Optical absorption spectra of the Bi<Superscript>+</Superscript> impurity center in CsCdBr<Subscript>3</Subscript> ternary bromide

Optical absorption spectra of the Bi⁺ impurity center isomorphically substituting Cs⁺ in CsCdBr3 are recorded over a wide temperature range (from 3.2 to 300 K). An analysis of the vibrational degrees of freedom of the impurity center within the framework of the model of a single effective phonon mode yields various spectroscopic parameters of the optical transition in the Bi⁺ ion, such as the zero-phonon transition energy, Huang–Rhys parameter, and effective phonon energy. The results are used to compare the properties of the Bi⁺ center in various crystalline matrices.     

Photochromism in Cu-and Ag-doped Bi<Subscript>12</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>20</Subscript> crystals

The equilibrium and photoinduced absorption spectra of copper-and silver-doped Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystals are studied. It is demonstrated that the impurity absorption is due to Ag²⁺, Ag⁺, Cu³⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cu⁺ ions occupying almost octahedral Bi³ positions. A mechanism of photochromism is suggested, involving changes in the charge states of copper and silver impurity ions according to schemes Cu²⁺-e → Cu³⁺ and Ag⁺-e → Ag²⁺.     

Optical properties of bismuth-doped TlCdCl<Subscript>3</Subscript> crystal

IR photoluminescence of bismuth-doped ternary thallium chloride TlCdCl₃ was studied. Two bismuth-containing luminescence impurity centers were detected. One of these was found to be the bismuth Bi⁺ monocation, emitting at 1025 nm.     

Photochromic effect in Bi<Subscript>12</Subscript>SiO<Subscript>20</Subscript> crystals doped with molybdenum

The steady-state and photoinduced absorption spectra of Bi₁₂SiO₂₀ crystals doped with molybdenum are investigated. It is demonstrated that the impurity absorption is associated with the Mo⁶⁺ and Mo⁵⁺ ions occupying the positions close to the tetrahedral Si⁴⁺ position. The mechanism of the photochromic effect is proposed. This mechanism involves the change in the charge state of molybdenum impurity ions according to the scheme Mo_Si⁶⁺ + e ⁻ → Mo_Si⁵⁺.     

Near-infrared broadband luminescence in Bi<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-GeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> binary glass system

Near-infrared broadband luminescence from 1100 to 1600 nm was observed in Bi₂O₃-GeO₂ binary glasses. The strongest emission can be observed with 30 mol % Bi₂O₃ when pumped at 808 nm. The lifetimes of all samples are longer than 200 μs. The glass network was studied by Raman spectra and Bi⁺ ions are proposed as the infrared luminescence centers in this glass system. Thermal treatment in air results in partly oxidation of Bi⁺ to Bi²⁺.     

Secondary ion emission from a GaAs single crystal upon bombardment with Bi<Stack> <Subscript> <Emphasis Type="Italic">m</Emphasis> </Subscript> <Superscript>+</Superscript> </Stack> cluster ions

Secondary-ion mass spectra and energy distributions upon bombarding a gallium arsenide single crystal using Bi_m⁺(m = 1–5) cluster ions with energies of 2–12 keV are investigated. The gallium cluster ion yield grew nonadditively with the number of atoms in the cluster projectiles. A quasi-thermal component found in the energy spectra of secondary Ga⁺ and Ga₂⁺ ions is indicative of the occurrence of the thermal spike mode upon cluster ion bombardment. The quasi-thermal component in the yield of atomic Ga⁺ ions upon bombardment with Bi₂⁺–Bi₅⁺–ions is 35–75%.     

Broadband infrared photoluminescence of TlCdI<Subscript>3</Subscript> iodide doped with bismuth

The Bridgman–Stockbarger method is used to prepare single-crystal TlCdI₃ samples doped with bismuth. The material exhibits a broadband photoluminescence in the near-IR range with a maximum intensity at a wavelength of 1175 nm. The properties of bismuth-doped TlCdI₃ were compared with previously studied chlorides and bromides containing Bi⁺ impurity centers. It is demonstrated that the luminescence center in TlCdI₃ is not the monovalent bismuth cation.     

