Wall shear stress around a stationary gas slug in a downward liquid flow

A single cell of the gas-liquid slug flow was studied. The flow around an immobile gas slug in a downflow of liquid and under its bottom was measured. The values of the wall shear stress and its pulsations were measured by the electrodiffusion method depending on a distance from the slug nose. It is shown that in a liquid film around a slug, turbulent pulsations are damped in comparison with a single-phase liquid flow. In the bottom part of a slug, where vortices are detached, turbulent pulsations exceed significantly the single-phase ones. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Grant No. 07-08-00405a).     

气力提升系统气液两相流数值模拟分析

污水处理、油田采油、液态金属冷却反应堆和磁流体动力转换器等领域采用气力提升系统有其显著优势.由于不同液体介质与气体介质密度对气力提升系统性能影响较大,因此本文基于Fluent仿真软件,采用欧拉模型、k-ω剪切应力输运湍流模型数值模拟了氮气-水、氮气-煤油、氮气-水银及空气-水、氩气-水、氮气-水下气力提升系统内气液两相流动行为,分析了系统稳定时提升立管内气相体积分数、提升液体流量、提升效率、提升管出口处液体径向速度的变化规律.研究结果表明:1)氮气-水、氮气-煤油、氮气-水银系统中,提升管内液体介质密度越大,提升管内气相体积分数越小、提升液体流量越大、提升效率越高;2)空气-水、氩气-水、氮气-水系统中,提升管内气体介质密度越大,提升管内气相体积分数越小、提升液体流量越大、提升效率峰值越小;3)提升管出口处提升液体径向速度随气体充入量的不断增加而整体波动升高,最终管轴中心附近液体速度较大,管壁附近液体速度较小.本文研究成果为污水处理、气举采油、液态重金属冷却核反应堆和磁流体动力转换器等应用领域的气力提升技术的优化提供科学的理论基础.     

The influence of anharmonicities to the lattice structure of rare gas crystals

The zero-point energy and the leading anharmonic terms of the free energy retained in second-order perturbation theory are calculated numerically at temperature zero for the two closest-packed structures, the face-centered cubic (fcc) and the hexagonal closest-packed (hcp). In agreement with experiment we get the fcc lattices energetically favoured relative to the hep lattices.     

气液两相流中的声速研究

气液两相流在工业各领域中广泛存在,而声速是描述其声学性质的一个重要参数。本文从流体的体积弹性模量的定义出发,推导了气液两相流中的声速随含气率的变化关系式,即混合流体的Wood声速公式,将其声速的部分计算结果和其他作者的实验数据进行了比较,吻合良好。并通过COMSOL有限元模拟软件得到不同气体分布下圆管谐振腔最低阶模式的共振频率,间接数值模拟研究了含气率对声速的影响。模拟结果与理论计算结果一致,当气液两相流中含气率较低时,声速随含气率的增大急剧减小。本研究结果为确定声速与气液两相流中的含气率间的关系提供了参考依据。     

Statistic characteristics of the gas-liquid flow in a vertical minichannel

The gas-liquid upward flow was studied in a rectangular minichannel of 1.75×3.8 mm and length of 0.7 m. The experiments were carried out within the range of the gas superficial velocity from 0.1 to 10 m/s and the liquid superficial velocity from 0.07 to 0.7 m/s for the co-current H₂O/CO₂ flow under the conditions of saturation. The method for the two-beam laser scanning of structure and determination of statistic characteristics of the two-phase flow was worked through. The slug-bubble, slug, transitional, churn, and annular flows were distinguished. The statistics characteristics of liquid and gas phases motion in a minichannel were obtained for the first time including the velocities of phase motion.     

