硫酸化糖胺聚糖的简易分光光度测定法

利用硫酸化糖胺聚糖和阿利新蓝在酸性环境下形成可溶复合物直接比色测定硫酸化糖胺聚糖。配制1.1mg/mL酸性染料于15%磷酸-2%硫酸溶液中,取一定量糖胺聚糖与之混合,在490nm处比色测定。该法简单、快速,重复性好,勿须加热、长时间平衡和高级设备,不受非硫酸化糖胺聚糖如透明质酸和其他大分子阴离子如DNA等物质的影响,也不受其他小分子阴离子和单糖的影响,该法可用于体液糖胺聚糖和商品化透明质酸质量的监测。     

蒙成药沏其日甘-5中多糖的测定

介绍了提取沏其日甘-5中水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖的提取方法,并用硫酸-苯酚法测定了沏其日甘-5中总糖、水溶性多糖、碱溶性多糖、不溶性多糖和游离糖的含量.平均回收率为103.2%,RSD为0.91%.     

光谱分析法鉴别丙烯酸丁酯废水中的阴离子交换膜污染物

以回收实际丙烯酸丁酯废水有机酸的双极膜电渗析膜堆中的阴离子交换膜为研究对象,对膜使用前后的性能进行了表征,并综合通过衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(ATR-FTIR)、扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对膜表面组分变化进行了表征。膜性能分析结果表明,使用后的阴离子交换膜受到污染,膜电阻增大,迁移数减小。能谱分析结果表明, 使用后阴离子交换膜表面污染物C和O元素含量(以原子百分比计)显著升高,分别从78.10%,8.34%升高到81.76%,12.05%, 表明膜污染物为含碳含氧物质。XPS谱图C1s峰的分析表明,-COO-Na+化学态的百分含量从污染前的8.5%升高到污染后的13.7%,表明膜污染物中含有-COO-Na+。ATR-FTIR分析结果表明,阴离子交换膜使用后,在1 561 cm-1处的吸收增强,而此波长正是-COO-M+(M为金属)的反对称伸缩振动峰,进一步验证了XPS分析结果。由于丙烯酸丁酯废水中含有聚丙烯酸钠,因此采用聚丙烯酸钠溶液污染阴离子交换膜,并对污染后离子交换膜进行膜性能、XPS和ATR-FTIR的分析。结果表明,聚丙烯酸钠导致阴离子交换膜膜电阻增大,迁移数减小,XPS谱图-COO-Na+化学态的百分含量增加,ATR-FTIR谱图1 561 cm-1处吸收增强。综合上述结果,聚丙烯酸钠是废水中造成阴离子交换膜污染的重要物质。光谱分析方法是离子交换膜污染层表征和污染物鉴别的有效手段。     

大花红景天多糖RCPS分离纯化及单糖组成分析

采用水提醇沉方法提取大花红景天粗多糖RCP(rhodiola crenulata polysaccharide),并通过乙醇分级沉淀,Sevag法脱除蛋白,葡聚糖凝胶柱色谱纯化等手段,得到一种多糖RCPS。采用苯酚-硫酸法测定了总糖含量,UV和IR等方法考察了多糖性质,凝胶渗透色谱-示差检测法测定多糖的纯度及分子量范围及分布,GC法鉴定单糖组成及其摩尔比值。结果表明,多糖RCPS为淡黄色粉末状物质,易溶于水,总糖含量为99.11%。紫外光谱分析显示,在195 nm 波长处有明显吸收峰,在260和280 nm等处无吸收峰,说明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析表明,在3 424.83,2 934.10,1 742.11,1 438.96,1 261.40, 1 103.54,832.86 cm-1处均有明显的多糖特征吸收,主要由鼠李糖,阿拉伯糖,木糖,甘露糖,葡萄糖,半乳糖和半乳糖醛酸组成,其摩尔比值为1∶2.96∶0.21∶0.26∶0.08∶0.58∶0.15。     

