末次盛冰期以来长江入海历史的回顾与展望

比较全面地回顾了末次盛冰期以来有关东海海平面变化、长江入海历史、长江河口海岸演变、陆架上的古河道等方面的研究进展；分析了关于末次盛冰期时长江入海状况现存两种截然不同的看法，指出了可能存在的问题。提出了今后的研究方向，即应加强对因气候、海平面变化引起的河道变形作用以及长江与古环境间的相互作用及相互影响的研究，特别是应加强对陆架泥质沉积物的研究，以期取得突破性进展。     

黄土高原西缘末次盛冰期以来古气候演化的有机碳同位素记录

综合CaCO3含量、碳酸盐碳、氧同位素资料，并结合研究区的区域特征，对兰州红咀寺剖面有机碳同位素气候指示意义进行了研究．结果表明，在黄土高原西缘，有机碳同位素δ^13Corg波动反映C3／C4植物比例改变，指示温度变化．δ^13Corg值偏正时，表明C4植物含量较大，反映温度较高．有机碳同位素和CaCO3含量、碳酸盐碳、氧同位素共同揭示了兰州地区末次盛冰期气候较全新世明显偏低，在11．5kaBP，13．9kaBP存在两次明显的降温；进人全新世以后，兰州气候开始逐渐变暖，但仍存在8．8kaBP、5．0kaBP和3．2kaBP的三次突然升温以及8．0kaBP、6．8kaBP和5．3kaBP的降温事件，说明了兰州地区气候变化的复杂性和不稳定性．     

中全新世和末次盛冰期东亚古气候的模拟

采用耦合了陆面过程的9层15波菱形截断全球大气环流谱模式(AGCM+SSiB),引入全球最新的6和21ka时陆面植被分布,并转换成模式格点值,开展了系统的6和21ka古气候模拟试验.结果表明,该模拟设计得出了较真实的气候特征,并揭示出太阳辐射和下垫面植被是中全新世气候格局的主控因子,而海温和北半球两大冰流则是末次盛冰期气候的主控因子.植被场改变对模拟结果影响的显著性检验表明,6ka时植被的改变对降水、温度和海平面气压场的模拟均有显著影响,而21ka时植被影响的显著性区域较小,且比较零散,说明寒冷气候时期对植被强迫改变的敏感性没有温暖气候时期大.     

中全新世和末盛冰期东亚古气候的模拟

采用耦合了陆面过程的9层15波菱形截断全球大气环流谱模式（AGCM＋SSiB)，引入全球最新的6和21ka时陆面植被分布，并转换成模式格点值，开展了系统的6和21ka古气候模拟试验，结果表明，该模拟设计得出了较真实的气候特征，并揭示出太阳辐射和下垫面植被是中全新世气候格局的主控因子，而海温和北半球两大冰流则是末次盛冰期气候的主控因子，植被场改变对模拟结果影响的显著性检验表明，6ka时植被的改变对降水，温度和海平面气压场的模拟均有显著影响，而21ka时植被影响的显著性区域较大，且比较零散，说明寒冷气候时期对植物被迫改变的敏感性没有温暖气候时期大。     

末次冰期以来东海内陆架沉积反映的海平面变化

对东海内陆架泥质沉积区MD06-3042孔(27°05.4′N,121°24.1′E,水深62m,岩芯长34.1m)样品进行了高分辨率的粒度分析和14C年代测试,重建了末次冰期以来东海内陆架区的海平面及沉积环境的变化.14.0ka左右,海平面已经到达现今海平面下62m等深线的位置,大量沉积物在此沉积.13.0~4.2ka之间,受海流等多种因素影响,少量沉积物在此沉积.4.2~3.2ka之间,现代东海内陆架的泥质沉积主体在该岩芯附近快速堆积.东海内陆架的泥质沉积体由北向南,由内向外逐渐形成,具有阶段性.     

末次盛冰期南京降水记录中ENSO的演化

基于南京葫芦洞一支石笋TIMS-U系测年和纹层计数的交叉定年。获得丁末次盛冰期在24170～21222aBP时段石笋年纹层厚度的时间序列,主要反映了夏季风降水变率．小波分析揭示末次盛冰期连续3ka夏季风降水记录中厄尔尼诺一南方涛动（ENSO）周期和强度随时间的演化特征,该记录表明ENSO在末次盛冰期并非一直存在,有着高发期和平缓期。其爆发的频率和强度逐渐减弱。支持ENSO演化的“冰期阻尼效应”假说．     

末次冰消期以来古气候演化研究进展及展望

 从盛冰期到全新世之间的末次冰消期经历了地球表层系统的一次巨变,期间发生了一系列气候突变事件,在全球不同地区以不同的方式回应着这些事件的变化过程。末次冰消期转暖的过程和机制一直是古气候研究的热点。本文综述了末次冰消期以来的古气候/季风演化研究成果,指出海陆交界敏感地带的陆架区对全球环境变化十分敏感,陆架区沉积物蕴含了丰富的气候/季风演化信息,对陆架区沉积物中古气候代用指标的提取,东亚季风演化历史及其驱动机制、季风的差异和交互作用、季风在各个时间尺度上的驱动机制等问题的分析均具有重要意义,可以为地区及全球环境变化提供科学依据。     