The velocity of gas bubble rise in a tube

The solutions of the Laplace equation involving the diverging infinite series are used in the classical works at the analysis of the problem of the gravitational rise of a gas bubble in a tube filled with ideal fluid (the Taylor bubble). In the present work, an approximate method is proposed for a correct analysis of the above problem. The ideal fluid flow around a body of revolution in a tube is constructed by the method of the superposition of elementary solutions. The satisfaction of the free surface condition in the critical point neighborhood and the passage of the main parameter to the limit lead to the sought expression for the dimensionless velocity of the gas bubble — Froude number.     

A transient method for measuring the gas volume fraction in a mixed gas-liquid flow using acoustic resonance spectroscopy

In this paper, the feasibility of measuring the gas volume fraction in a mixed gas-liquid flow by using an acoustic resonant spectroscopy (ARS) method in a transient way is studied theoretically and experimentally. Firstly, the effects of sizes and locations of a single air bubble in a cylindrical cavity with two open ends on resonant frequencies are investigated numerically. Then, a transient measurement system for ARS is established, and the trends of the resonant frequencies (RFs) and resonant amplitudes (RAs) in the cylindrical cavity with gas flux inside are investigated experimentally. The measurement results by the proposed transient method are compared with those by steady-state ones and numerical ones. The numerical results show that the RFs of the cavity are highly sensitive to the volume of the single air bubble. A tiny bubble volume perturbation may cause a prominent RF shift even though the volume of the air bubble is smaller than 0.1% of that of the cavity. When the small air bubble moves, the RF shift will change and reach its maximum value as it is located at the middle of the cavity. As the gas volume fraction of the two-phase flow is low, both the RFs and RAs from the measurement results decrease dramatically with the increasing gas volume, and this decreasing trend gradually becomes even as the gas volume fraction increases further. These experimental results agree with the theoretical ones qualitatively. In addition, the transient method for ARS is more suitable for measuring the gas volume fraction with randomness and instantaneity than the steady-state one, because the latter could not reflect the random and instant characteristics of the mixed fluid due to the time consumption for frequency sweeping. This study will play a very important role in the quantitative measurement of the gas volume fraction of multiphase flows.     

管间距对翅片管换热器热力性能的影响

分析了翅片管换热器传热及流动阻力性能的影响因素;叙述了场协同理论的基本机理,并与等流速排列方式联系起来加以分析讨论;概述了翅片管换热器研究中管间距对传热及流动阻力影响的国内外研究现状;讨论了不同翅片及基管类型结构尺寸下管间距对换热器传热及流动阻力影响的规律。在此基础上,对管束排列的研究前景进行了展望。     

The problems of the upward monodispersed microbubble flow in a vertical tube

The paper presents the first experimental results concerning the wall shear stress in an upward monodispersed microbubble flow in vertical tube. A bubble generator using a microfluid focusing technique was designed to produce monodispersed submillimeter bubbles. The experimental results allow to think that there is an optimal size of the bubbles and the optimal gas fraction in the bubble sublayer that provide the maximal mass transfer coefficient beween the flow and the tube wall.     

惯性管并联结构对脉管制冷机性能影响的数值研究

随着脉管制冷机制冷量的不断增大,对脉管热端散热也提出了更高的要求,为此,提出了一种利用并联惯性管替代次水冷器进行冷却的结构,并利用Delta EC软件对采用此种结构的脉管制冷机进行了数值模拟。针对两种不同尺寸的脉管制冷机,以相对卡诺循环效率作为参考进行计算,结果表明在大尺寸的脉管制冷机中,惯性管并联结构和一根惯性管结构可以使制冷机获得相同的制冷效果,为大功率脉管制冷机次热端散热提供了新的思路。     

The influence of the exhaust system unsteady gas flow and insulation on the performance of a turbocharged diesel engine