Luminescence of Tl<Superscript>+</Superscript> ions in a KZnF<Subscript>3</Subscript> crystal

The luminescence spectra of a KZnF₃: Tl⁺ crystal are investigated in the energy range from 4.75 to 5.9 eV at temperatures of 10–300 K upon excitation into the A absorption band (5.7–6.3 eV). At T=300 K, the luminescence spectra exhibit an intense band with a maximum at 5.45 eV, which is attributed to single Tl⁺ ions substituted for K⁺ ions. The 5.723-eV intense narrow band observed at T<20 K is assigned to the ³Γ_1u-¹Γ_1g zero-phonon transition, which is weakly allowed by the hyperfine interaction. The luminescence decay is studied as a function of temperature. The main characteristics of the luminescence spectra are adequately described in terms of the semiclassical theory based on the Franck-Condon principle and the Jahn-Teller effect for an excited sp configuration of the Tl⁺ ion with the use of the parameters obtained earlier from analyzing the absorption spectra of the system under investigation.     

Red,Yellow, Blue and Green Emission from Eu<Superscript>3+</Superscript>, Dy<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Bi<Superscript>3+</Superscript> Doped Y<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>nano-Phosphors

Rare earth elements (RE = Eu³⁺& Dy³⁺)and Bi³⁺ doped Y₂O₃ nanoparticles were synthesized by urea hydrolysis method in ethylene glycol, which acts as reaction medium as well as a capping agent, at a low temperature of 140 °C,followed by calcination of the obtained product. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images reveals that ovoid shaped Y₂O₃ nanoparticles of around 22–24 nm size range were obtained in this method. The respective RE and Bi³⁺ doped Y₂O₃ precursor nanoparticles when heated at 600 and 750 °C, retains the same shape as that of the as-synthesized Y₂O₃ precursor samples. From EDAX spectra, the incorporation of RE ions into the host has been studied. XRD pattern reveals the crystalline nature of the heated nanoparticles and indicate the absence of any impurity phase other than cubic Y₂O₃.However, the as-synthesized nanoparticles were highly amorphous without the presence of any sharp XRD peaks. Photoluminescence study suggests that the synthesized samples could be used as red (Eu³⁺), yellow (Dy³⁺), blue and green (Bi³⁺)emitting phosphors.     

Frequency measurements in the b <Superscript>3</Superscript>Π(0<Subscript>u</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript>) - X <Superscript>1</Superscript>Σ<Subscript>g</Subscript><Superscript>+</Superscript> system of K<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Absolute transition frequencies of the b ³Π(0_u ⁺) - X ¹Σ_g ⁺ system of K₂ were measured in a molecular beam with Lamb dip absorption spectroscopy applying a frequency comb from a femtosecond pulsed laser. Both, K atoms and K₂ molecules are present in the beam and are expected to interact by collisions. The atoms can be deflected optically out of the beam, and thus the collision rate between K atoms and K₂ molecules is changed by about an order of magnitude. The molecular transition frequencies for low collisional rate are compared with those for high one. Limits for the collisional frequency shift within the beam are determined.     

Luminescence in Dy<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Eu<Superscript>3+</Superscript> Activated K<Subscript>3</Subscript>Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The Dy³⁺ and Eu³⁺ activated K₃Al₂ (PO₄)₃ phosphors were prepared by a combustion synthesis. From a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis the formation of K₃Al₂ (PO₄)₃ was confirmed. In the photoluminescence emission spectra, the K₃Al₂(PO₄)₃:Dy³⁺ phosphor emits two distinctive colors: blue and yellow whereas K₃Al₂(PO₄)₃:Eu³⁺ emits red color. Thus the combination of colors gives BYR (blue–yellow–red) emissions can produce white light. These phosphors exhibit a strong absorption between 340 and 400 nm which suggest that present phosphor is a promising candidate for producing white light-emitting diodes (LED).     

