Gray-scale data pages for digital holographic data storage

The prospects for gray-scale (or multilevel) digital holographic data storage are theoretically and experimentally investigated. A simple signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) partitioning argument shows that when SNR scales as 1 over the number of holograms squared, five gray levels (log(2) 5bits/pixel) would be expected to result in a 15% capacity increase over binary data pages. However, the additional signal-dependent noise sources present in practical systems create a baseline SNR that reduces both the optimal number of gray levels and the resulting gain in capacity. To implement gray-scale recording experimentally, we adapt the predistortion technique previously developed for binary page-oriented memories [Opt. Lett. 23, 289 (1998)]. Several new block-based modulation codes for decoding gray-scale data pages are introduced. User capacity is evaluated by an experimental technique using LiNbO(3) :Fe in the 90 degrees geometry. Experimental results show that a balanced modulation code with three gray levels provides a 30% increase in capacity (as well as a 30% increase in readout rate) over local binary thresholding.     

Phase modulated gray-scale data pages for digital holographic data storage

We propose a method for gray level holographic digital data storage by using three-gray levels in the phase mode. Gray level data pages are displayed on a SLM operating in the phase mode to obtain a homogenized Fourier spectrum by suppressing the extremely high intensity DC component in the Fourier spectrum of conventional amplitude based binary/gray level data pages. Holographic interferometry has been used to recover the gray level amplitude data page from phase data page. Numerical simulation results are presented for three-gray level data pages. Fourier plane homogeneity, bit-error-rate, storage density, phase modulation error of the SLM, and misalignment tolerances are investigated through computer modeling. A comparison of the present method with the amplitude-modulated gray level case with and without using a phase mask in conjunction with the data page is carried out. An experimental demonstration of the proposed three-gray level phase data page method is also presented.     

Compensation for misaligned data pages based on a three-pixel model in holographic data storage

To compensate misalignments between a detector array and a spatial light modulator (SLM) in page-oriented holographic data storage, a method based on a three-pixel model is proposed. Three neighboring pixels in one-dimensional direction on the SLM that make contributions to the center pixel on the detector are considered in the three-pixel model. Recursive solutions are carried out to recover the true values of the SLM pixels. Both simulation and experimental results show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be doubled approximately by use of the compensation method based on the three-pixel model. The proposed method is appropriate for relatively small apertures, and has the similar effects with the equalization method, which effectively improves the SNR.     

Ruggedized digital holographic data storage with fast access

Recent investigations in holographic mass memory systems have produced proof-of-concept demonstrations that have highlighted their potential for providing unprecedented capacity, data transfer rates and fast random access performance (Heanue et al. 1994; Hong et al. 1995; Psaltis and Mok 1995; Bernal et al. 1996; McMichael et al. 1996). The exploratory nature of most such investigations has been largely confined to benchtop experiments which have ignored the practical constraints of packaging and environmental concerns. We have embarked on an effort to demonstrate the holographic mass memory concept by developing a compact prototype system geared for avionics and similar applications which demand the following features (mostly interdependent factors): (1) solid state design (no moving parts), (2) fast data seek time, (3) robust with respect to environmental factors (temperature, vibration, shock). In this paper, we report on the development and demonstration of two systems, one with 100 MB and the other with more than 1 GB of storage capacity. Both systems feature solid state design with the addressing mechanism realized with acoustooptic deflectors that are capable of better than 50 sec data seek time. Since the basic designs for the two systems are similar, we describe only the larger system in detail. The operation of the smaller system has been demonstrated in various environments including hand-held operation and thermal/mechanical shock; a photograph of the smaller system is provided, as well as actual digital data retrieved from the same system.     

Holographic data storage with arbitrarily misaligned data pages

An improved postprocessing algorithm that can compensate for arbitrary misregistrations between a detector array and the coherent image of a pixelated two-dimensional data page is described. Previously [Opt. Lett. 26, 542 (2001)], an algorithm was reported in which both linear and quadratic interpixel cross-talk contributions are reallocated to the appropriate neighboring pixels. However, page misalignments close to +/-0.5 pixels could not be corrected to an acceptable bit-error rate because of propagation in the iterative procedure. An improved algorithm is reported in which an intentional magnification error is introduced optically and then corrected during postprocessing. Experimental results from a pixel-matched megapel volume holographic system are presented, showing that the dependence of bit-error rate on transverse detector alignment is entirely removed. This improved procedure can completely bypass constraints on page registration, optical distortion, and material shrinkage that currently hamper page-oriented holographic storage systems.     

