Free-radical selective functionalization of 1,4-naphthoquinones by perfluorodiacyl peroxides

Perfluoroalkyl radicals, generated by thermal decomposition of perfluorodiacyl peroxides, react selectively with quinone rings of 1,4-naphthoquinones. In the presence of a non-conjugated alkene such as 1-hexene, perfluoroalkyl radicals add to the double bonds of the olefin forming a radical adduct, which selectively adds to the naphthoquinone ring. Several perfluorodiacyl peroxides have been synthesized and used for the direct and alkene-mediated functionalization of naphthoquinones. Geometrical parameters and electron density topology of all perfluorodiacyl peroxides have been calculated by the density functional formalism and quantum theory of atoms in molecules to attempt a rationalization of the experimental reactivity.     

氮氧自由基研究 XVIII: 水溶液中哌啶氮氧自由基单电子氧化电极反应动力学参数的测定

本文报道于酸性水溶液中, 以单电流阶跃法, 单电位阶跃法, 计时电量法和循环伏安法测定了2,2,6,6-四甲基-4-羟基哌啶-1-氧自由基的扩散系数及其在碳糊和铂工作电极上的单电子氧化反应的传递系数. 以及该电极反应的标准速率常数.     

细胞色素P-450酶模型的研究:过氧化物的化学反应机理

含有铁卟啉化合物活性中心的细胞色素P-450和其它过氧化物酶具有重要的生物化学功能. 本文讨论了铁卟啉模型物模拟这些酶功能的反应机理. 通过与已知的过氧化物中氧氧键均裂机理的比较, 以及对大部分溶液反应的研究, 表明在过氧化物(包括过氧酸)与铁卟啉生成活性中间体( Fe=O^+.)的过程中, 氧氧键的异裂机理占主导地位. 过氧化物如同其它氧化剂受物(如烯烃)一样, 能快速地直接与 FeO^+反应. 以铁卟啉为催化剂的过氧化物反应体系为我们提供了研究模拟催化酶的人工模型体系.     

酰基过氧化物的化学IV.全氟酰基过氧化物与硝基烷烃阴离子间的单电子转移反应-一种合成醛,酮的新反应

标题反应于室温在F113(CC1F2CCl2F)溶液中瞬间完成。产物经分析确定,该反应由硝基烷烃阴离子(R[1]R[2]CNO2)向全氟酰基过氧化物(RfCO2)2的单电子转移的决速步骤,生成全氟羧酸盐,全氟酰氧基自由基之脱羧偶合产物RF-RF(1)及硝基烷烃自由基偶合产物DN(2);但主要的产物是自由基笼内结合所生成的中间体立即发生1,2-消除得到的醛或酮,本文提供了一个由硝基烷烃合成相应醛和酮的新反应。     

Hydroxyl radical-mediated advanced oxidation processes for textile dyes: a comparison of the radiolytic and sonolytic degradation of the monoazo dye Acid Orange 7

Acid Orange 7, a textile azo dye, has been partially mineralized and degraded using -radiolysis and sonolysis. These two different advanced oxidation processes (AOP) are effective in producing OH radicals and cause complete destruction of the chromophore. The reaction mechanism of dye degradation has been probed by analyzing the reaction products with HPLC. In both cases, the final end products of degradation are oxalate and formate ions. The intermediates observed are all similar. While hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid is the major observed reaction intermediate in the oxidation processes, the pulse radiolysis studies indicate that the OH radical initiated pathway for attack occurs via the initial formation of 1,2-naphthaquinone and subsequent breakdown into oxalic acid.     

