Sequential C–O decarboxylative vinylation/C–H arylation of cyclic oxalates via a nickel-catalyzed multicomponent radical cascade

A selective, sequential C–O decarboxylative vinylation/C–H arylation of cyclic alcohol derivatives enabled by visible-light photoredox/nickel dual catalysis is described. This protocol utilizes a multicomponent radical cascade process, i.e. decarboxylative vinylation/1,5-HAT/aryl cross-coupling, to achieve efficient, site-selective dual-functionalization of saturated cyclic hydrocarbons in one single operation. This synergistic protocol provides straightforward access to sp³-enriched scaffolds and an alternative retrosynthetic disconnection to diversely functionalized saturated ring systems from the simple starting materials.

A selective, sequential C–O decarboxylative vinylation/C–H arylation of cyclic alcohol derivatives enabled by visible-light photoredox/nickel dual catalysis has been described.     

Synthesis of an elusive,stable 2-azaallyl radical guided by electrochemical and reactivity studies of 2-azaallyl anions

The super electron donor (SED) ability of 2-azaallyl anions has recently been discovered and applied to diverse reactivity, including transition metal-free cross-coupling and dehydrogenative cross-coupling processes. Surprisingly, the redox properties of 2-azaallyl anions and radicals have been rarely studied. Understanding the chemistry of elusive species is the key to further development. Electrochemical analysis of phenyl substituted 2-azaallyl anions revealed an oxidation wave at E_1/2 or E_pa = −1.6 V versus Fc/Fc⁺, which is ∼800 mV less than the reduction potential predicted (E_pa = −2.4 V vs. Fc/Fc⁺) based on reactivity studies. Investigation of the kinetics of electron transfer revealed reorganization energies an order of magnitude lower than commonly employed SEDs. The electrochemical study enabled the synthetic design of the first stable, acyclic 2-azaallyl radical. These results indicate that the reorganization energy should be an important design consideration for the development of more potent organic reductants.

The super electron donor (SED) capabilities of 2-azaallyl anions has recently been discovered and applied to diverse reactivity; their structures and electron transfer characteristics are reported herein.     

Nickel-catalyzed asymmetric reductive cross-coupling of α-chloroesters with (hetero)aryl iodides

An asymmetric reductive cross-coupling of α-chloroesters and (hetero)aryl iodides is reported. This nickel-catalyzed reaction proceeds with a chiral BiOX ligand under mild conditions, affording α-arylesters in good yields and enantioselectivities. The reaction is tolerant of a variety of functional groups, and the resulting products can be converted to pharmaceutically-relevant chiral building blocks. A multivariate linear regression model was developed to quantitatively relate the influence of the α-chloroester substrate and ligand on enantioselectivity.

A Ni-catalyzed enantioselective reductive cross-coupling of α-chloroesters and (hetero)aryl iodides is reported. A MLR model was developed to quantitatively relate the influence of the α-chloroester substrate and ligand on enantioselectivity.     

Asymmetric construction of pyrido[1,2-a]-1H-indole derivatives via a gold-catalyzed cycloisomerization

Pyrido[1,2-a]-1H-indoles are important scaffolds found in many biologically active compounds. Herein, we first developed an IPrAuCl/AgSbF₆-catalyzed cycloisomerization of N-1,3-disubstituted allenyl indoles affording pyrido[1,2-a]-1H-indoles. Then the axial-to-central chirality transfer starting from enantio-enriched N-1,3-disubstituted allenylindoles affording optically active pyrido[1,2-a]-1H-indoles has been realized in excellent yields and enantioselectivities. A mechanism has been proposed based on mechanistic studies. Synthetic applications have also been demonstrated.

We reported an IPrAuCl/AgSbF₆-catalyzed cycloisomerization of enantio-enriched N-1,3-disubstituted allenylindoles affording optically active pyrido[1,2-a]-1H-indoles in excellent yields and enantioselectivities.     

Studying the reactivity of alkyl substituted BODIPYs: first enantioselective addition of BODIPY to MBH carbonates

The first enantioselective addition of alkyl BODIPYs to Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates is reported. This is the first reported enantioselective methodology using the methylene position of BODIPYs as a nucleophile. The reaction is efficiently catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids, achieving high enantioselectivities and total diastereoselectivity. The use of cinchona alkaloid pseudo enantiomers (chinine/cinchonine) allows us to obtain both pairs of enantiomers in similar yields and enantioselectivities, a common issue in this type of reaction. The photophysical study of these dyes (absorption and fluorescence) has been performed in order to determine their parameters and explore future possible application in bioimaging. In addition, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) studies supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were also performed.

The first enantioselective addition of alkyl BODIPYs to Morita–Baylis–Hillman (MBH) carbonates is reported.     

