确定声源频率和位置的超分辨阵列处理方法

基于均匀线阵接收一定距离的声源得到的时间和空间维的样本数据提出分离处理：用时间协方差矩阵确定声源频率;通过对近场空间协方差矩阵进行修正,用重构在相同方位上的远场近似空间协方差矩阵确定声源方位角。并在此基础上,通过改变阵列中心位置确定声源位置。计算机模拟和声学实验证实了上述方法的可行性．     

矢量气动声学的理论研究进展及应用

气动声学的声比拟理论以密度、声压等标量为波动算子变量,建立非齐次波动方程,描述流体运动及与边界作用诱发声音的辐射,但标量无法直接描述声能量的传播过程和途径.在流体力学研究中,标量用于描述当前当地的物质状态,而矢量用于描述质量和能量的传输.借鉴上述思想,开展了矢量气动声学的研究,概述矢量气动声学的理论研究进展及应用,主要包括:（1）以声粒子速度为变量,采用声比拟理论的思想直接从Navier-Stokes方程出发推导建立了气动声学的矢量波动方程及两种频域解;（2）综合利用声压和声粒子速度的积分解,直接求解声源周围的瞬时和有功声强矢量场,直观显示声能量的传播途径,应用于旋转声源辐射声能量的传播分析,揭示了亚音速旋转声源辐射声能量的3种传播模式:螺旋模式、声学黑洞模式和R-A模式;（3）采用球谐级数展开方法建立旋转点/紧凑声源辐射噪声的声压和声粒子速度的频域解析解,在此基础上推导了声功率谱的频域解析解,建立了识别旋转叶片声源在空间域和频域分布特征的方法;（4）综合利用矢量气动声学方法和等效源方法,显示声源和散射边界周围声强矢量场的分布特征和能量传播途径,直接揭示了阻抗边界主要的吸声位置以及直接计算得到阻抗边界的吸收声功率.      

运动声源简正波模型稳相点的射线多普勒近似算法

从航空声源水下声场建模出发,提出了运动声源稳相点的近似算法。由于Hawker给出的运动声源声场简正波模型计算方法不适用于高速运动声源,针对速度相对较大的低空运动声源辐射噪声激发的水下声场建模,采用虚源概念,基于射线声学理论得到近似多普勒频率,结合简正波理论求解稳相点,较好地解决了高速运动声源声场的解算问题。几种波导环境下两种方法数值计算比较结果表明该算法的有效性。     

空气中快速运动声源水下声场的波数积分模型

本文采用二维波数积分，对空气中高速运动声源激发的水下声场进行建模。针对二维波数积分计算声场时域解计算量大的问题，提出一种快速计算方法。用本文提出的方法，对深海和浅海情况下，空气中高速运动单频点声源激发的水下声场进行了计算和仿真。计算结果表明：在深海，水下接收信号的幅度和瞬时频率随时间发生变化；接收器深度、接收器与声源运动轨迹的最小距离对接收信号的变化快慢有较大影响，而声源高度的影响较小；在浅海中，接收信号呈现快速的幅度起伏，明显的多普勒频移和大的频率展宽效应。与简正波方法相比，本文方法主要适用于近场计算，而简正波方法适用于远场。另外，当声源频率较高时，二维波数积分方法的计算量将迅速增大。     

旋转运动声源的频率波动修正波束形成方法

针对前飞状态的旋翼气动噪声信号频率存在周期性波动,且频域波束形成方法只能应用于稳态声源的问题,提出一种频率波动声源的波束形成方法。该方法利用已知的声源频率变化规律进行频率修正,在时域将频率波动信号等效为单频信号,基于该单频信号进行波束形成声源定位,实现了旋转运动的频率波动声源准确定位。数值仿真结果表明,提出的方法能够在频率波动幅值为127 Hz的情况下准确呈现出声源分布情况。在旋翼模型的风洞试验中,利用提出的频域波束形成方法其声成像结果中声源最大能量位置均在旋转轨迹上,而未进行频率修正的波束形成方法结果无法准确呈现出声源的位置。该方法扩展了频域波束形成方法中的单频声源假设,实现了旋转运动声源在频率波动状态下的波束形成,适用于前飞状态下旋翼气动噪声源的声源定位。      