鲟鱼和鲨鱼硫酸软骨素红外光谱特性的比较研究

文章比较研究了鲟鱼和鲨鱼硫酸软骨素的红外光谱特性。结果表明,鲟鱼硫酸软骨素在1 376, 1 344, 1 310, 1 157, 883和856 cm-1等波数上呈现出特有的振动峰,进一步的分析表明,鲨鱼硫酸软骨素中只有6-硫酸基团,而鲟鱼硫酸软骨素中则同时存在有6-硫酸基团和4-硫酸基团,这一特点表明鲟鱼硫酸软骨素在降低药物的毒性,有效杀伤癌细胞的方面可能具有较高的生物活性;两种硫酸软骨素的红外光谱总体基本相似,都含有乙酰氨基、羧基、硫酸基、糖环等官能团的振动峰,但鲟鱼硫酸软骨素的乙酰氨基的N—H变角振动峰的波数较高,1 415 cm-1处的羧基振动峰也明显强于鲨鱼硫酸软骨素,进一步化学分析显示,鲟鱼硫酸软骨素中的葡萄糖醛酸含量较高,推测鲟鱼硫酸软骨素很可能是一种较好的医用骨骼修复材料。     

香菇多糖L-2A的结构表征

从香菇子实体中提取纯化得到香菇多糖级分L-2A,利用紫外光谱、红外光谱、凝胶渗透色谱和气相色谱分析其结构特征.香菇多糖L-2A糖含量为90.14%;重均分子量是2.03×10 5道尔顿;具有D-葡萄吡喃糖构型,单糖组成主要是由吡喃型葡萄糖组成;香菇多糖L-2A多糖含有o-糖苷键,且主要是o-Ser连接方式;具有与刚果红结合的螺旋结构.香菇多糖L-2A为首次从香菇子实体中分离得到.     

芥菜多糖的研究

采用Sevag法除蛋白和乙醚除脂,再水煮-醇沉法,从芥菜中提取得到浅黄色芥菜粗多糖。苯酚-硫酸法测定总糖含量;UV法及IR法检测多糖性质;自动旋光仪测定旋光度;HPLC鉴定多糖的单糖组分及其相对百分比含量;采用凝胶渗透色谱-激光光散射联用技术(SEC-LLS)分析多糖的分子量范围及其分布。该芥菜多糖,无甜味,易溶于水,总糖含量为98．96%;192 nm处有明显吸收峰,260,280 nm处无吸收峰,证明被测物为多糖,且不含核酸及蛋白质;红外吸收光谱分析,在3 402,2 926,2 853,1 636,1 400,1 385,1 326, 1 125,757,658,619,559 cm-1处表现为典型的多糖吸收峰;旋光度为+151.5°。糖残基间的苷键可能为α-糖苷键;分子量在1.42×104～2.55×106之间,80%的组分集中在2.1×105左右;芥菜多糖主要由葡萄糖、果糖、半乳糖、阿拉伯糖和木糖组成,其摩尔比值为21.4∶12.89∶5.6∶4∶2.5。     

灵芝多糖结构及其组成研究

采用沸水回流法从赤灵芝子实体中提取多糖,经Sevage法除蛋白,乙醇沉淀,离心、流水透析、浓缩、冻干后得灵芝多糖,单糖经乙酰化处理进行外标法定量,并利用苯酚-硫酸法、紫外、红外及X衍射光谱法、凝胶分子排阻色谱-蒸发散射检测器法、气相和气质谱色谱法进行多糖组分、含量、结构和分子量分析研究,结果表明： 灵芝多糖为米黄色,得率为2%左右,其含量≥43%,红外光谱显示灵芝多糖结构主要为β-糖甘键连接的吡喃型葡聚糖,其多糖的主要单糖组分为葡萄糖,含量为89%左右,并含有其他少量的单糖组分D-阿拉伯糖、D-木糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖。其多糖主要为同均糖,多糖为非晶型结构,分子量主要分布在8×104～2×105之间,分子质量主要为2×105的生物大分子。     

荞麦花多糖的提取及含量测定

采用热水提取、乙醇沉淀的方法从荞麦花中提取出了水溶性多糖,采用硫酸-苯酚法在波长为497nm处进行了糖含量的测定,求得其校准曲线的回归方程为y=0.00508x 0.0294,相关系数为r=0.9978.平均回收率为99%-103%,RSD为0.74%.结果显示:荞麦花多糖的产率为2.5%.糖含量为41.63%.     

