异丁烷的饱和蒸汽压方程及饱和液体密度方程研究

1引言臭氧层正以惊人的速度被破坏，但在世界范围内CFC和HCFC用于制冷系统尤其是冰箱的量仍然很高，为了保护环境，迫切需要寻找新的更好的制冷剂。人们在寻找新的性能优良而又无公害制冷剂的过程中，意识到了碳氢化合物的价值。联合国环境规划署制冷技术评估小组称其为“长期的、经得起考验的制冷剂’巾］。本文对其中的异丁烷进行了研究，在分析比较的基础上，给出了异丁烷的新饱和蒸汽压方程和炮和液体密度方程，为进一步研究异丁烷的统一热物性方程提供了条件。2异丁烷的饱和蒸汽压方程2．1常用饱和蒸汽压方程的比较分析表1列出了常…     

弯曲液面饱和蒸气压的研究

比较和分析了弯曲液面饱和蒸气压公式的两种推导方法,探讨了两种方法的区别和关联,指出它们在研究相平衡问题时原理上的一致性．     

1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(R134)的饱和蒸汽压实验研究

在243.168～293.182 K的温度范围内,采用自行设计搭建的高精度可视化相平衡实验系统测量了1,1,2,2四氟乙烷(R134)的饱和蒸气压实验数据,温度和压力的测量不确定度分别小于5 mK和0.5 kPa。用Wagner型方程对实验数据进行了关联,并与文献数据进行了对比,获得了良好的一致性。     

一类由饱和引起的非线性现象

以一个功率因数校正boost变换器为例,描述了当系统在饱和与非饱和状态间不断切换时出现的一类非线性现象,分析了这些现象的特点和产生原因.推导了考虑饱和的分段微分方程,并据此进行了仿真,结果表明,系统一方面会出现倍周期分岔和混沌等传统的非线性现象,另一方面由于整流输入电流碰到饱和边界,系统的定性行为发生突变,会出现边界碰撞分岔,还能从混沌直接变为周期1.这类由饱和引起的非线性现象及相关分析得到了实验验证. 关键词： 饱和 非线性 分岔 混沌     

一类由饱和引起的非线性现象

以一个功率因数校正boost变换器为例，描述了当系统在饱和与非饱和状态间不断切换时出现的一类非线性现象，分析了这些现象的特点和产生原因.推导了考虑饱和的分段微分方程，并据此进行了仿真，结果表明,系统一方面会出现倍周期分岔和混沌等传统的非线性现象，另一方面由于整流输入电流碰到饱和边界，系统的定性行为发生突变，会出现边界碰撞分岔，还能从混沌直接变为周期1.这类由饱和引起的非线性现象及相关分析得到了实验验证.     

采用相位共轭干涉法测定饱和吸收染料高分子膜三次非线性极化率的…

发展了一种新型相位共轭干涉法可用于简单方面地测定介质三次非线性极化率的相位。文中用这种方法研究了二种染料掺杂高分子膜Ｘ＾（３）的相位，发现由饱和吸收效应产生的Ｘ＾（３）的相位，当波长远离吸收峰时，由－π／２趋于－π，而由光到漂白效应产生的Ｘ＾（３）的相位都落在－１７／１８π附近。     

制冷剂饱和热力性质的隐式拟合方法

１前言准确、快速、稳定地计算制冷剂热力性质是计算机辅助设计和工程计算的要求。但目前流行的多项式类简化拟合函数在总体计算精度、外推以及求反计算等方面都有待改进［１－３］。本文从函数展开的角度剖析了现有多项式类拟合函数的不足,提出了一种低次的隐函数形式的...     

基于蒸汽饱和压缩的热泵能效分析

蒸汽圧缩在生产生活领域应用非常广泛,在蒸汽圧缩过程中,通过喷入蒸汽冷凝液可以使得蒸汽沿饱和线压缩以降低功耗。为此,本文建立了沿饱和蒸汽线压缩的热力学模型,推导了活塞运动速度计算公式,同时以氨气压缩为例,计算了压缩过程中的功耗、液氨喷入量以及热泵性能的变化。计算结果表明,活塞瞬时功耗受活塞运行速度以及缸内气压影响较大,同时也受活塞效率的影响;随着活塞效率的降低,热泵性能提高幅度不断增加,在活塞效率为0.96时,热泵功耗降低超过10%,而制热系数提高了6.3%。     

静磁场对冰晶成核过程影响的机理分析

常规的冷冻方式会在材料中形成大冰晶从而导致材料品质下降,在冷冻过程中加以磁场辅助可以改善冻结效果。从热力学原理出发,研究静磁场对冰晶成核过程的影响,将静磁场作用以附加自由能引入冰晶成核过程。研究结果表明,静磁场作用可以减小冰晶成核的临界半径和临界功,提高均相成核率,且磁场强度越大,临界半径和临界功越小,成核率越高;水的附加过冷度也随磁场强度的增大而增大,与相关实验数据趋势吻合较好。     

采用相位共轭干涉法测定饱和吸收染料高分子膜三次非线性极化率的位相

发展了一种新型相位共轭干涉法可用于简单方便地测定介质三次非线性极化率（χ（３））的相位。文中用这种方法研究了二种染料掺杂高分子膜χ（３）的相位，发现由饱和吸收效应产生的χ（３）的相位，当波长远离吸收峰时，由─π／２趋于─π，而由光到漂白效应产生的χ（３）的相位都落在─１７／１８π附近。     

