对21世纪材料研究的一些看法

２１世纪将对材料研究提出更高的要求。根据使用上的要求对材料进行剪裁与设计是材料研究的必由之路。在材料研究中必需考虑材料的可靠性、可使用性、材料的制作成本和它的市场前景。不宜放松材料的基础研究,应大力开展材料的应用研究和对现有材料的改进给予充分的重视。下一世纪值得研究的新材料是：多相复合材料、纳米材料、生物医用材料、生物医用材料、环境和能源材料以及机敏材料。     

磁性材料新近进展

磁性材料是应用广泛、品种繁多的一类重要的功能材料，20世纪90年代以后发展十分迅速．稀土-3d过渡族磁性合金材料，如稀土水磁、巨磁致收缩材料、巨磁热效应材料，磁光效应材料等，以及非晶，纳米微晶磁性材料相继问世．1988年巨磁电阻效应的发现已获广泛应用，如读出磁头、传感器以及磁随机存储器等，并发展成为自旋电子学的新学科．文章简要介绍了近年来磁性材料的一些新进展。     

磁性材料进展

磁性材料大体上分为两类 :其一为铁磁有序的金属磁性材料 ;其二绝大多数为亚铁磁有序、具有半导体导电性质的非金属磁性材料 .5 0年代以前 ,金属磁性材料占绝对优势 ;5 0年代以后 ,非金属磁性材料发展成为磁性材料的主流 ,除电力工业用的高饱和磁化强度FeSi合金外 ,铁氧体几乎应用于各个领域 .历史似乎按螺旋形的方式发展 ,90年代后 ,金属磁性材料又以新的面貌出现 ,3d (4f,4d ,5d ,5f… )合金与化合物、非晶、纳米微晶磁性材料重领风骚 ,其性能远超越铁氧体 .纳米磁性材料将成为新的功能材料 .文章重点介绍了永磁材料与软磁材料 ,其他如磁记录材料、磁致冷材料、磁致伸缩材料等将作简单介绍 .     

有机光电磁功能材料

有机光电磁功能材料是新一代材料。文章简要介绍了有机半导体、光导体、光致变色与电致变色材料、有机非线性光学材料、有机导体、超导体、导电高分子，以及有机铁磁材料和有机分子电子器件。     

智能材料——材料科学发展新趋势

材料的智能化代表了材料科学发展的最新方向，智能材料的研究主要是依照仿生学方法，采用各种先进复合技术，实现复杂材料体系的多功能复合，并最终实现材料智能能化和器件集成化，文章在简要介绍有关材料概念的基础上，总结了智能材料的设计思想，路线及合成技术途径，综述了最近国内外有关智能材料的发展动向及研究进展，指出了一些应用背景及现在面临的问题。     

Nanocrystalline materials – Current research and future directions

Nanocrystalline materials, with a grain size of typically <100 nm, are a new class of materials with properties vastly different from and often superior to those of the conventional coarse-grained materials. These materials can be synthesized by a number of different techniques and the grain size, morphology, and composition can be controlled by controlling the process parameters. In comparison to the coarse-grained materials, nanocrystalline materials show higher strength and hardness, enhanced diffusivity, and superior soft and hard magnetic properties. Limited quantities of these materials are presently produced and marketed in the US, Canada, and elsewhere. Applications for these materials are being actively explored. The present article discusses the synthesis, structure, thermal stability, properties, and potential applications of nanocrystalline materials. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Contact materials for vacuum switching devices

A survey is given of the various types of contact materials presently produced in Europe for application in vacuum switchgear. The materials discussed comprise tungsten-base and molybdenum-base materials, as well as copper-iron and copper-chromium materials. The production techniques currently practiced are described, and the resulting properties of the materials are discussed with regard to the requirements of the different types of application     

Light–matter interaction of 2D materials:Physics and device applications

In the last decade, the rise of two-dimensional(2D) materials has attracted a tremendous amount of interest for the entire field of photonics and opto-electronics. The mechanism of light–matter interaction in 2D materials challenges the knowledge of materials physics, which drives the rapid development of materials synthesis and device applications. 2D materials coupled with plasmonic effects show impressive optical characteristics, involving efficient charge transfer, plasmonic hot electrons doping, enhanced light-emitting, and ultrasensitive photodetection. Here, we briefly review the recent remarkable progress of 2D materials, mainly on graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides, focusing on their tunable optical properties and improved opto-electronic devices with plasmonic effects. The mechanism of plasmon enhanced light–matter interaction in 2D materials is elaborated in detail, and the state-of-the-art of device applications is comprehensively described. In the future, the field of 2D materials holds great promise as an important platform for materials science and opto-electronic engineering, enabling an emerging interdisciplinary research field spanning from clean energy to information technology.     

激光防护材料的研究现状及发展

根据激光辐射对眼睛的损伤规律,分析了激光对人眼的损伤。介绍了激光防护材料的技术指标。从激光防护的原理和途径出发,可将激光防护材料分为基于线性光学原理的防护材料和基于非线性光学原理的防护材料。简述了基于线性光学原理和非线性光学原理的各种激光防护材料的特点及其国内外研究进展情况,并指出了今后激光防护材料的发展方向。