Multiplexed phase-conjugate holographic data storage with a buffer hologram

We describe and demonstrate a volume holographic storage system in which a phase-conjugate object beam is reconstructed by the same reference beam that was used for recording. An intermediate hologram is used as a temporary buffer, recorded with its own reference beam and the data-bearing object beam. Reading this buffer hologram with the phase conjugate of its reference beam reconstructs the phase conjugate of the object beam, which can then be recorded into the desired volume hologram for long-term storage. This method combines the immunity to lens aberrations provided by phase-conjugate readout with the simplicity of using the same multiplexed reference beam for both recording and readout. Only a single pair of phase-conjugate reference beams is required. Experimental results are shown with a single LiNbO(3):Fe crystal used as both buffer and storage holograms and a self-pumped phase-conjugate mirror in BaTiO(3) that provides the pair of phase-conjugate reference beams.     

Modulation coding for pixel-matched holographic data storage

We describe a digital holographic storage system for the study of noise sources and the evaluation of modulation and error-correction codes. A precision zoom lens and Fourier transform optics provide pixel-to-pixel matching between any input spatial light modulator and output CCD array over magnifications from 0.8 to 3. Holograms are angle multiplexed in LiNbO(3):Fe by use of the 90 degrees geometry, and reconstructions are detected with a 60-frame/s CCD camera. Modulation codes developed on this platform permit image transmission down to signal levels of ~2000 photons per ON camera pixel, at raw bit-error rates (BER's) of better than 10(-5). Using an 8-12-pixel modulation code, we have stored and retrieved 1200 holograms (each with 45,600 user bits) without error, for a raw BER of <2x10(-8).     

大容量高密度体全息数据存储

基于晶体体全息存储机理 ,采用半导体泵浦固体激光器取代氩离子激光器作为系统光源 ,设计并构建了小型体全息存储器 ,实现了 15 0 0幅等衍射效率高分辨率全息图的记录和复现 ,其存储容量大于 1 1Gbit ,存储密度大于1 4Gbit/cm3 。     

Orthogonal-reference-pattern-modulated shift multiplexing for collinear holographic data storage

A novel hybrid shift multiplexing method for collinear holographic data storage (CHDS) by using orthogonal reference patterns (RPs) is proposed, analyzed, and demonstrated. For this method, holograms are multiplexed by not only shifting the media but also using different RPs. Compared with the traditional method, the shift pitch for the hybrid method is substantially reduced because of the selectivity introduced by different RPs. The interpage cross talk due to Bragg mismatch and degeneracy for multiplexing holograms in the same volume by using orthogonal RPs is also attenuated by utilizing the shift selectivity of the hologram. A 1.5 μm shift pitch is experimentally achieved by using three amplitude RPs in a system that would be 4.5 μm with only one RP. This new method offers an alternative to significantly increase the data density and transfer rate of the CHDS system given that the media has ideal properties.     

Multifrequency acousto-optic page composers for holographic data storage

A new concept for one- and two-dimensional acousto-optic page composers to be used in holographic memories is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The concept is based on multifrequency operation and compensation of the Doppler shift of the optical frequencies. Acousto-optic page composers without the usual exposure time limitation are in this way realized.     

Information capacity of 3-D holographic data storage

Capacities for angular and wavelength multiplexed holographic data storage systems are considered. Limitations due to the spatial resolution of the recording and reconstructing fields and to the holographic recording process are derived.     

Coaxial holographic data storage without recording the dc components

A technique of recovering the data pages from Fourier holograms recorded without the dc components is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally by use of a coaxial holographic storage system. A reconstructed image is obtained by adding a phase-modulated dc component of the signal beam on reading. The bit error rate of the reconstructed image is comparable with that for the hologram recorded with the dc component as well. Since high intensities of the dc components are not recorded in this technique, the dynamic range of the recording media can be saved, which potentially contributes to increasing the number of multiplexed holograms.     

Compensation for pixel-mismatch errors in shift-multiplexed holographic data storage

To read out correct data from shift-multiplexed holographic data storage, we propose a novel method of pixel matching by use of a tiny plane-parallel refraction plate placed in the path of converging readout beams. Tilting the refraction plate produces a shift in the lateral position of the readout beam incident upon the holographic storage disk, leading to compensation for pixel-mismatch errors by an improvement in bit-error rate of 3 orders of magnitude.     