Intra- and intermolecular Fe-catalyzed dicarbofunctionalization of vinyl cyclopropanes

Design and implementation of the first (asymmetric) Fe-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular difunctionalization of vinyl cyclopropanes (VCPs) with alkyl halides and aryl Grignard reagents has been realized via a mechanistically driven approach. Mechanistic studies support the diffusion of alkyl radical intermediates out of the solvent cage to participate in an intra- or intermolecular radical cascade with a range of VCPs followed by re-entering the Fe radical cross-coupling cycle to undergo (stereo)selective C(sp²)–C(sp³) bond formation. This work provides a proof-of-concept of the use of vinyl cyclopropanes as synthetically useful 1,5-synthons in Fe-catalyzed conjunctive cross-couplings with alkyl halides and aryl/vinyl Grignard reagents. Overall, we provide new design principles for Fe-mediated radical processes and underscore the potential of using combined computations and experiments to accelerate the development of challenging transformations.

Design and implementation of the first (asymmetric) Fe-catalyzed intra- and intermolecular difunctionalization of vinyl cyclopropanes (VCPs) with alkyl halides and aryl Grignard reagents has been realized via a mechanistically driven approach.     

Enantioselective total synthesis of (−)-myrifabral A and B

A catalytic enantioselective approach to the Myrioneuron alkaloids (−)-myrifabral A and (−)-myrifabral B is described. The synthesis was enabled by a palladium-catalyzed enantioselective allylic alkylation, that generates the C(10) all-carbon quaternary center. A key N-acyl iminium ion cyclization forged the cyclohexane fused tricyclic core, while vinyl boronate cross metathesis and oxidation afforded the lactol ring of (−)-myrifabral A. Adaptation of previously reported conditions allowed for the conversion of (−)-myrifabral A to (−)-myrifabral B.

A catalytic enantioselective approach to the Myrioneuron alkaloids (−)-myrifabral A and (−)-myrifabral B is described.     

α-Branched amines through radical coupling with 2-azaallyl anions,redox active esters and alkenes

α-Branched amines are fundamental building blocks in a variety of natural products and pharmaceuticals. Herein is reported a unique cascade reaction that enables the preparation of α-branched amines bearing aryl or alkyl groups at the β- or γ-positions. The cascade is initiated by reduction of redox active esters to alkyl radicals. The resulting alkyl radicals are trapped by styrene derivatives, leading to benzylic radicals. The persistent 2-azaallyl radicals and benzylic radicals are proposed to undergo a radical–radical coupling leading to functionalized amine products. Evidence is provided that the role of the nickel catalyst is to promote formation of the alkyl radical from the redox active ester and not promote the C–C bond formation. The synthetic method introduced herein tolerates a variety of imines and redox active esters, allowing for efficient construction of amine building blocks.

A mild method for the construction of α-branched amine derivatives is presented. SET processes between the Ni catalyst, redox active esters and 2-azaallyl anions generate azaallyl radicals and alkyl radicals that functionalize the alkenes.     

Asymmetric β-arylation of cyclopropanols enabled by photoredox and nickel dual catalysis

The enantioselective functionalization and transformation of readily available cyclopropyl compounds are synthetically appealing yet challenging topics in organic synthesis. Here we report an asymmetric β-arylation of cyclopropanols with aryl bromides enabled by photoredox and nickel dual catalysis. This dual catalytic transformation features a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance at room temperature, providing facile access to a wide array of enantioenriched β-aryl ketones bearing a primary alcohol moiety in good yields with satisfactory enantioselectivities (39 examples, up to 83% yield and 90% ee). The synthetic value of this protocol was illustrated by the concise asymmetric construction of natural product calyxolane B analogues.

An asymmetric β-arylation of cyclopropanols with aryl bromides was enabled by enantioselective photoredox and nickel dual catalysis.     

Carbene-catalyzed enantioselective annulation of dinucleophilic hydrazones and bromoenals for access to aryl-dihydropyridazinones and related drugs

4,5-Dihydropyridazinones bearing an aryl substituent at the C6-position are important motifs in drug molecules. Herein, we developed an efficient protocol to access aryl-dihydropyridazinone molecules via carbene-catalyzed asymmetric annulation between dinucleophilic arylidene hydrazones and bromoenals. Key steps in this reaction include polarity-inversion of aryl aldehyde-derived hydrazones followed by chemo-selective reaction with enal-derived α,β-unsaturated acyl azolium intermediates. The aryl-dihydropyridazinone products accessed by our protocol can be readily transformed into drugs and bioactive molecules.

Polarity inversion of arylidene hydrazones to react with bromoenals via carbene organic catalysis is disclosed. The reaction enantioselectively affords 6-aryl-4,5-dihydropyridazinones and related drugs with proven commercial applications.     