全氟和ω-H-全氟酰基过氧化物与C60的自由基加成反应——全氟和ω-H-全氟烷基化C60的合成

深入研究了C60与全氟酰基过氧化物的反应，通过变温EPR测试证实了此反应的 自由基加成机理．用色谱分析并结合产物的^19F NMR结构鉴定，首次发现由于加成 过程中发生的全氟烷基自由基的β—Scission，生成了新的氟烷基自由基，从而生 成了多种氟烷基化的C60．表面性能研究发现氟烷基化的C60具有优良的疏水、疏油 性．总之，利用C60与全氟酰基过氧化物的反应，成功地对C60进行了全氟烷基化修 饰．     

过氧化氢水溶液催化氧化环戊烯制备戊二醛

用过氧化氢水溶液氧化环戊烯制得戊二醛。对多种催化剂-溶剂体系进行了试验, 在钨酸-叔丁醇体系中得到了最高的戊二醛得率: 近60%(30%过氧化氢水溶液为氧化剂)或80%(50%过氧化氢水溶液为氧化剂)。同时, 对该反应的机理进行了初步研究, 提出环戊烯被过氧化氢氧化为戊二醛是经过环氧化物中间产物的观点。     

TS分子筛的催化氧化性能研究5: 环己酮氨肟化反应

研究了自制的钛硅分子筛(TS-1)催化H~2O~2参与的环己酮氨肟化反应。结果表明,降低反应溶液中H~2O~2的浓度、增加NH~3用量有利于H~2O~2利用率、环己酮肟收率和选择性的提高,适宜的n(H~2O~2):n(酮)<1.0,n(NH~3):n(酮)>2.0。反应时间应控制在3.5h左右。对溶剂的研究显示,叔丁醇在溶剂中所占的体积对反应有较大的影响,在叔丁醇体积分数为0.2到0.8之间,实验获得了较好的结果。当n(NH~3):n(H~2O~2):n(酮)=2.0:1.0:1.0,叔丁醇体积分数为0.5,反应时间2.5h,反应温度353K时,H~2O~2利用率、环己酮肟收率和选择性分别达95%,94%和97%以上。并对空白实验结果和TS-1的重复性试验进行了讨论。     

脂族酰基过氧化物分解动力学的研究X: 过氧化酰热分解反应的自旋捕获ESR研究

用亚硝基丁烷(TNB)、亚硝基苯和C-苯基-N-叔丁基硝酮作为自旋捕获剂来捕获和检出一些二酰基过氧化物类化合物分解时形成的短命烷基自由基. 报导了烷基自由基对自旋捕获剂加成的氮氧化物自由基的电子自旋共振谱, 并观察到2,4,4-三甲基戊基自由基中α-CH2的氢是非对映和非等价的. 据此, 认为与这一类自由基的加合物产生的电子自旋共振谱与其它类型自由基是不同的.     

Preparation of stable alkyl complexes of Ni(I) and their one-electron oxidation to Ni(II) complex cations

The three-coordinate nickel(I) alkyl complexes (dtbpe)Ni(CH2CMe3) (2), (dtbpe)Ni(CH2SiMe3) (3), and (dtbpe)Ni(CH2CMe2Ph) (4) have been prepared by treatment of [(dtbpe)NiCl]2 with alkyllithium reagents. While thermally robust, they each undergo mild one-electron oxidation to give the corresponding Ni(II) complex cations [(dtbpe)Ni(CH2CMe3)+] (5), [(dtbpe)Ni(CH2SiMe3)+] (6), and [(dtbpe)Ni(CH2CMe2Ph)+] (7) as red-brown [PF6-] or [BArF4-] salts. In contrast to cationic amido and phosphido analogues that undergo alpha-deprotonation to afford imido and phosphinidene derivatives, deprotonation of 5-7 occurs at a gamma-CH3 group to give metallacyclobutane products (dtbpe)Ni(CH2CMe2CH2) (8), (dtbpe)Ni(CH2SiMe2CH2) (9), and (dtbpe)Ni(CH2CPhMeCH2) (10), not (dtbpe)Ni=CHR.     

