硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo/Al2O3催化剂加氢脱硫反应性能研究

研究了新型固体硫化剂硫代硫酸铵对加氢脱硫催化剂的预硫化。采用浸渍法将硫代硫酸铵负载在Mo/Al₂O₃模型催化剂上制备出预硫化的催化剂。通过X射线衍射、还原气氛的热重质谱联用和光电子能谱等表征手段研究了预硫化催化剂的物相、活化以及反应后催化剂的表面成分。结果表明,硫代硫酸铵中不同价态的硫在催化剂活化过程中起到不同作用,S^2-硫化活性金属,S⁶⁺修饰载体,减少载体与活性金属的相互作用,促进硫化。不同S/Mo摩尔比的预硫化催化剂经原位氢气活化用于噻吩加氢脱硫反应,S/Mo摩尔比为3的预硫化催化剂显示出最好的加氢脱硫活性,预硫化催化剂比Mo/Al₂O₃催化剂的脱硫活性提高17%。     

NiW/γ-Al2O3催化剂的低温煤焦油加氢性能研究

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了不同Ni/W原子比的低温煤焦油加氢处理催化剂,并以BET、XRD、H₂-TPR和TG对催化剂进行表征。在固定床反应器中,以低温煤焦油小于350 ℃馏分作为原料对催化剂进行了加氢性能的评价,并采用蒸馏、GC/MS、荧光指示剂吸附及元素分析对原料及产物的馏分分布及组成进行了分析。结果表明,NiO和WO₃在载体上形成了均匀分散,NiO含量较低时与γ-Al₂O₃有较强的作用力而难以还原。当Ni/W原子比为0.38时,酚类化合物的转化率、航煤馏分选择性以及产物中环烷烃和氢化芳烃的含量均最高,加氢脱硫(HDS)活性、加氢脱氮(HDN)活性及产物的H/C原子比也最高,说明Ni/W原子比为0.38时,NiW/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对煤焦油加氢处理具有较好的效果。     

CoMoS/γ-Al2O3催化剂对麻疯树油加氢处理的研究

采用硫代硫酸铵器外预硫化制备CoMoS/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,采用XRD、N₂物理吸附、NH₃-TPD、XRF等手段对催化剂进行表征,通过固定床微反装置研究其对麻疯树油加氢处理的性能。考察了硫化度、反应温度、氢气压力、反应时间对催化剂活性与催化产物分布的影响,并探讨了麻疯树油甘油三酯的反应路径。结果表明,硫化度为1的CoMoS₁/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂活性最佳,在温度360℃、氢气压力3 MPa条件下,对麻疯树油转化率为96.3%,产物主要成分C_15~18正构烷烃收率为75.6%,比相同条件下非硫化CoMo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的转化率提高36.9%。反应温度升至420℃时,CoMoS₁/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂对麻疯树油转化率达100%,产物中无含氧物。麻疯树油加氢处理过程中,增大硫化度和反应温度、减小氢气压力有利于甘油三酯发生加氢脱羧、脱羰反应。     

Co—Mo／Al2O3型重整预加氢催化剂的研制

考察了不同方法制备的Ｃｏ－Ｍｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３型重整预加氢催化剂对石油加氢脱硫活性的影响，选出了一种工业生产步骤简单，金属含量容易控制，并且不腐蚀设备的碱必等量共浸法制备的ＤＳ－９４８催化剂。该催化剂在温度３５０℃，压力３．０ＭＰａ，液体空速６．０ｈ＾－１，体积氢油比７０的条件下，满足了双金属重整催化剂对精制石油脑油杂质含量的要求。     

F助剂对NiWF/γ-Al2O3催化煤焦油加氢脱氮脱硫的影响

制备了一系列添加不同含量F助剂的NiWF（x）/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并采用X射线衍射（XRD）、N₂吸附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、NH₃-TPD和高分辨透射电子显微镜（HRTEM）等手段对其结构和物化性质进行了表征,同时在固定床反应器上考察了其加氢脱氮（HDN）和加氢脱硫（HDS）活性,反应原料为中国内蒙中低温煤焦油。结果显示,随着F含量的增加,催化剂孔容和孔径没有明显变化,但比表面积减小。催化剂在643 K下硫化6 h后,其硫化度随着F含量的增加而减少,强酸位数和总酸位数呈现先略微增加后减少的趋势。高分辨透射电子显微镜测试表明,硫化后的催化剂中含有具有典型层状结构的WS₂。F含量对NiWF（x）/γ-Al₂O₃的煤焦油HDN性能有较大影响,但对其HDS活性影响很弱。     