长江中游末次冰期风成堆积及其环境指示

该文研究了长江中游发育末次冰期的风成堆积序列.彭泽红光、小学剖面为黄土状土→中细砂堆积,其间夹有4个淤泥层;沙场剖面,为厚层的中细砂,有4个砂质亚粘土和(或)湖相淤泥夹层.OSL与~(14)C_(org)测年揭示,前者对应末次冰期早、中期,后者为末次冰期中、后期的堆积.粒度与元素指标揭示,两剖面物质组成具有统一性,可能指示沙山堆积具有统一物质来源.推测这个源地是沙山上风向的长江河谷.小学剖面黄土状土是沙山发育过程中在下风向的衍生堆积.     

南京长江大桥附近长江古河谷的形成及沉积特征

末次盛冰期,由于海平面大幅度下降,长江发育古深槽.分析认为,研究剖面附近的深切河槽是局部的深切结果.南京古河谷沉积物,可以分为三期明显的由粗到细的沉积韵律:末次盛冰期深切古河谷,沉积物颗粒粗,从卵砾石到中砂、粗砂;冰后期河床较宽,沉积物从砾石、粗砂到中砂、细砂;全新世,河流进一步展宽,流速变慢,泥沙大量沉积,沉积物从粗砂、中砂到细砂、粉砂,细砂沉积厚度很大.各期河床形态和沉积物的特征,反映了末次盛冰期、冰后期、全新世时期的气候变化和环境演变.     

中全新世以来东海内陆架泥质沉积物来源

利用判别函数、Eu异常与稀土元素总量关系(δEuN-ΣREEs)图解以及物源定量识别方法,对位于浙闽沿岸泥质带的EC2005孔常微量、稀土元素地球化学进行分析,利用14C测量加速器质谱仪(AMS14C)进行年龄测定,探讨东海内陆架EC2005孔泥质沉积物来源。结果表明:EC2005孔泥质沉积物主要来源于长江,其平均贡献量为93.7%,没有识别出黄河物质;历史时期黄河物质可以影响到29°N甚至于更为偏南的区域(南界为27°25’N),台湾海峡西北部则可以接受台湾物质的输入;浙闽沿岸泥质区物质来源具有一定的复杂性,值得进一步深入研究。     

Analysis on River Sediment Changes of the Upper Reaches of Yangtze River

The sediment load and river sedimentation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River has been undergoing constant changes as complex landformlarge mountain area and plentiful precipitation make the drainage area of Yangtze River very vulnerable to water erosion and gravity erosion. Through analyzing the hydrological and sediment load statistics recorded by major hydrological stations along Yangtze River since 1950s, and editing the accumulation graph of annual runoff volume and annual sediment load, we find out that the suspended-sediment of Yangtze river has been decreasing year by year in Wulong Hydrological Station on Wujiang River, Beibei Hydrological Station on Jialingjiang River, Lijiawan Hydrological Station on Tuojiang River and Gaochang Hydrological Station on Minjiang River, Yichang Hydrological Station, Cuntan Hydrological Station along Yangtze River mainstream share the same experience too. But the statistics obtained at Pingshan Hydrological Station on Jinshajiang River shows the sediment load there has increased. Taking ecological construction, hydraulic engineering construction and precipitation changes into consideration, the thesis analyses the cauls for the sediment load decrease of Jialingjiang River, Tuojiang River, Minjiang River and Wujiang River and provides us both scientific foundation for further study of river sediment changes of the upper reaches of Yangtze River, and measures to control river sedimentation.     

长江三角洲与东海岛屿黄土研究综述

黄土是记录古气候和古环境变化信息的良好载体,长江三角洲平原及东海岛屿晚更新世黄土地层剖面的发现, 证明了末次冰期以来长江三角洲地区及海域均广泛存在风尘黄土堆积的事实,研究表明长江三角洲平原埋藏黄土和东海岛屿黄土是下蜀黄土上部地层在中国东部沿海和海域的延伸和继续.中国东部风尘黄土记录了我国晚更新世以来东部沿海地区的气候变化及东亚季风演变,与中国西北地区黄土地层相比,东部黄土具有沉积厚度小、成因复杂、次生作用强烈的特点;粒度和磁化率等参数垂向变化规律没有西部明显;粘土矿物和常量化学成分显示了东部黄土经历了较强地淋溶作用.在东部风尘黄土研究过程中,更需注意区域环境特征、地貌地形特点以及沉积期后环境变化对风尘黄土沉积物的影响效应,通过多指标的综合验证才能够正确解读黄土地层赋含的环境变化信息以及认识我国东部季风区晚更新世以来的古环境演变过程及规律.     