Palladium/Xu-Phos-catalyzed asymmetric carboamination towards isoxazolidines and pyrrolidines

An efficient palladium-catalyzed enantioselective carboamination reaction of N-Boc-O-homoallyl-hydroxylamines and N-Boc-pent-4-enylamines with aryl or alkenyl bromides was developed, delivering various substituted isoxazolidines and pyrrolidines in good yields with up to 97% ee. The reaction features mild conditions, general substrate scope and scalability. The obtained products can be transformed into chiral 1,3-aminoalcohol derivatives without erosion of chirality. The newly identified Xu-Phos ligand bearing an ortho-OⁱPr group is responsible for the good yield and high enantioselectivity.

The new chiral ligand (S,Rs)-Xu4 with ortho-OⁱPr showed good performance in the asymmetric carboamination reaction of N-Boc-O-homoallyl-hydroxylamines and N-Boc-pent-4-enylamines with aryl or alkenyl bromides.     

Palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) with alkyl sulfones as nucleophiles

An efficient palladium-catalyzed AAA reaction with a simple α-sulfonyl carbon anion as nucleophiles is presented for the first time. Allyl fluorides are used as superior precursors for the generation of π-allyl complexes that upon ionization liberate fluoride anions for activation of silylated nucleophiles. With the unique bidentate diamidophosphite ligand ligated palladium as catalyst, the in situ generated α-sulfonyl carbon anion was quickly captured by the allylic intermediates, affording a series of chiral homo-allylic sulfones with high efficiency and selectivity. This work provides a mild in situ desilylation strategy to reveal nucleophilic carbon centers that could be used to overcome the pK_a limitation of “hard” nucleophiles in enantioselective transformations.

A variety of “hard” α-sulfonyl carbanions of aryl, heteroaryl and alkyl sulfones were successfully employed as nucleophiles in palladium-catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation with excellent enantioselectivities.     

Catalytic asymmetric synthesis of 3,2′-pyrrolinyl spirooxindoles via conjugate addition/Schmidt-type rearrangement of vinyl azides and (E)-alkenyloxindoles

A catalytic asymmetric conjugate addition/Schmidt-type rearrangement of vinyl azides and (E)-alkenyloxindoles was realized. It afforded a variety of optically active 3,2′-pyrrolinyl spirooxindoles with high yields (up to 98%), and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee, >19 : 1 dr), even at the gram-scale in the presence of a chiral N,N′-dioxide–nickel(ii) complex. In addition, a possible catalytic cycle and transition state model were proposed to rationalize the stereoselectivity.

Lewis acid catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of 3,2′-pyrrolinyl spirooxindole skeletons via conjugate addition/Schmidt-type rearrangement of vinyl azides and (E)-alkenyloxindoles.     

Catalytic asymmetric addition of thiols to silyl glyoxylates for synthesis of multi-hetero-atom substituted carbon stereocenters

A chiral Lewis acid-catalyzed enantioselective addition of thiols to silyl glyoxylates was developed. The reaction proceeds well with a broad range of thiols and acylsilanes, affording the target tertiary chiral α-silyl–α-sulfydryl alcohols with multi-hetero-atom carbon stereocenters in excellent yields (up to 99%) and enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee). A series of control experiments were conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism.

Enantioselective addition of thiols to silyl glyoxylates for construction of a multi-hetero-atom substituted carbon stereocenter was described.     

Oxidative additions of alkynyl/vinyl iodides to gold and gold-catalyzed vinylation reactions triggered by the MeDalphos ligand

The hemilabile Ad₂P(o-C₆H₄)NMe₂ ligand promotes fast, quantitative and irreversible oxidative addition of alkynyl and vinyl iodides to gold. The reaction is general. It works with a broad range of substrates of various electronic bias and steric demand, and proceeds with complete retention of stereochemistry from Z and E vinyl iodides. Both alkynyl and vinyl iodides react faster than aryl iodides. The elementary step is amenable to catalysis. Oxidative addition of vinyl iodides to gold and π-activation of alkenols (and N-alkenyl amines) at gold have been combined to achieve hetero-vinylation reactions. A number of functionalized heterocycles, i.e. tetrahydrofuranes, tetrahydropyranes, oxepanes and pyrrolidines were obtained thereby (24 examples, 87% average yield). Taking advantage of the chemoselectivity for vinyl iodides over aryl iodides, sequential transformations involving first a hetero-vinylation step and then a C–N coupling, a C–C coupling or an heteroarylation were achieved from a vinyl/aryl bis-iodide substrate.

The hemilabile Ad₂P(o-C₆H₄)NMe₂ ligand promotes fast, quantitative and irreversible oxidative addition of alkynyl and vinyl iodides to gold.     

