或异硫氰酸分子继续反应形成两个不同的六元环(1:2或2:1)产物P2或P3;这两个反应均为协同反应,其活化势垒分别为15.88和21.82kJ/mol.这些结果与当异硫氰酸酯与亚胺发生环加成反应时,只有类似于P2和P3的两种六元环产物生成的实验事实一致。     

SiO2在CH3ONO→CH3O+NO解离中作用的理论研究

利用B3LYP方法,在6-31 G^ 基组下研究了在SiO2存在下的CH3ONO→CH3O NO解离反应．计算了全优化下的解离反应,以及固定SiO2的键长和键角做部分优化下的解离反应．在反应中SiO2与CH3ONO相接近,O-N键逐渐伸长,生成复合物,放出热量,进一步促进了CH3ONO中NO的解离．     

Addition reactions of alkyl and carboxyl radicals to vinylidene fluoride

The addition reactions of alkyl radicals CF3* and CH3* and carboxyl radicals C2H5O*, C2H5OCOO*, CF3COO*, and CH3COO* to a vinylidene fluoride (VDF) molecule are studied using ab initio calculations. These radicals were selected because they are intermediate or final products of diacyl peroxides decomposition in the initiation reactions of VDF polymerization. Two combinations of methods for energetics and structure optimization are applied: QCISD/6-311G(d,p)//HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6-311G+(3df, 2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d). It is found that the formed bond length of the product, the forming bond length of the transition state, and the attack angle of the product structures are not sensitive to the level of theory even though the attack angle of the transition state structures is. Early transition states are obtained upon attack at both high-substituted and nonsubstituted carbon atom VDF ends. Kinetic and thermodynamic control rules play different roles on governing the reactivity of the addition with the studied radicals. Both theoretical methods yield the same trends for the preferential attack site in terms of regioselectivity, barrier energies, and reaction enthalpies. It is shown that the addition reactions of the intermediate radicals C2H5OCOO*, CF3COO*, and CH3COO* of the decomposition of diethyl peroxydicarbonate, trifluoroacetyl peroxide, and diacetyl peroxide initiators yield smaller energy barriers than the additions of the corresponding final radicals, C2H5O*, CF3*, and CH3*; therefore, the reactions of the intermediate radicals should not be ignored when analyzing the initiation process of the VDF polymerization using those initiators.     

Density functional theory investigation of competitive free-radical processes during the thermal cracking of methylated polyaromatics: estimation of kinetic parameters

Density functional B3LYP and BH&HLYP calculations with the 6-31G** basis set have been performed to investigate elementary reactions playing an important role in the pyrolysis of 1-methylnaphthalene. The pathways describing the destiny of the main radicals, H, methyl, hydromethylnaphthyl and methylnaphthyl, have been studied. At low temperature, addition of H atoms on the aromatic ring is favored over hydrogen abstraction. Except at low temperature (below 400 K), the hydromethylnaphthyl radical undergoes preferentially a loss of hydrogen rather than a bimolecular hydrogen transfer with methylnaphthalene or addition reaction on methylnaphthalene forming a hydrogenated dimer. In the range 400-750 K, the formation of methane by hydrogen abstraction of methyl radical on methylnaphthalene is predominant compared to the formation of hydrodimethylnaphthalenes by addition reaction. Rate constants of reactions describing the formation of heavy products like methyldinaphthylmethanes or dimethylbinaphthalenes have been calculated and discussed. They are also compared to recombination reactions from the literature. Rate constants of these reactions have been computed using transition state theory and can be integrated in kinetic radical schemes of methylated polyaromatic compounds pyrolysis from geological to laboratory conditions.     

Quantum mechanical investigation of the inner-sphere reorganization energy of cyclooctatetraene/cyclooctatetraene radical anion. Part I

The inner-sphere reorganization energy of the electron self-exchange of the couple cyclooctatetraene/cyclooctatetraene radical anion has been investigated by quantum mechanical calculations. The more stable Jahn Teller distorted B2g conformation of the radical anion has been used in this study. Two different theories have been applied in this first part. The harmonic approximation in the classical Marcus scheme has been modified by using projected force constants, which are obtained from the complete force constant matrix and the geometry changes of the molecule during the ET (introduced by Mikkelsen). A different approach (introduced by Nelsen) combines the different energies of the neutral and radical anion with and without relaxation corresponding to the vertical ionization potential and the vertical electron affinity. The electronic energies of the neutral molecule and the radical anion differ dramatically applying three different levels of quantum mechanical calculations (UAM1, UB3LYP, PMP2 with three different basis sets with and without diffuse functions). Nevertheless the Nelsen method gives almost consistent results for the inner-sphere reorganization energies: 120.1 kJ/mol for semiempirical UAM1 method, 159.3 kJ/mol, 156.4 kJ/mol and 158.3 kJ/mol for density functional UB3LYP/6-31G*, UB3LYP/6-31++G* and UB3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ calculations and 192.5 kJ/mol for ab-initio PMP2/6-31G* investigations, respectively. These values are in agreement with earlier experimental work supposing the total reorganization energy to be larger than 38 kcal/mol assuming an electron self-exchange rate of 10(4) M(-1) s(-1). The simple harmonic approximation of Marcus relation has not yet been applied for a molecule like cyclooctatetraene with large torsional geometry changes. Using the projected force constants after scaling, considerably different results for the inner-sphere reorganization energy have been calculated: 738.1 kJ/mol for the UB3LYP/6-31G*, 743.3 kJ/mol for UB3LYP/6-31++G* and 759.1 kJ/mol for UB3LYP/AUG-cc-pVDZ level of theory. Comparison with our concentration dependent EPR experiments are controversial to the earlier experimental results, but the latter supports the assumption that the electron self-exchange occurs in a time scale so that the molecules cannot complete their vibrational motions. Therefore the projected Marcus relation is not valid for cyclooctatetraene/cyclooctatetraene radical anion including a large torsional change during the electron transfer.