1H NMR分析肝素钠中杂质多硫酸软骨素

对肝素钠、多硫酸软骨素标准品进行了¹H NMR测试并对谱图进行了全归属,指出: 肝素钠乙酰甲基特征峰在δ 2.04处,多硫酸软骨素的乙酰甲基特征峰在δ 2.15处. 同时考察了精细测试的实验条件,结果表明：当样品浓度为25 mg/0.6 mL、定标物TSP含量为0.020%（W/V）、样品旋转为12 Hz、处理参数（LB）为1.0、仪器频率为500 MHz时,能快速并准确的检测出肝素钠中的污染物(多硫酸软骨素).     

Distribution of chondroitin sulfate in human endometrium

Sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) composition was characterized in the human endometrium during proliferative and secretory phases of the menstrual cycle. Sulfated GAGs were analyzed in endometrium tissue using metachromatic staining, biochemical analysis including electrophoresis before and after specific enzymatic or chemical degradations, and immunostaining with an antibody against chondroitin sulfate (CS). Our results showed that CS was the main sulfated GAG species detected, accompanied by small amounts of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. CS was distributed overall the connective stroma, around arteriole vessels and glands, and there was no important difference in the immunostaining between the proliferative and secretory endometrium phases. Our findings extend previous observations on the GAG composition in the human endometrium providing new information regarding the tissue distribution and location of endometrial CS.     

Composition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and immunodistribution of chondroitin sulfate in deeply infiltrating endometriosis affecting the rectosigmoid

The composition of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the tissue distribution of chondroitin sulfate (CS) were analyzed in deeply infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) of rectosigmoid, using metachromatic staining, and biochemical analysis employing electrophoresis before and after specific enzymatic or chemical degradations, and immunostaining with an antibody against CS. The sulfated GAGs were characterized as dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS) and CS; and DS strongly predominated compared to HS and CS. Immunostaining procedures showed that CS was concentrated in the endometriosis foci, distributed throughout the stroma around the glands. This is the first report describing the composition of sulfated GAGs and the tissue location of CS in DIE by means of histochemical, biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. These results confirmed that in DIE of rectosigmoid, as in eutopic endometrium [Nasciutti, L.E., Ferrari, R., Berardo, P.T., Souza, M.L.S., Takiya, C.M., Borojevic, R., Abrao, M.S., Silva, L.C.F., 2006. Distribution of chondroitin sulfate in human endometrium. Micron 37, 544–550], CS was the dominant sulfated GAG in stroma of the lesion foci.     

Glycosaminoglycans and glycoconjugates in the adult anuran integument (Lithobates catesbeianus)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) from the integument of Lithobates catesbeianus were biochemically characterized and histochemically localized. Moreover, carbohydrate distribution was investigated using conventional and lectin histochemistry at light microscopy. Hyaluronan (HA), dermatan sulfate (DS) and a heparanoid were found in the integument. Sulfated and carboxylated GAGs were visualized in the Eberth-Katschenko (EK) layer, in the mucous glands, in the hypodermis as well as in the mast cells. Furthermore, glucose and galactose were identified in the integument through thin layer chromatography (TLC) assays. N-Acetyl-β-glucosamine residues were identified in the mucous glandular cells, between the corneum and spinosum strata, in the subepidermal region, and in the EK layer. N-Acetyl-galactosamine residues were evident in the EK layer, corresponding to a residue of the dermatan sulfate chain, which may be related to the collagenous fiber arrangement. These glycoconjugates occurred as secretory glandular products and as dermal structural elements. Moreover, HA and DS are the predominant GAGs in the L. catesbeianus integument. Considering the importance of glycoconjugates, they play a significant role to the integrity of the skin, providing mechanical support for integument cells. In addition, they are important to the water regulation mechanisms, since L. catesbeianus is preferably aquatic.     