超细Mo／Al2O3催化剂（II）：加氢脱硫表面结构性质研究

利用ＸＰＳ考察了超细Ｍｏ／Ａｌ２Ｏ３的氧化态反应后的表面结构性质，结果表明，氧化态催化剂中Ｍｏ主要以Ｍｏ＾６＾＋形式存在，而反应后则以Ｍｏ＾６＾＋和Ｍｏ＾４＾＋两种价态共存，硫亦存在－２及＋６两种价态，不同价态Ｍｏ，Ｓ物种存在的比例受催化剂Ｍｏ含量及制备方法的影响。Ｍｏ含量增加，Ｍｏ＾６＾＋所占的比例逐渐减小，Ｍｏ＾４＾＋所占比例逐渐增加，Ｓ＾６＾＋所占的比例膛渐减小，Ｍｏ＾４＾＋所占比例逐渐增加     

免预硫化的加氢脱硫MoNiP/Al2O3催化剂的制备和表征

在Mo-Ni-P-O浸渍液中添加一定量的极性有机物如柠檬酸等,采用共浸渍法制备了一种不需预硫化和焙烧也具有较高加氢脱硫活性的MoNiP/Al2O3催化剂,并用N2吸附、程序升温还原、X射线光电子能谱、红外光谱和元素分析对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,柠檬酸的添加削弱了金属组分与载体间的相互作用,有利于金属组分在载体表面的分散,且改善了催化剂的还原性,使催化剂在与含硫反应物料接触过程中自发硫化,从而有利于催化剂加氢脱硫活性的提高.     

Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂上萘加氢生成十氢萘的催化反应研究

采用Ni/Al₂O₃催化剂,在高压固定床反应器中考察了反应温度、压力、空速和氢油体积比比等因素对萘饱和加氢反应行为的影响,尤其是反应条件对反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘选择性的影响。研究表明,反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘的选择性与反应操作条件密切相关;反式十氢萘与顺式十氢萘的比例随着氢油比和温度的升高而增加,而随着压力和空速的增加而减小。在反应温度260-290℃、反应压力为5-7 MPa、空速为1-1.5 h^-1及氢油体积比大于250时,十氢萘的选择性最高可达99%以上,萘的转化率接近100%,产物中反式和顺式十氢萘的比例最高,可达4.0左右。对Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂稳定性进行了考察,初步发现催化活性组分的烧结或流失是催化剂失活和影响产物中反式十氢萘和顺式十氢萘比例的主要原因。     

铜钼组分对γ-Al2O3负载镍催化剂脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧性能的影响

制备一系列包含或不包含铜、钼组分的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并对其进行表征和性能测试。考察了铜、钼负载量,浸渍顺序（包括连续浸渍和共浸渍）,反应条件对脂肪酸甲酯加氢脱氧反应性能的影响。根据TG数据,使用过的20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂其热失重小于20Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,这表明,铜的引入能够有效抑制反应过程中催化剂表面的积炭行为。对于20Ni-6Cu/γ-Al₂O₃和20Ni-6Cu-nMo/γ-Al₂O₃（n=2、5、8和12）催化剂,NH₃-TPD分析结果显示,钼物相的引入对载体γ-Al₂O₃的酸性位有着显著影响,当钼负载量达到5%时,可以观察到一个新的酸位对应于中强酸位。铜和钼修饰过的催化剂其催化性能要高于Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂。从XPS的分析可以看出,催化剂中的铜主要以正二价形式存在,钼主要以正四价和正六价形式存在,而且不同的浸渍顺序会影响催化剂表面活性组分的实际含量。此外,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率和烷烃产品的收率也和所制备出来的催化剂的浸渍顺序有关。在所有的催化剂中,使用连续浸渍（先浸渍镍铜组分、浸渍钼组分）所制备的三金属20Ni-6Cu-5Mo/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂展现了优异的催化性能。在适宜的反应条件下（350 ℃,2.5 MPa,WSHV=2.0 h^-1,H₂/oil ratio=1250 mL/mL）,脂肪酸甲酯的转化率和烷烃产品的收率分别达到98.4%和94.2%。     