氮氧自由基的研究XII.氮氧自由基对维生素C氧化反应的动力学ESR研究

用流动-停止ESR技术研究了4-羟基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧自由基(6)对维生素C(1)在水溶液中的氧化反应,发现在碱性水溶液中(pH=9～11),6与1的氧化反应中间体-维生素C负离子基(3)可以同时检测到。动力学的测定结果表明.该反应包含着两步电子转移反应和3的歧化应。25℃时,三步反应的速率常数分别为1.95,1.42x10[4],2.22x10[6]Ms[-1],活化能分别为39.4,32.5,24.7kJmol[-]1,活化熵分别为-29.9,-17.6-13,6e.u.电子转移反应中很低的速率常数和很负的活化熵表明反应中可能形成了严格的定向活化络合物。     

A study of vitamin A radical cation generated by chemical and radiolytic oxidation

Electron transfer reaction between vitamin A (1) and tris(p-bromophenyl)aminium hexachloroautimonate (2) in dichloromethane (DCM) has been investigated by means of UV-VIS absorption and ESR spectroscopy. The title radical cation formed in the reaction was characterized by a new absorption band around 600 nm and a singlet unresolved ESR spectrum with g factor of 2.0038-2.0039 and line width of 20 G. Further studies indicated that ESR pattern and parameters of the radical cation generated by 7-irradiation of 1 in CFCl3 matrix at 77 K are consistent with that resulted in the chemical oxidation in DCM at ambient temperature.     

OH radical oxidation of the sorbitylfurfural furanic ring to sugar derivatives induced by radiolysis in aerobic environment

Chemical radiolytic oxidation induced by OH addition on 1-(2-furan-2-yl-5-hydroxy-6-hydroxymethyl-[1,3]dioxan-4-yl)-ethan-1,2-diol (sorbitylfurfural, SF) leads, in the presence of controlled amounts of oxygen, to a permanent functional modification of the target molecule. The yield of conversion reaches 60% of the starting material. LC-MS analysis allowed the identification, as final products, of carboxylic acids, butenal and hydroxy-furan derivatives in which the sugar chain remains unbroken, while the furanic ring is attacked first by OH and then by oxygen, giving in succession an intra-/inter-molecular rearrangement of the allylperoxyl radicals thus formed. The proposed oxidation of the furanic ring envisages the peroxyl intermediates undergoing mono- and/or bi-molecular reactions; a reaction path has been outlined and is reported here. The presence of unsaturated bonds in the final products could provide a further site for radical scavenger activity. Therefore, the fast reaction with O₂ and the rearrangement of the produced peroxyl radicals to species, which are likely to be effective OH-capturers, reinforces the antioxidant ability of SF.     

用X光电子能谱研究人体表皮中二硫键,巯基和黑色素的氧化机理

本文用XPS分析了人体表皮及其黑色素中硫、氮原子的化学状态;研究了表皮中二硫键、巯基的氧化机理;揭示了黑色素与过氧化氢反应后颜色从棕黑色变成黄棕色,是硫的价态从二价氧化成四价和六价的结果.     

Raman spectroscopy of short-lived terthiophene radical cations generated by photochemical and chemical oxidation.

The Raman spectra of various terthiophene radical cations are investigated; namely those of unsubstituted terthiophene and two styryl-substituted terthiophenes. Transient pump-probe resonance Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the short-lived radical cation spectra of non-end-capped 2,2':5',2'-terthiophene (3T) and 3'-[(E)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethenyl]-2,2':5',2'-terthiophene (NO2-pe3T). For these two compounds, the radical cations are generated via either direct photogeneration or photochemically using the electron acceptor tetracyanoethylene. The radical cation of 5,5'-dimethyl-3'-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl]-2,2':5',2'-terthiophene (DM-pe3T) is stable for up to five minutes as a result of the two alpha end caps and continuous-wave resonance Raman spectroscopy and chemical oxidation is used to obtain the spectrum of this radical cation. The resonance Raman spectra of all three terthiophene radical cations are dominated by a group of very intense bands in the low-frequency region. These bands have been assigned, by density functional theory methods, to C-S stretching modes coupled to thiophene ring deformations. These modes are significantly less intense in the sigma-dimer of NO2-pe3T [i.e. the corresponding styryl sexithiophene (NO2-pe3T)2]. This observation is attributed to a smaller change in the C--S bond order in the sexithiophene compared to the analogous terthiophene. This bond order difference may be rationalised by consideration of the singly occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital, which are involved in the electronic transition probed by the laser excitation wavelength.     