运动声源的多普勒效应——第22届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题第二题介绍与解析

第22届亚洲物理奥林匹克竞赛实验试题共两道，其中第二道是声学黑匣子。该题目是一道虚拟实验题目，在二维平面上通过探测器对于运动声源的频率信号探测，判断声源的初始位置以及相关运动学参数等。该题目设计新颖，解法巧妙，综合了声波的传播与测量、声学多普勒效应等相关知识。在疫情形势下，非常适合物理专业学生进行线上虚拟实验学习。本文详细介绍了竞赛试题的内容，并给出试题的分析和解答。     

联合波叠加法的全息理论与实验研究

当空间声场中同时存在多个相干声源时，运用常规近场声全息方法无法重建每个相干声源表面的声学信息，当然也无法预测每个声源单独产生的空间声场，相干声场的全息重建与预测已成为全息技术推广应用过程中亟待解决的问题.在提出联合波叠加法并将其应用于空间声场变换的基础上，对其进行了实验研究.通过对实际相干声场的全息重建与预测，验证了常规波叠加法在相干声场重建中的局限性、联合波叠加法在相干声场全息重建与预测过程的可行性和准确性，还研究了Tikhonov正则化方法在抑制声学逆问题的非适定性中的有效性和滤波系数的选择原则的可行性，以提高全息重建与预测的精度. 关键词： 近场声全息 联合波叠加 相干声场 Tikhonov正则化     

基于SONAH的水平轴风力机风轮噪声源识别

将统计最优近场声全息(SONAH)技术运用于小型水平轴风力机风轮噪声源识别中,采用近场声全息技术以弥补远场波束形成技术对低频段声源识别精度低的缺点。利用BK公司的60通道圆形声阵列对运行中的水平轴风力机在不同工况下进行声场信息采集分析,分析了噪声总声功率级的分布特征以及噪声源位置的分布规律。分析结果表明:风轮旋转时,以200 Hz以下的旋转噪声为主导,噪声源能量最大区域主要集中在叶片中部(r/R=0.5附近),并随着频率的增大,声源沿旋转面径向方向由叶片中部逐渐向叶尖分散。     

近场声全息技术应用有关物理问题研究

近场声全息(NAH)技术,用于大型结构或水声基阵性能参数测量、校准,要有一套高精度声场全息扫描测量接收基阵及同步测量和控制系统装置,以及适应的处理、分析、计算软件。研究实践表明：有关这套测控、分析系统硬、软件的设计指标、参数和使用要求,都涉及一些声学物理问题。为确保全息场量值测量可靠、场重建精度高,对声源的辐射声信号波数谱和近场声压分布,进行了必要的物理分析、计算。得到要保留的高波数分量、全息面的形式和尺度及其离声源的间距、全息面上测点间距等诸参数,与声源形状、尺度、频率等量之间定量关系并给出要求、判据的参考。     

近场头相关传输函数的多声源快速测量系统设计与验证

近场头相关传输函数(HRTF)是双耳听觉科学研究和虚拟听觉重放应用的重要基础数据。近场HRTF测量系统要求具有高的测量效率、精度和重复性,以至于目前未见文献解决真人受试者的近场HRTF测量困难。本文研究并实现了一种计算机控制的近场HRTF的高效测量系统,并提出系统的快速校准方法,首先实现了真人受试者的近场HRTF测量。通过声学、机械与电子硬件和软件的综合设计,提高了测量效率。通过准确校准声源、受试者和双耳传声器的位置,提高了测量精确度和重复性。系统可用于1.0 m范围内不同声源距离的真人受试者以及人工头的近场HRTF测量,单个声源距离的全空间近场HRTF测量时间减少至20 min以内。测量结果表明,系统测量精度满足实际需求,可用于科学研究和个性化近场HRTF测量及数据库建立。      