Recent 2000-year geological records of mud in the inner shelf of the East China Sea and their climatic implications

AMS^14C dating and grain-size analysis for Core DD2, located at the north of the Yangtze River-derived mud off the Zhejiang-Fujian coasts in the inner shelf of the East China Sea, provide us a high-resolution grain-size distribution curve varying with depth and time. Data in the upper mud layer of Core DD2 indicate that there are at least 9 abrupt grain-size increasing in recent 2000 years, with each corresponding very well with the low-temperature events in Chinese history, which might result from the periodical strengthening of the East Asian Winter Monsoon (EAWM), including the first-revealed maximum temperature lowering event at around 990 a BP. At the same time, the finer grain size section in Core DD2 agrees well with the Sui-Tang Warming Period (600--1000 a AD) defined previously by Zhu Kezhen, during which the climate had a warm, cold and warm fluctuation, with a dominated cooling period of 750-850 a AD. The Little Ice Age (LIA) can also be identified in the core. It starts around 1450 a AD and was followed by a subsequent cooling events at 1510, 1670 and 1840 a AD. Timing of these cold events revealed here still needs to be further verified owing to some current uncertainty of dating we used in this study.     

A high-resolution clay mineralogical record in the northern South China Sea since the Last Glacial Maximum,and its time series provenance analysis

High-resolution clay mineralogical analysis of Core MD05-2904 in the northern South China Sea (SCS) covering the period since the Last Glacial Maximum shows that illite (29%–48%), smectite (14%–45%), chlorite (17%–28%), and minor kaolinite (6%–14%) comprise the clay mineral assemblage, and that time series variation does not present glacial-interglacial cyclicity. Provenance analysis indicates three end-member sources: almost all smectite derives from Luzon, all kaolinite is sourced from the Pearl River, and illite and chlorite originate from both the Pearl River and Taiwan. By comparing clay mineral compositions in surface sediments from the three major source areas and of the SCS, we reconstructed a time series of clay mineral contribution from the major provenances to the northern slope of the SCS using the linear separation method for illite crystallinity. There were three stages of provenance change. (1) During 24.1–17.5 ka BP, contributions from Taiwan and Luzon were similar (30%–40%), while that from the Pearl River was only 25%. (2) During 17.5–14.0 ka BP, the contribution from Luzon decreased rapidly to 20%–25%, while that from Taiwan increased to 35% from an average of 25% at 18 ka BP, and that from the Pearl River increased largely to 40%. (3) During the Holocene, differences in contributions from the three major provenances increased: the contribution from Luzon increased slightly and then remained at 27%–35%, that from Taiwan increased rapidly and then remained at 55%–60%, and that from the Pearl River decreased to 15%. The change in clay mineral contributions from different provenances is influenced mainly by clay mineral production, monsoon rainfall denudation, oceanic current transport, and sea-level change.     

人类活动对长江泥沙特性的影响

随着长江流域水资源开发利用程度的提高,长江泥沙特性在一定程度上也发生了变化.为分析水资源开发利用对长江泥沙特性的影响,以长江万县、宜昌、汉口、大通、白河、仙桃6个水文站为研究对象,以丹江口、葛洲坝及三峡水库关闸蓄水时间划分研究阶段,利用各站近50 a的日含沙量资料对比分析了各研究阶段长江年、汛期、非汛期、月输沙量变化特性.结果表明,不同历时的输沙量均呈显著减少趋势.该研究成果为评价人类活动对长江生态系统健康与稳定性的影响提供了参考.     

长江口北支枯季水沙输移分析

基于2002年3月长江口水文测验资料,分析该年枯季长江口北支的悬沙运动和水沙输移特点。结果表明:北支含沙量大潮最大,中潮次之,小潮最小。流速变化先于含沙量变化,在半个半月潮周期内,含沙量峰值中潮时出现双峰;而大潮和小潮时均为单峰;全潮北支水沙为净向陆输移。青龙港大、小潮期间出现水沙全倒灌,黄瓜沙南水道是水沙倒灌的主要通道;而北水道以水沙过往为主,且净向海输移,南小北大的潮流流速造成了南岸淤积,北岸冲刷的态势。     

Linkage between winter sea surface temperature east of Australia and summer precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and a possible physical mechanism

The relationship between winter sea surface temperature (SST) east of Australia and summer precipitation in the Yangtze River valley and a possibly related physical mechanism were investigated using observation data. It is found that winter SST east of Australia is correlated positively to summer precipitation in the Yangtze River valley. When the SST east of Australia becomes warmer in winter, the western Pacific subtropical high and the East Asian westerly jet tend to shift southward the following summer, concurrent with low-level southwesterly anomalies over eastern China. These conditions favor precipitation increase in the Yangtze River valley, whereas the opposite conditions favor precipitation decrease. The influence of winter SST east of Australia on East Asian summer atmospheric circulations may occur in two ways. First, by an anomalous SST signal east of Australia in winter that persists through the following summer, thus affecting East Asian atmospheric circulations via the inter-hemispheric teleconnection. Second, when the SST east of Australia is warmer in winter, higher SST appears simultaneously in the southwest Indian Ocean and subsequently develops eastward by local air-sea interaction. As a result, the SST in the Maritime Continent increases in summer, which may lead to an anomalous change in East Asian summer atmospheric circulations through its impact on convection.