Thiophene hydrodesulfurization activity of MoS2/Al2O3 catalysts prepared via exfoliation. The effect of cobalt

In contrast to the bulk MoS₂, the structure of the active phase of the catalyst prepared via exfoliation is shown to exhibit a number of distortions, which form a superstructure of the type of the charge density waves with a quasi-period of 30 ?. Due to such distortions, the ions of cobalt firmly chemisorb on the basal plane of MoS₂ occupying, along the perimeter of the MoS₂ clusters, the regions with a lower energy of the Mo-S interaction. A synergetic increase in the catalyst activity due to the introduction of cobalt was observed up to the atomic ratios of Co/(Co+Mo) = 0.33, which is possible for the nanoparticles of MoS₂ with a diameter 200 ?, only if cobalt adsorbs on the basal plane. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Molecular simulation on hydrodesulfurization of thiophenic compounds over MoS2 using ZINDO

In order to develop a fundamental understanding of the HDS mechanism of thiophenic compounds over molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂), a molecular simulation of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophenic compounds over MoS₂ has been performed using Zerner's Intermediate Neglect of Differential Overlap (ZINDO) program. On the basis of the calculated edge structure, stoichiometry of MoS₂, shape of the crystal, and the size corresponding to real MoS₂ particles, a single-slab cluster, Mo₂₇S₅₄, has been proposed for modeling the highly dispersed MoS₂. The proposed cluster is a regular hexagon with ( 010) and (30 0) edge planes only. According to the calculated electronic properties of the surface, the coordinately unsaturated Mo_IV in the (30 0) plane is expected to be the active site for hydrogenation of thiophenic and aromatic compounds. The most stable adsorption configuration of thiophene on the Mo_IV is a flat adsorption configuration via the η⁵-bound coordination, whereas the most stable adsorption configuration of tetrahydrothiophene (THT) on the Mo_IV is a tilted adsorption configuration via the S-bound coordination. HDS mechanism of thiophene through the hydrogenation pathway over the (30 0) plane of MoS₂ is discussed according to quantum chemical insights in combination with experimental results from the literature.     

Influence of the activation temperature on structural and textural properties of NiMo/Al2O3 hydrodesulfurization catalysts

Investigations of a commercial NiMo/Al₂O₃ hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst are directed towards optimization of the activation procedure of HDS catalyst concerning active phase formation and thermal stability. Structural and textural data obtained with XRD, IR-FTIR, XPS and LTNA reveal that the optimal temperature for the formation of active species on the catalyst surface and an appropriate pore structure is 300°C.     

Kinetics of Co?Mo/Al2O3 catalyst reduction

According to kinetic studies on the reduction of commercial Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ and model catalysts in H₂ at 523–773 K, the kinetic curves for the reduction process have been determined. The reduction rate is shown to be higher for the commercial catalyst. Activation energies E_act for the reduction of several forms of Mo and Co in Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts are presented.

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H₂ 523–773 . , : Mo Co .

     

A novel PdNi/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by galvanic deposition for low temperature methane combustion

Galvanic deposition method was used to prepare the Pd/Ni-Al2O3-GD catalyst for the combustion of methane under lean conditions. The new catalyst and compared catalysts (Pd/Al2O3-IW, Pd-Ni/Al2O3-IW, Pd/Ni-Al2O3-IW) prepared by incipient wetness impregnation were characterized by N2-physisorption, XRD and TEM to clarify particle size and size distribution of palladium species. Combined O2-TPD and XPS results with the catalytic data, it shows that the surface palladium species with low valence exhibits better combustion performance due to their stronger interaction with support. The results indicate that the galvanic deposition method is an effective route to prepare efficient catalyst for methane combustion, and it also provides useful information for improving the present commercial catalyst.     