Near field acoustic solution of a rotating point source in frequency domain

I.IntroductionAerodyntalcnoiseofturbomaChinrynotoalythectstheenvironmentbutalsosometimesresultsinstructuredamage.Aeroacoustics,asaintewhsciPlineofacousticsandaerodynamics,isattractingmorandmoreatteDtionandresearch.TherearetwoimportalltcontentsonthenoiseproducingmechAnsmsinaeroacousticproblem.OneisaboutthesourcesofnoiseinturbomachinryGenetallytherearethreetyPesofsources:thickness,forceandturbulencestress,correspondingrespectivelyTomonopole,dipoleandquadruplesourcesThelatertwokindsofsourcesh…     

Direct computation and aeroacoustic modelling of a subsonic axisymmetric jet

A numerical algorithm for acoustic noise predictions based on solving Lilley's third order wave equation in the time-space domain is developed for a subsonic axisymmetric jet. The sound field is simulated simultaneously with the source field calculation, which is based on a direct solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The computational domain includes both the nearfield and a portion of the acoustic farfield. In the simulation, the detailed sound source structure is provided by the nearfield direct numerical simulation (DNS), while the sound field is obtained from both the DNS and the numerical solution to the non-linear Lilley's equation. The source terms of Lilley's equation are used to identify the apparent sound source locations in the idealized axisymmetric low-Reynolds number jet. The sound field is mainly discussed in terms of instantaneous pressure fluctuations, frequency spectra, acoustic intensity and directivity. A good agreement is found between the predictions from the axisymmetric Lilley's equation and the DNS results for the sound field. Limitations and perspectives of the simulation are also discussed.     

Acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography for biological tissues via parametric array from a circular piston source--theoretical analysis and computer simulations

The acoustic nonlinearity parameter B/A describes the nonlinear features of a medium and may become a novel parameter for ultrasonic tissue characterization. This paper presents a theoretical analysis for acoustic nonlinear parameter tomography via a parametric array. As two primary waves of different frequencies are radiated simultaneously from a circular piston source, a secondary wave at the difference frequency is generated due to the nonlinear interaction of the primary waves. The axial and radial distributions of sound pressure amplitude for the generated difference frequency wave in the near field are calculated by a superposition of Gaussian beams. The calculated results indicated that the difference frequency component of the parametric array grows linearly with distance from the piston source. It therefore provides a better source to do the acoustic nonlinearity parameter tomography because the fundamental and second harmonic signals both have a near field that goes through many oscillations due to diffraction. By using a finite-amplitude insert substitution method and a filtered convolution algorithm, a computer simulation for B/A tomography from the calculated sound pressure of the difference frequency wave is studied. For biological tissues, the sound attenuation is considered and compensated in the image reconstruction. Nonlinear parameter computed tomography (CT) images for several biological sample models are obtained with quite good quality in this study.     

Acoustic field outside a cylindrical region excited from inside

We present the results of numerical calculation of the acoustic field distribution in a structure consisting of three cylindrically symmetrical, infinitely long coaxial regions with identical constant density. The media in the inner and outer regions have the same sound velocity which is different from that in the intermediate region. In the inner region, a harmonic pressure source is located. Expressions for the acoustic fields in each region are derived and the field distribution in the outer region is determined. The numerical analysis is performed at the distances corresponding to the near field of the source. Characteristic features of the field structure as a function of the source frequency, the sizes of the system, and the acoustic parameters of the medium are determined. The results obtained can be used in geophysical prospecting for characterization of boreholes, in acoustic logging of wells, and in the problems of noise control near industrial and power plants.     

Interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell

The interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell is treated analytically. The solution includes the coupling between the acoustic sound field and vibration of the shell with any degree of fluid loading. The formulation for the far-field acoustic pressure is derived in terms of natural spherical wave functions, the properties of the acoustic medium, and the material constants of the shell. The far acoustic field is computed for a thin aluminum shell and several sound source locations over a large range of ka, where k is the wavenumber, and a is the shell radius. It is shown that the acoustic pressure depends significantly on whether the shell is in air or is submerged in water, particularly when the sound source is very near the surface. In air, the sound field of the shell is nearly identical to that of a rigid sphere but, in water, the shell is more compliant, which results in a damped radiation field that is characterized by vibrational resonances throughout the range of frequencies considered. As the sound sources is moved further away from the surface, however, this resonance response decreases very rapidly, and the sound field corresponds more closely to that of the shell in air.     