Two-dimensional shift-orthogonal random-interleaving phase-code multiplexing for holographic data storage

A novel phase encoding technology for phase-code multiplexing in holographic data storage (HDS) system called two-dimensional shift-orthogonal random-interleaving (2-D SORI) phase encoding is proposed. Compared with the traditional one-dimensional orthogonal phase-code multiplexing methods, the 2-D method is less sensitive to the variations of the diffraction amplitude and to the phase error of the phase mask. Phase masks for the 2-D SORI phase-code multiplexing can be generated by shifting an elaborately designed phase plate at a certain step, which can avoid the use of a high-cost phase spatial light modulator for the generation of multiple orthogonal phase masks. The cross-talk arising from the systematic phase defects of the static phase modulator is eliminated by the shift operation of the phase plate. Phase codes are interleaved under a predetermined random mapping rule to prevent unauthorized users from accessing the data and eliminate the Bragg degeneration cross-talk. A 2-D SORI phase plate with the size of 5.12 mm × 10.24 mm is designed and fabricated, from which 128 orthogonal phase patterns are generated. The feasibility of the 2-D SORI phase-code multiplexing method for HDS is experimentally demonstrated.     

Compensation for pixel misregistration in volume holographic data storage

We describe what we believe to be a novel postprocessing algorithm for compensating for misregistrations between a detector array and the coherent image of a pixelated two-dimensional data page. A lookup table of baseline local offsets is combined with the dynamically measured global offset of the received data page, producing an estimate of the total lateral shift of each small block of pixels. A serial algorithm then reallocates the appropriate portion of the signal detected by each pixel to its neighbors, accounting for both the linear and the quadratic contributions introduced by coherent illumination of square-law detectors. This procedure can relax the tight constraints on page registration, optical distortion, and material shrinkage that currently hamper page-oriented holographic storage systems. Experimental results from a pixel-matched 1-Mpixel volume holographic system are presented, showing an increase in position tolerance (for a raw bit-error rate <10(-3)) from +/-16% to +/-40% of the pixel pitch.     

Associative data search in phase-encoded volume holographic storage systems

We present a technique that enables true associative data search in phase-encoded volume holographic storage systems. The technique overcomes crucial shortcomings related to the only two methods proposed for associative searches in phase-encoded systems so far. An additional interferometric readout during content addressing is utilized to ascertain the cross-correlations between an input information and all data pages that are recorded by superposition in one location of the storage media. We present experimental investigations and thoroughly discuss the reliability of the technique. Under realistic conditions the inevitable normalization procedure, used to determine absolute correlation values, as well as the probability of small correlation values crucially affect the capabilities of associative search in phase-encoded holographic storage systems. PACS  42.30.-d; 42.40.Pa; 42.79.Hp     

Optical noise reduction for dc-removed coaxial holographic data storage

A method of reconstructing positive and negative images from Fourier holograms recorded without the dc components is demonstrated by use of a coaxial holographic storage system. Reconstructed images are obtained by adding a phase-modulated dc component of the signal beam on reading. Contrast reversal of the reconstructed images can be achieved by reversing the readout reference pattern. This method can realize not only optical noise reduction but also less consumption of the dynamic range of the recording medium, potentially contributing to increasing the number of multiplexed holograms.     

Optimizing holographic data storage using a fractional Fourier transform

We demonstrate a method to optimize the reconstruction of a hologram when the storage device has a limited dynamic range and a minimum grain size. The optimal solution at the recording plane occurs when the object wave has propagated an intermediate distance between the near and far fields. This distance corresponds to an optimal order and magnification of the fractional Fourier transform of the object.     

Non-interferometric phase retrieval for collinear phase-modulated holographic data storage

Optical Review - Because of its simple optical system setup and robust noise tolerance, non-interferometric phase retrieval is an important technique for phase-modulated holographic data storage....     

二芳烯材料在重复擦写体全息存储中的应用研究

二芳烯材料是一种性能优异的光致色变材料,具有很好的抗疲劳性能,一般能重复擦写上万次,而不损失其性能。通过体全息光栅记录实验、角度复用体全息存储实验、重复擦写及强光记弱光读等实验,对二芳烯材料在重复擦写体全息存储中的应用进行了系统研究。由于二芳烯材料具有很高的折射率调制度(Δn=1.15×10-3)、可多次重复擦写、强光记弱光读的准非易失等性能,在可重复擦写的体全息存储中具有广阔的应用前景。