基于原子吸收光谱的碱金属气室内多种混合气体压强测量方法

碱金属气室是基于原子无自旋交换碰撞弛豫的超高灵敏惯性和磁场测量装置的核心敏感器件。碱金属气室内气体的含量会对原子的弛豫以及系统其他参数的选取产生很大的影响,因此精密测量气室内混合气体各自的压强具有重要的意义。当气室内存在气体时谱线会出现压力展宽和频移,且压力展宽远大于自然展宽和多普勒展宽,因此仅考虑压力展宽。利用压力展宽、频移的大小与气体压强存在的函数关系,提出一种基于原子吸收光谱的碱金属气室内多种混合气体压强测量方法。通过扫描碱金属原子的吸收光谱,得到光学深度曲线,并用洛伦兹函数对其拟合,测得多种混合气体引起的单种碱金属原子的混叠压力展宽和频移,再根据已知的单种、单位压强气体引起的单种碱金属原子的压力展宽和频移,联立计算得到多种气体各自的压强。当存在n种碱金属时,最多可以测量4n种混合气体的压强。仿真结果表明,该方法适用于入射激光未被原子完全吸收的情况;激光功率和频率的波动在1%～10%的数量级时,测量精度影响低于0.4%的数量级,而温度波动在1%～10%的数量级时,测量精度影响高达30%的数量级。     

Nucleation of crystals from their liquid phase

Liquids can be supercooled below their melting temperature T_m or pressurized above their melting pressure P_m. Many authors relate the maximum degree of supercooling—or overpressurization—to a value of the liquid–solid interfacial tension by using the standard theory of nucleation. The main goal of this review is to examine whether this relation is justified or not. We consider general arguments and two main examples: liquid helium which is simple and pure, consequently a model system, and liquid water which is complex but ubiquitous. To cite this article: S. Balibar, F. Caupin, C. R. Physique 7 (2006).     

Nucleation near a critical temperature

In this paper we extend the conventional theory of nucleation to take in the effects of excluded-volume interference between the precritical droplets present prior to phase transformation. It is shown that, close to the critical point, the effect of excluded volume is to cause a sizable increase in the surface free energy of the critical nucleus. A corresponding increase in the barrier to nucleation explains the large undercoolings achieveable experimentally in this region. Our results are compared with recent experimental measurements of Heady and Cahn and favorable agreement is found.Supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant NSF CHE 76-21297.     

Volatile Phthalocyanines: Vapor Pressure and Thermodynamics

The current review summarizes the data of saturated vapor pressure and thermodynamic parameters of the sublimation process of different phthalocyanines as reported in the literature as well as in our work. The volatility of phthalocyanines is analyzed from the standpoint of their molecular and crystal structure. The differences in the saturated vapor pressure value of the investigated phthalocyanines may reach some orders of magnitude and are determined by the Van der Waals and electrostatic interaction of the peripheral atoms of adjacent molecules, as well as to a specific interaction, the type and number of which depend on the type of molecules packing in the crystal.     

On the Becker/Döring Theory of Nucleation of Liquid Droplets in Solids

Nucleation of liquid precipitates in semi-insulating GaAs is accompanied by deviatoric stresses resulting from the liquid/solid misfit. A competition of surface tension and stress deviators at the interface determines the nucleation barrier.The evolution of liquid precipitates in semi-insulating GaAs is due to diffusional processes in the vicinity of the droplet. The diffusion flux results from a competition of chemical and mechanical driving forces.The size distribution of the precipitates is determined by a Becker--Dö-ring system. The study of its properties in the presence of deviatoric stresses is the subject of this study. The main tasks of this study are: (i) We propose a new Becker/Döring model that takes thermomechanical coupling into account. (ii) We compare the current model with already existing models from the literature. Irrespective of the incorporation of mechanical stresses, the various models differ due to different environments where the evolution of precipitates takes place. (iii) We determine the structure of equilibrium solutions according to the Becker/Döring model, and we compare these solutions with those that result from equilibrium thermodynamics.     

Surface Nucleation Kinetics on Active Centers from Supersaturated Vapor

The formation of nuclei from a supersaturated vapor on a surface with active centers is treated within standard self-consistent classical model with exhaustion of active centers. Basic characteristics of nucleation process (total number of nuclei, nucleation rate, time lag and size distribution of nuclei) are determined by numerical solution of kinetic equations. It is shown that standard approach to nucleation on active centers based on Avrami model coincides with our approach in the values of time lag of nucleation process, but it differs in the total number of nuclei.     

水汽多线光声光谱中压力线位移及加宽系数的分析

本工作从水汽的多线光声光谱中分析得到压力线位移和加宽系数。为了提高系数的精度和拟合效率，采用了Ｖｏｉｇｔ线型和参数分组约束优化方法。     

动力学伊辛模型在振荡外场中的成核

研究了二维的动力学伊辛模型在一个具有偏向的振荡外场中的成核过程,主要关注成核时间与外场振荡周期ω的关系．随着ω的变化,成核时间出现最小值,最小的成核时间对应的平均临界核的大小也是最小的,这表明存在一个最佳的振荡频率,相比较于一个确定的外场,它更有利于成核．同时还研究了外场的初始相位的影响．