Radical decomposition of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N,N</Emphasis>-bis-(3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl) amine in basic conditions followed by EPR

EPR spectroscopy was used to assess the radicals produced upon basic decomposition of N,N-bis-(3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinon-2-yl) amine (BClNQA). Three radicals have been trapped and identified: N-bis(3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone) hydrazine radical (6), 2-hydroxy-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone anion radical (9) and 2-amino-3-chloro-1,4-naphthoquinone radical (8). The probable reaction mechanism, the structure of intermediates as well as the reaction profile are discussed.     

哌啶氧铵盐对醇氧化反应的活性和选择性

系统地研究了12种具有不同4-位取代基(R=H、CH~3O、Cl)及反离子(X=Cl、BF~4、ClO~4、Br或Br~3)的2, 2, 6, 6-四甲基哌啶氧铵盐对醇的氧化反应, 发现这些氧铵盐都能以很高的由率将一级醇氧化为醛, 二级醇氧化为酮。氧化反应的活性与4-位取代基及反离子有关。当反离子相同时, 反应活性的顺序为Cl>CH~3O>H;当4-位取代基相同时, 反应活性的顺序为Cl^-》BF~4^->ClO~4^->Br^-。氧化反应的选择性主要与反离子有关, 当反离子为Cl^-时, 主要氧化一级醇; 当反离子为BF~4^-、ClO~4^-、Br^-或Br~3^-时, 主要氧化二级醇。     

Dynamic study of photosensitized one-electron oxidation of polyG by menadione

Quinones including menadione are ubiquitous in nature. They play important roles in aerobic respira- tion and photosynthesis[1,2]. In addition, exogenous quinones are used as antibiotics and anticancer drugs. Their function is closely related to their red…     

Radical homopolymerization of tetrafluoroethylene initiated by perfluorodiacyl peroxide in supercritical carbon dioxide: Reaction mechanism and initiation kinetics

Radical homopolymerizations of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) in supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO₂) initiated by bis(perfluoro-2-n-propoxypropionyl) peroxide (BPPP) were conducted. Low molecular weight polytetrafluoroethylenes (PTFEs) which are widely used in diverse fields with stable end groups were successfully obtained. PTFEs were characterized by solid-state ¹⁹F NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. From rational assignment of the characteristic signals, an overall reaction mechanism explaining the homopolymerization processes is proposed. The carboxyl radicals resulted from thermal decomposition of BPPP were completely decarboxylated to n-C₃F₇OCF(CF₃) before reacting with TFE. Additionally, a small amount of n-C₃F₇OCF(CF₃) rearranged into n-C₃F₇ with decreased rearrangement fraction from 0.11 to 0.04 when the reaction temperature was lowered from 35 to 5 °C. Initiation rate constants (k_d) were slightly increased with elevated pressure. The initiation activation energy derived from k_d is 90.3 kJ mol^?1, which is much lower than those of the other systems where nonfluorinated diacyl peroxides are used. Such mechanism and kinetics insights into the homopolymerizations of TFE in sc-CO₂ will be instructive for the syntheses of fluoropolymers with desired properties in future.     

用CA模型研究SO2在锰盐表面上的催化氧化反应

本文用CA模型借助部分模拟法求得SO2在锰盐表面上催化氧化反应的动力学相图; 若反应按Langmuir-Hinshelwood机制进行, 且H2O以气态出现, 则模拟结果表明, 相图中有四个双组分中毒相和一个反应相, 反应相在一个线性的浓度区域上出现; 如在催化反应过程中, 尚需考虑反应物种的脱附, 则反应相将随脱附几率的增加而扩大。