Hydrodemetallation and the promoter effect of vanadium compounds on a Co?Mo/Al2O3 hydrodesulfurization catalyst

The effect of the vanadium compounds [VO(phthalocyanine)], [VO(salen)] [salen=N,N-ethylenebis(salicylideneiminate)], petroporphyrins, and metal-free phthalocyanine on the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene over a Co/Mo/Al₂O₃ catalyst (350°C, 1 atm) is described. The compound [VO(salen)], which decomposes, acts as a promoter at low V (0.1–0.2 wt. %); the other compounds deactivate the catalyst, an effect which is due to the whole molecule binding to the catalyst in the same way as a nitrogen base.

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[VO()], [VO()] [=N,N-- ()], , , Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ (350°C, 1). [VO()], , V (0,1–0,2 . %-); , , .

     

Photocatalytic conversion of NOx on AgCl/Al2O3 catalyst

The rate of NO conversion under UV illumination was evaluated over Ag/Al₂O₃ and AgCl/Al₂O₃ catalysts at room temperature. The AgCl/Al₂O₃ catalyst is highly active for the conversion of NO_x. The conversion is enhanced in the presence of O₂ and further enhanced when oxygen coexists with hydrocarbons. Diffuse reflectance spectra of AgCl/Al₂O₃ and Ag/Al₂O₃ show an absorption band at 250 nm, and a weak and broad band at 230 nm, respectively. The high photocatalytic NO_x conversion is achieved over the AgCl/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The conversion level of NO_x is maintained above 60% over 5 h in the presence of O₂ and hydrocarbons under UV-irradiation. The absorption band at 250 nm is ascribed to the band gap energy of crystallized AgCl particles on Al₂O₃. These results suggest that high photocatalytic NO_x conversion proceeds on crystallized AgCl particles formed on Al₂O₃.     

制备方法对煤焦油模型化合物裂解催化剂Ni/Al_2O_3结构及性能的影响

采用等体积浸渍法、浸渍沉淀法和机械化学法(市售载体和自制载体)制备了Cat-1、Cat-2、Cat-3和Cat-4四种催化剂,通过BET、H_2-TPR、XRD、XPS和NH_3-TPD等表征催化剂的结构特征,考察了各催化剂对煤焦油模型化合物甲苯和芘(3%,质量分数)裂解反应性能的影响。结果表明,四种催化剂均为介孔材料,且Cat-4的介孔有序度更高,比表面积最大,达235 m~2/g。Cat-4催化剂中,NiAl_2O_4尖晶石的还原峰面积最高,占总面积的85.2%,还原后Ni的分散度最大,粒径最小,约为10.0 nm,意味着活性位点多。实验表明,除Cat-1外,其他催化剂对芘的裂解活性基本相当,其中,Cat-4作用下的析碳量最低,为10.84%,经Cat-1、Cat-2和Cat-3裂解后,体系中的析碳量分别较Cat-4增加了35.0%、74.7%和45.7%。可见,机械化学法制备的催化剂不仅具有最高的比表面积利于活性组分分散,而且NiAl_2O_4尖晶石含量最高,可抑制裂解过程中积炭的生成,因而最适宜于甲苯+芘裂解体系。     

固体碱催化剂K_2CO_3/Al_2O_3的制备及其催化餐饮废油制生物柴油的性能

采用浸渍法制备了K2CO3/Al2O3固体碱催化剂,考察了活性组分负载量、焙烧温度、焙烧时间等制备条件对催化剂在催化餐饮废油合成生物柴油的酯交换反应中催化活性的影响,并对其进行了FT-IR、XRD、TG-DTG、SEM和BET表征分析。实验结果表明,所制备的催化剂在催化餐饮废油合成生物柴油的酯交换反应中表现出良好的活性,在活性组分K2CO3负载量为50%、焙烧温度500℃、焙烧时间3 h的条件下制备的催化剂催化酯交换反应时,生物柴油产率可达86.70%。催化剂表征结果显示,K2CO3/Al2O3催化活性是因K2CO3与Al2O3经高温焙烧产生新的晶相有关。催化剂重复使用4次,生物柴油产率仍在75%以上。制得的生物柴油产品质量达到国家生物柴油B100标准。