Influence of Bi<Superscript>3+</Superscript> ions on low temperature D.C. conductivity of Na<Subscript>2</Subscript>SiCuO<Subscript>4</Subscript> glasses

Sodium silicate glasses doped with CuO and mixed with different contents of Bi₂O₃ (ranging from 4 to 16 mol%) were prepared. D.C. conductivity studies over a range of temperature from 225 to 325 K have been carried out. The conductivity is observed to decrease linearly with increase of Bi₂O₃ concentration. The results are analyzed using optical absorption, ESR, and IR spectral data. The spectroscopic studies have indicated that there is a gradual reduction divalent copper ions to monovalent ions with increase of Bi₂O₃ concentration. These studies have also indicated that such Cu⁺ ions participate in the glasses network forming and increase the polymerization of the glass network. The analysis of the results of D.C. conductivity indicated that in temperature region T > θ _D/2, the small polaron hoping model is valid, and the conduction is predicted to be adiabatic type. The analysis of the results has further revealed that there is a gradual change over of conduction mechanism from ionic to electronic with increase of Bi₂O₃ concentration. The low temperature part of D.C. conductivity is explained using variable range hopping (VRH) model.     

Electron paramagnetic resonance of Ce<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript> impurity ions in YBa<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cu<Subscript>3</Subscript>O<Subscript>6.13</Subscript>

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of Ce³⁺ and Nd³⁺ impurity ions in unoriented powders of the YBa₂Cu₃O_6.13 compound are observed and interpreted for the first time. It is demonstrated that, upon long-term storage of the samples at room temperature, the EPR signals of these ions are masked by the spectral line (with the g factor of approximately 2) associated with the intrinsic magnetic centers due to the significant increase in its intensity.     

luminescence of BaGa<Subscript>2</Subscript>Se<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals activated by Eu<Superscript>2+</Superscript> and Ce<Superscript>3+</Superscript> ions

We have studied the effect of doping with Eu²⁺ and Ce³⁺ ions on the photoluminescence (PL) of BaGa₂Se₄ crystals in the temperature range 77–300 K. We have established that the broad bands with maxima at wavelengths 456 nm and 506 nm observed in the photoluminescence spectra of BaGa₂Se₄:Ce³⁺ crystals are due to intracenter transitions 5d → ²F_7/2 and 5d →²F_5/2 of the Ce³⁺ ions, while the broad photoluminescence band with maximum at 521 nm in the spectrum of BaGa₂Se₄:Eu²⁺ is associated with 4f⁶ 5d → 4f⁷ (⁸S_7/2) transitions of the Eu²⁺ ion. We show that in BaGa₂Se₄:Eu²⁺,Ce³⁺ crystals, excitation energy is transferred from the Ce³⁺ ions to the Eu²⁺ ions.     

Photoluminescence of CaGa<Subscript>2</Subscript>S<Subscript>4</Subscript>:Pr Polycrystals

The photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation spectra of CaGa₂S₄ polycrystals doped with praseodymium are studied in the regions of the activator absorption and the fundamental absorption of the host. It is found that the PL excitation spectrum consists of two regions: broadband absorption in the range of 200-380 nm corresponding to the fundamental absorption of the host and the narrow-band absorption of the dopant in the range of 430–515 nm. The luminescence spectra are different for different excitation wave-lengths, which occurs because Pr³⁺ ions substitute divalent cations occupying different crystallographic positions in the host crystal lattice.     

Luminescence thermometry using Gd<Subscript>2</Subscript>Zr<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>:Eu<Superscript>3+</Superscript>

In this paper we study the possibility of using the synthesized nanopowder samples of Gd₂Zr₂O₇:Eu³⁺ for temperature measurements by analyzing the temperature effects on its photoluminescence. The nanopowder was prepared by solution combustion synthesis method. The photoluminescence spectra used for analysis of Gd₂Zr₂O₇:Eu³⁺ nano phosphor optical emission temperature dependence were acquired using continuous laser diode excitation at 405 nm. The temperature dependencies of line emission intensities of transitions from ⁵D₀ and ⁵D₁ energy levels to the ground state were analyzed. Based on this analysis we use the two lines intensity ratio method for temperature sensing. Our results show that the synthesized material can be efficiently used as thermographic phosphor up to 650 K.     