Heparan sulfate is the main sulfated glycosaminoglycan species in internal organs of the male cockroach, Periplaneta americana

Sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) were isolated and characterized in thoracic muscle, fat body, whole digestive tract (stomach+intestine) and reproductive tract of adult male cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Heparan sulfate (HS) was the predominant sulfated GAG species in the tissues analyzed, corresponding to more than 90% of the total sulfated GAG content. In both the thoracic muscle and fat body it was the only sulfated GAG species detected. We also determined the location of sulfated GAGs in most of these organs by histochemical analysis using 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue. In the thoracic muscle, sulfated GAG metachromatic staining was detected only in the connective tissue that surrounds the muscle bundles or fascicles. In the intestinal tract, metachromatic staining was observed in both epithelial and lining columnar cells. Only spermatozoa presented metachromatic material in the male reproductive tract. Since, HS corresponds to 90-100% of total sulfated GAGs in these tissues, the metachromatic staining specifically reflects the location of this particular sulfated GAG in these organs. In conclusion, the present study extends previous observations on the GAG composition in cockroaches providing new information on the tissue distribution and location of HS in several internal organs of adult males of the cockroach P. americana.     

Structural aspects of the Eberth-Katschenko layer of Bufo ictericus integument: histochemical characterization and biochemical analysis of the cutaneous calcium (Amphibian, Bufonidae)

Anuran, such as Brazilian toad Bufo ictericus Spix, 1824, possess a calcified dermal layer called the Eberth-Katschenko (EK) layer located between the stratum spongiosum and the stratum compactum. It has been regarded as a protective barrier against desiccation or involved in storage and mobilization of calcium, or a barrier for the interchange of substances between the animal's internal and external environment. The B. ictericus integument was removed from the ventral and dorsal regions and examined by light microscopy, using histochemical techniques, and also submitted to biochemical calcium analysis. The intermediate layer is strongly basophilic and metachromatic. In the EK layer Alcian blue at different critical electrolytic concentration revealed hyaluronic acid, which coexists with the dermal calcium. We conclude that the EK layer of B. ictericus is a discontinuous layer and is formed of hyaluronic acid and a sulfated GAG different from chondroitin sulfate, heparin and heparan sulfate or keratan sulfate. The amount of cutaneous calcium is independent of region and sex. GAGs may play an important role in dermal hydric balance, protecting the animal against desiccation, and hyaluronic acid is probably able to anchor dermal calcium. Thus, all compounds of the EK layer are essential for integument integrity and functionality.     

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and pathophysiology of the rat kidney in streptozotocin-induced diabetes.

Proton magnetic resonance imaging was performed on rats before induction of diabetes with streptozotocin (STZ) and at 2 and 12 days postinduction. Images revealed an increase in maximal longitudinal and axial dimensions of the kidneys at 2 days and a further increase at 12 days. Similarly, an increase in the size of the remaining kidney was seen in a rat which underwent uninephrectomy as a positive control. Two major differences were observed between the kidney undergoing compensatory hypertrophy and those developing diabetic nephropathy: (i) Expansion of the renal vasculature was seen only in images of the diabetic rat; (ii) A loss in conspicuity of the normal corticomedullary junction was seen in the T2-weighted images of the diabetic rat but not in the uninephrectomized rat. Histologic examination revealed that the medulla increased to a size greater than the cortex during diabetic nephropathy whereas the medullary volume was less than that of the cortex during compensatory hypertrophy. In vitro T1 relaxation times in cortex, outer medulla and inner medulla of kidneys from control rats were measured and compared with the same respective regions in diabetic rats. When these values were correlated with tissue water content, a linear increase in relaxation rate versus percent water content from cortex to inner medulla was found in the control kidneys, but this correlation was absent in diabetic nephropathy. These studies demonstrate that MRI is an effective noninvasive tool for studying the course of renal hypertrophy and hydration changes in the development of renal disease in STZ-induced diabetes in the rat.     