Halogenated salt assisted Cu-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-borylstannation of 1,3-enynes: enantioselective synthesis of allenylstannes

An enantioselective 1,4-borylstannation of 1,3-enynes employed a chiral sulfoxide phosphine (SOP)/Cu complex as a catalyst, and the desired products, chiral allenylstannes, were first synthesized by asymmetric catalysis with satisfactory yields and enantioselectivies. In this protocol, a catalytic amount of additive, a halogenated salt, plays a crucial role in the success. Control experiments and theoretical studies disclosed that the four-membered ring transmetallation transition states which were stabilized by a halide anion are the key to yields and stereochemical outcomes.

An enantioselective 1,4-borylstannation of 1,3-enynes employed a chiral sulfoxide phosphine (SOP)/Cu complex as a catalyst, and the desired products, chiral allenylstannes, were first synthesized by asymmetric catalysis with satisfactory yields and enantioselectivies.     

Enantioselective aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling of glycine derivatives with ketones and aldehydes via cooperative photoredox catalysis and organocatalysis

The combination of photoredox catalysis and enamine catalysis has enabled the development of an enantioselective aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling between glycine derivatives and simple ketones or aldehydes, which provides an efficient approach for the rapid synthesis of enantiopure unnatural α-alkyl α-amino acid derivatives in good yield with excellent diastereo- (up to >99 : 1) and enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee). This process includes the direct photoinduced oxidation of glycine derivatives to an imine intermediate, followed by the asymmetric Mannich-type reaction with an enamine intermediate generated in situ from a ketone or aldehyde and a chiral secondary amine organocatalyst. This mild method allows the direct formation of a C–C bond with simultaneous installation of two new stereocenters without wasteful removal of functional groups.

A visible-light-induced enantioselective aerobic oxidative cross-dehydrogenative coupling between glycine derivatives and simple ketones or aldehydes is achieved.     

Enantioselective transition metal catalysis directed by chiral cations

Enantioselective transition metal catalysis directed by chiral cations is the amalgamation of chiral cation catalysis and organometallic catalysis. Thus far, three strategies have been revealed: ligand scaffolds incorporated on chiral cations, chiral cations paired with transition metal ‘ate’-type complexes, and ligand scaffolds incorporated on achiral anions. Chiral cation ion-pair catalysis has been successfully applied to alkylation, cycloaddition, dihydroxylation, oxohydroxylation, sulfoxidation, epoxidation and C–H borylation. This development represents an effective approach to promote the cooperation between chiral cations and transition metals, increasing the versatility and capability of both these forms of catalysts. In this review, we present current examples of the three strategies and suggest possible inclusions for the future.

Enantioselective transition metal catalysis directed by chiral cations is the amalgamation of chiral cation catalysis and organometallic catalysis.     

A step-economic and one-pot access to chiral Cα-tetrasubstituted α-amino acid derivatives via a bicyclic imidazole-catalyzed direct enantioselective C-acylation

C^α-Tetrasubstituted α-amino acids are ubiquitous and unique structural units in bioactive natural products and pharmaceutical compounds. The asymmetric synthesis of these molecules has attracted a lot of attention, but a more efficient method is still greatly desired. Here we describe the first sequential four-step acylation reaction for the efficient synthesis of chiral C^α-tetrasubstituted α-amino acid derivatives from simple N-acylated amino acids via an auto-tandem catalysis using a single nucleophilic catalyst. The synthetic efficiency is improved via a direct enantioselective C-acylation; the methodology affords the corresponding C^α-tetrasubstituted α-amino acid derivatives with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). This step-economic, one-pot, and auto-tandem strategy provides facile access to important chiral building blocks, such as peptides, serines, and oxazolines, which are often used in medicinal and synthetic chemistry.

The first four-step sequential reaction for the synthesis of C^α-tetrasubstituted chiral α-amino acid derivatives via auto-tandem catalysis has been developed.     

Streamlined construction of peptide macrocycles via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular S-arylation in solution and on DNA

A highly efficient and versatile method for construction of peptide macrocycles via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular S-arylation of alkyl and aryl thiols with aryl iodides under mild conditions is developed. The method exhibits a broad substrate scope for thiols, aryl iodides and amino acid units. Peptide macrocycles of a wide range of size and composition can be readily assembled in high yield from various easily accessible building blocks. This method has been successfully employed to prepare an 8-million-membered tetrameric cyclic peptide DNA-encoded library (DEL). Preliminary screening of the DEL library against protein p300 identified compounds with single digit micromolar inhibition activity.

A highly efficient and versatile method for construction of peptide macrocycles via palladium-catalyzed intramolecular S-arylation of alkyl and aryl thiols with aryl iodides under mild conditions is developed.