Growth defect W<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-W<Superscript>2+</Superscript> of CdWO<Subscript>4</Subscript> crystals

CdWO₄ crystals grown by the Czochralski method at the low-temperature gradient were investigated with electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. ESR spectra did not contain the spectra of impurity ions typical for the CdWO₄ structure, i.e., Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, and Cr³⁺. At the same time, in the studied crystals a complex ESR spectrum having the hyperfine structure due to two nonequivalent tungsten atoms was observed (W¹⁸³;I=1/2; natural abundance, 14.28%). Angular dependence analysis and simulation of ESR spectra have shown that this novel spectrum is described by a spin-Hamiltonian with the following parameters:D=839 G,E=80 G,g _xx=2.01,g _yy=1.97,g _zz=1.987 and electron spinS=7/2. There is one magnetically nonequivalent position of the center in the crystal structure and the direction ofD _zz andg _zz corresponds to the direction of W_n-W_n+2 (or Cd_n-Cd_n+2) in the crystal structure. Because of the fact that it is in principle impossible to achieve the electron stateS=7/2 for the d-shell of one transition metal ion and taking into account the fact that such electron state is realized for two nonequivalent tungsten atoms, we suppose the defect structure to be the chain W²⁺-M⁺-W³⁺. In the structure of this defect the ion M⁺ is diamagnetic, the ions W²⁺ and W³⁺ have electron spinS=2 andS=3/2, respectively. The necessary condition for such defect to exist is to place this chain of ions in cadmium positions for the charge compensation. the reason for such defects to form is supposed to be the incorporation of M⁺ ions into the CdWO₄ lattice. The presence of W²⁺ and W³⁺ in Cd positions in the defect structure provides the charge compensation and the lowering of the lattice stress.     

Spectral properties of neodymium in POCl<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SbCl<Subscript>5</Subscript>-Nd<Superscript>3+</Superscript>

The absorption and luminescence spectra of neodymium in a binary inorganic solvent—phosphorus oxychloride-antimony pentachloride—are measured. The spectra are analyzed in terms of the Judd-Ofelt theory. The Judd-Ofelt parameters Ω_λ, the oscillator strengths of the main absorption bands, the spontaneous emission probabilities, the radiative lifetime, the luminescence quantum yields, and the stimulated emission cross sections for the ⁴ F _3/2 → ⁴ I _11/2 laser transition are calculated.     

Luminescence characteristics of energy transfer between Ce<Superscript>3+</Superscript> and Eu<Superscript>2+</Superscript> in NaMgPO<Subscript>4</Subscript> phosphor

Powder samples of NaMgPO₄ doped with Eu²⁺ and Ce³⁺ were prepared and their photoluminescence spectra were systemically studied. Energy transfer from Ce³⁺ to Eu²⁺ in NaMgPO₄ phosphor was observed by investigating the optical properties from photoluminescence spectra in Eu²⁺ or Ce³⁺ singly doped and Eu²⁺–Ce³⁺ codoped sodium magnesium orthophosphates, NaMgPO₄. The enhancement of UV excitation is attributed to energy transfer from Ce³⁺ to Eu²⁺, and Ce³⁺ plays a role as a sensitizer. Ce³⁺–Eu²⁺ codoped NaMgPO₄ phosphors in which Eu²⁺ can be efficiently excited by 390 nm are potential candidates for phosphor-converted LEDs.     

Effect of isoelectronic impurities K<Superscript>+</Superscript> and I<Superscript>−</Superscript> on luminescence of CsBr:Eu<Superscript>2+</Superscript> crystals

We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL) and photostimulated luminescence (PSL) spectra at 300 K to study the effect of isoelectronic impurities K⁺ and I⁻ on the formation and energy structure of Eu²⁺-V_Cs isolated dipole centers and aggregate centers in the form of single crystals of CsEuBr₃ in CsBr:Eu²⁺ single crystals. We have shown that K⁺ and I⁻ impurities in a concentration of 5 mol% do not have a substantial effect on the energy spectrum of isolated dipole centers in CsBr:Eu²⁺ single crystals and the processes for the formation of such centers during growth of CsBr:Eu single crystals from the melt by the Bridgman method. We have established that in Cs_0.95K^0.05Br:Eu²⁺, more favorable conditions are realized for the formation of aggregate centers than in CsBr:Eu²⁺ and CsBr^0.95K^0.05Br:Eu²⁺ single crystals. So in order to improve the storage properties of phosphors based on CsBr:Eu²⁺, in particular for increasing the efficiency of PSL excitation, it is expedient to dope them with K⁺ impurity in a concentration up to 5 mol%. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 74, No. 5, pp. 627–630, September–October, 2007.