Pekeris波导中简正波的复声强及其应用

在Pekeris波导模型下,关注了简正波的矢量场,讨论了简正波水平复声强和垂直复声强的表述,并分析了其特征.单阶简正波在水平方向是行波,相应的水平复声强仅为有功的;在垂直方向为驻波,相应的垂直复声强仅为无功的.而多阶简正波相互干涉,因此总声场的复声强既有有功分量,也有无功分量,其中只有有功分量参与声能的输运,但无功分量是反映声场信息的重要组成部分.通过对垂直(交互)复声强无功分量和水平交互复声强有功分量的数值分析,对于甚低频率的点源声场,发现当声源深度变化时,上述声场分量的正负号呈有规变化,当接收传感器置 关键词： 目标深度分类 复声强 矢量场 Pekeris波导     

海洋波导中目标声辐射场的计算方法

针对海洋波导中目标声辐射场的计算问题,提出了一种基于波叠加法并在近、远场采用不同水声传播模型的建模方法,可以将近、远场作为一个统一的系统进行高效地分析。该方法通过给定的已知表面振动速度的结构计算出目标内部虚拟点声源的源强,再配合在相应的水声环境中点声源传播模型的Green函数计算出结构外的声辐射场。以Green函数为纽带,在求源强和计算近场声辐射场时采用镜像虚源法,而在计算远场声辐射场时采用简正波法。通过该方法得到的有限水深波导中声速剖面为正梯度、负梯度、负跃层的3种情况下的脉动球、刚体摆动球的声辐射场计算结果与COMSOL的有限元计算结果进行对比,结果表明了该方法在提高计算效率的同时保证了计算精度。      

Using streamlines to visualize acoustic energy flow across boundaries

For spherical waves that radiate from a point source in a homogeneous fluid and propagate across a plane boundary into a dissimilar homogeneous fluid, the acoustic field may differ significantly from the geometric acoustic approximation if either the source or receiver is near the interface (in acoustic wavelengths) or if the stationary phase path is near the critical angle. In such cases, the entire acoustic field must be considered, including inhomogeneous waves associated with diffraction (i.e., those components that vanish with increasing frequency). The energy flow from a continuous-wave monopole point source across the boundary is visualized by tracing acoustic streamlines: those curves whose tangent at every point is parallel to the local acoustic intensity vector, averaged over a wave cycle. It is seen that the acoustic energy flow is not always in line with the "Snell's law" or stationary phase path. Also, plots of acoustic energy streamlines do not display unusual behavior in the vicinity of the critical angle. Finally, it is shown that there exists a law of refraction of acoustic energy streamlines at boundaries with density discontinuities analogous to Snell's law of refraction of ray paths across sound speed discontinuities. Examples include water-to-seabed transmission and water-to-air transmission.     

Acoustic source identification using a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer

This paper shows how a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV), an instrument designed to measure vibrations of structures or objects, can be used in a non-traditional fashion to identify acoustical sources. This is achieved by measuring the changes in the optical path induced by local fluctuation of the air refraction index to which the LDV is sensitive. The acoustical signal used is sinusoidal and may be recovered by scanning at a uniform rate over a subject area (continuous scan) parallel to the source axis and demodulating this signal. Due to the fact that the measured scan area is in fact a line integral over a measurement volume between the laser head and a rigid object needed to reflect the laser beam, multiple view planes around the axis of the acoustic source are usually measured. These are then passed through a tomographic algorithm, thereby reconstructing the full sound field. In this article however, only one view plane is measured, but the acoustic source is placed on a rotating surface with fixed rotational frequency, thereby imposing a modulation on the measured spectrum. Demodulation will allow reconstruction of the three-dimensional sound field.