Sonochemical preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles stabilized by glycosaminoglycans

Stable hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles system was synthesized from Ca(H(2)PO(4))(2) aqueous solution and saturated Ca(OH)(2) aqueous solution by an improved precipitation method. This method was reformed through using ultrasound irradiation as assistant technology due to its unique chemical reaction effects and adding glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) as regulation additive due to its strong interaction with HAP. The products were characterized by Malvern Zetasizer 3000HS Analysis system, TEM and ED. The size distribution and zeta potential of HAP nanoparticles were influenced by the concentration of GAGs. With the GAGs concentration of 0.35g/L, the better excellent HAP nanoparticle system could be obtained with the number-averaged particle size of 22.2nm in 84.5% area and 54.6nm in 15.5% area between 18.1nm and 117.4nm and the zeta potential of -60.9mV. In the presence of GAGs, the particle size and size distribution are little sensitive to the ultrasound irradiation (UI) time. With the increasing of UI time from 0.5h to 3h and 5h, the particle size increased a little and the crystallinity was improved. GAGs inhibited HAP crystal growth and stabilized HAP nanoparticles. Based on the TEM observation and size distribution determination of HAP nanoparticles, the possible formation mechanism of HAP nanoparticles stabilized by GAGs under UI was discussed.     

Non-rigid landmark-based large-scale image registration in 3-D reconstruction of mouse and rat kidney nephrons

BackgroundSerial histological sections are suffering from mechanical distortions that disturb the reconstruction of 3-D objects. We have corrected such artifacts with a non-rigid landmark-based method that respects the original geometry in the tissue block. The method is exemplified on a large scale in the registration of semi-thin serial sections of the mouse and rat kidneys, and has been tested on FFPE-sections.AimIn this study of mouse and rat kidneys, we have measured and characterized the deformations introduced in the preparation of 2.5-μm-thick Epon sections and then eliminated them by a landmark-based non-rigid transformation (NRT).MethodsWe obtained 2.5-μm-thick serial Epon sections from three mouse kidneys and three rat kidneys for 3-D reconstruction of the nephron tubules. First, the images from 3000 serial mouse and 13,000 serial rat sections underwent a classic rigid registration (CRR), and the distortions were measured and indexed. The section images underwent a further NRT in order to compensate for the deformations. The NRT used is a classic interactive landmark-based approach. The quality of the NRT was verified by comparing the geometry of the transformed images with corresponding block images.ResultsAfter CRR, the 2.5-μm-thick sections had a linear deformation of up to 2%, the tubular lengths were overestimated with up to 1.5×, and it was most difficult to trace the tubules from section to section. After the additional NRT, the geometry of the images reflected the original geometry in the block, the tubular lengths were no longer overestimated, and the NRT highly facilitated the tracing of the tubular system.ConclusionsNRT has facilitated the tracing of the tubular system in kidneys, a tracing, which would otherwise have been most difficult to perform. NRT has yielded substantial new knowledge to segmental and spatial nephron organization in the mouse and rat kidneys.     

气相色谱法测定养殖环境沉积物中硫丹及代谢物残留

建立了养殖环境沉积物中α-硫丹、β-硫丹和硫丹硫酸盐残留的气相色谱测定方法.用丙酮和石油醚提取沉积物中的硫丹,用由下至上依次填充弗罗里硅土、活性炭和无水硫酸钠的玻璃层析柱净化提取物,浓缩后气相色谱(ECD检测器)检测.结果显示,浓度范围为0.500～100μg/L线性良好,最低检出限和最低定量限分别为0.9μg/kg和...     

SPE-HPLC同时测定馒头中的4种直链烷基苯磺酸钠

建立了馒头中4种直链烷基苯磺酸钠高效液相色谱的测定方法。样品经甲醇和水提取后经过MAX复合阴离子交换小柱净化后,利用高效液相色谱进行检测。方法检出限为5μg/mL,4种直链烷基苯磺酸钠的检测波长为225nm,回收率为84.92%—99.28%,相对标准偏差为4.37%—5.93%。可以满足馒头中直链烷基苯磺酸钠检测的方法要求。