A comprehensive digital computer program is used to simulate the unsteady gas flow in the exhaust and inlet systems of a multi-cylinder, turbocharged, medium-high speed, four-stroke diesel engine installed at the authors' laboratory. The simulation assumes one-dimensional, time-varying gas flow in the engine pipes and incorporates numerous realistic fluid dynamic, thermodynamic and heat-transfer features. The characteristic mathematical transformation solution of the gas-flow dynamics partial differential equations is interfaced with First-Law analysis models of the cylinders main chambers and prechambers. The simulation results are compared most favourably against the engine's experimental performance results, which include mean air consumption rate, pressure histories at various locations on the exhaust system, and energy-mean temperature values at the exit of the exhaust system. The simulation results are also utilized for the determination of the various cylinders' exhaust waves intensity, as they are imposed by the design characteristics of the exhaust manifold. The plotting of relevant charts, showing the contour variation of gas pressure, temperature and Mach index against engine crank angle and pipe length, aids the correct interpretation of the observed behaviour. The detailed simulation of the fluid dynamic and heat-transfer fields in the engine exhaust system, permits an interesting parametric study of the influence of the degree of insulation of the exhaust system on the energy and exergy (availability) content of the exhaust gases before the turbocharger turbine, by coupling the above First-Law with Second-Law analysis concepts.     

Renormalization of the gas-liquid transition: I. The flow equations

Renormalization flow equations are constructed for fluids. The structure of the equations is an explicit hierarchy involving the thermodynamic potential, the two-particle potential, three-particle potential, etc. The transformation of the pressure, density and correlation functions under this renormalization transformation are also deduced explicitly. The conditions on the weights in the renormalization procedure are discussed.     

The strong influence of small amounts of palladium on the structure of liquid potassium-thallium

Neutron diffraction measurements on liquid KT1 alloys with 0, 1, and 5 at % Pd, respectively, show that the prepeak in the structure factor shifts from wave vector k=8.0 to 7.2 nm⁻¹ with an increasing amount of Pd. This corresponds to a periodicity change from 0.96 to 1.07 nm in real space². The structure of the liquid KT1 alloys is compared to the corresponding crystal structures, and some similarities are observed. Reverse Monte Carlo modelling indicates T1 clustering in the liquid alloy. Also in solid KTl Tl-clusters occur. The distance between the clusters increases with the addition of 5%. Pd. More information is needed to discriminate between various possible structures of the Tl clusters in the liquid alloy and to determine the position of Pd in these clusters.     

ITER����ϵͳ��͸�ṹ���

介绍了作为ITER气体加料系统关键技术之一的管道穿透结构的设计工作进展,给出了偏滤器窗口延伸部分和低温冷屏以及上窗口延伸部分和环向真空封闭法兰的管道穿透结构设计和初步分析结果。     

ITER送气系统穿透结构设计

介绍了作为ITER气体加料系统关键技术之一的管道穿透结构的设计工作进展,给出了偏滤器窗口延伸部分和低温冷屏以及上窗口延伸部分和环向真空封闭法兰的管道穿透结构设计和初步分析结果。     

Electrohydrodynamic gas pump in a vertical tube

The characteristics of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pumps have been experimentally evaluated. Two tubes of different size were used to house the EHD gas pumps. Experiments were conducted using positive direct current with voltage varying from 13 kV to 30 kV. The applied voltage at which flow was induced correlates well with the electrode spacing. Air flows with a uniform velocity profile were induced in the smaller tube and an inverted parabolic profile in the larger tube. The results also show that the ionic wind velocity increases to a maximum value and then decreases to an asymptotic value.     

对流梯形微通道内气液两相流动的数值研究

采用VOF方法,对梯形微通道内不可压缩气液两相流动进行了数值模拟研究,详细分析了气泡形成过程,以及当量直径、截面形状、液体表面张力和粘度等对气泡液柱形成过程和长度的影响,拟合出微通道气泡液柱长度计算公式。结果表明:气泡液柱的长度受表观气速和表观液速的影响较大;表面张力对气泡尺寸的影响较小,当液体粘度增加为水粘度的10倍时,形成的气泡形状不规则。增大表面张力,形成气泡的时间增加;增大粘度,形成气泡的时间减小。