Spontaneous emission rate and optical amplification of Er3+ in double slot waveguide

The spontaneous emission(SE) of Er3+ embedded in a double slot dielectric structure was studied by a quantum-electrodynamical formalism. The study shows that the slot width and the position of Er3+ in slot structure have a significant effect on the SE. The double slot waveguides were fabricated by embedding two low-index Er/Yb silicate material layers into high-index silicon. The radiative efficiency of Er3+ in the double slot waveguides is found to be higher than that of the single slot waveguide, which is consistent with the theory simulation. The 0.67 d B signal enhancement at 1.53 ?m in a 4.6-mm-long slot waveguide was observed pumped by 1476 nm laser. These results show the relevance of our model to study the SE processes in multilayer structures and are important for future realization of silicon-compatible active optical devices.     

铒镱共掺锂硅酸盐玻璃的光谱性质

用高温熔融法制备了Er3+∶Yb3+共掺的锂硅酸盐玻璃,在室温下,用976 nm半导体激光器泵浦该掺铒玻璃,在1550nm波段实现强的荧光发射,中心波长为1.5399μm,荧光半宽高为57.4nm.研究结果表明,锂硅酸盐玻璃系统能接受非常高的Er3+、Yb3+掺杂率,有较宽的荧光线宽,且具有良好的化学稳定性和热稳定性,是光纤放大器用理想的候选材料.     

Spectroscopic properties in Er³⁺/Yb³⁺ Co-doped fluorophosphate glass

Using the technique of high-temperature melting, a new Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped fluorophosphate glass was prepared. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were investigated in depth. The effect of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ concentration on the spectroscopic properties of the glass sample was also discussed. According to the Judd–Ofelt theory, the oscillator strength was computed. The lifetime of 4 I 13/2 level (τ m ) of Er 3+ ions was 8.23 ms, and the full width at half maximum of the dominating emission peak was 68 nm at 1.53 μm. The large stimulated emission cross section of the Er 3+ was calculated by the McCumber theory. The spectroscopic properties of Er 3+ ion were compared with those in different glasses. The full width at half maximum and σ e are larger than those of other glass hosts, indicating this studied glass may be a potentially useful candidate for high-gain erbium-doped fiber amplifier.     

掺铒、镱铒共掺硅酸盐玻璃1.54μm荧光寿命测量

对自制的掺铒、镱铒共掺硅酸盐玻璃1.54μm荧光寿命进行了测量。实验结果表明:荧光衰减曲线是一条单指数曲线,与理论分析相一致,荧光寿命数量级为ms量级;在所考虑的泵浦功率范围内,两种样品的荧光寿命基本不随功率的变化而变化;荧光寿命随着样品掺铒浓度的增加呈现减小趋势,而在掺铒浓度一定的情况下随掺镱浓度的变化不明显,主要由于受激发的铒离子把能量通过间接耦合给了猝灭中心。     

Er3+,Yb3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃沟道波导放大器

在自行研制的Er3 ，Yb3 共掺磷酸盐玻璃基质上用离子交换方法制作出沟导光波导放大器。在110mW的抽运功率下(抽运光波长为980nm)，在1．8cm长的器件上获得了3．8dB的小信号(信号光波长为1．55μm)增益，单位长度上的增益为2．1dB／cm。     

Yb^3+含量对掺Er^3+铝酸盐玻璃光谱性质的影响

采用高温熔融法制备百分比为(100-x)(23.6Al2O3-53CaO-7.7BaO-2.1Na2O-10.3Ga2O3-3.1B2O-0.2Er2O3)-xYb2O3(x=0,0.9,1.9,2.8,3.6,4.5)的铝酸盐玻璃。应用差示扫描量热法、吸收光谱、荧光光谱、红外光谱以及拉曼光谱等检测手段,系统研究了不同Yb^3+离子引入量对玻璃的物性、热稳定性、Er^3+离子光谱性质和结构的影响。结果表明,Yb2O3含量越高,玻璃的密度和折射率越大,抗析晶能力有所增强。随着Yb2O3的增加,玻璃在976 nm吸收系数增大,对应于Er^3+离子的2H11/2→4I15/2、4S3/2→4I15/2以及4F9/2→4I15/2跃迁的527,549,666 nm的上转换发光、红光与绿光发光强度比以及对应于4I13/2→4I15/2的1.53μm近红外荧光强度明显增加。当Yb2O3浓度为3.6%时,铝酸盐玻璃样品在近红外1.53μm荧光最强,此时Yb^3+→Er^3+正向能量传递效率η1最大,约为82.9%。该系列铝酸盐玻璃中Er3+离子1.53μm最大发射截面为0.77×10^-20 cm^2,荧光半高宽最大值为39.4 nm,荧光寿命最大值为4.46 ms。     

Energy transfer and fluorescence characteristics of erbium-doped ytterbium aluminum garnet

We have examined the fluorescence characteristics of the garnet-type crystal Yb₃Al₅O₁₂ : Er³⁺ (YbAlG : Er³⁺) and studied the energy transfer process between the two rare earth ions over a temperature range 78–297 K. Certain data were compared with those of YAlG : Er³⁺. In YbAlG : Er³⁺, Yb fluorescence is observed at ?1.03 μm (corresponding to the ²F_5/2 → ²F_7/2 transition); Er fluorescence occurs at ?8500 Å (⁴S_3/2 → ⁴I_13/2 transition) and ?1.6 μm (⁴I_13/2 → ⁴I_15/2 transition). In YAlG : Er³⁺, the same Er lines are observed with the addition of a band at ?1 μ (⁴I_11/2→⁴I_15/2 transition). In YbAlG : Er³⁺, the decay pattern of the Yb emission is purely exponential at all the temperatures examined; the fluorescence lifetime ranges from 36 μ s (at 78 K) to 74 μs(at 269 K). The lifetime of the Er⁴I_13/2 level in the same sample increases from 5.4 ms (at 78 K) to 6.85 ms (at 294 K). The lifetime of this Er level in YAlG : Er³⁺ is weakly temperature dependent over the same range with a value of ?12 ms. Excitation spectra were obtained for the Er 1.53 μm fluorescence in YbAlG : Er³⁺ in order to verify the presence of Yb → Er energy transfer in this sample. The presence of the Yb absorption band (?1 μm) in these spectra provides direct evidence of this energy transfer. The relative enhancement of this Yb band with respect to the Er bands in going from 78 K to 175 K is an indication of a more efficient transfer at the higher temperature. Excitation spectra obtained for the Yb 1.03 μm fluorescence in YbAlG : Er³⁺ revealed the presence of Er → Yb energy transfer as well in this sample. The existence of both Yb → Er and Er → Yb transfer is expected, due to the resonance between the ⁴I_11/2 → ⁴I_15/2 transition of Er and the ²F_5/2 → ²F_7/2 transition of Yb. The above results are explained in terms of a rate equation model in which transfer in both directions is treated in the following manner: Yb → Er transfer is considered to be much more probable than decay processes originating at the Yb ²F_5/2 level; Er → Yb transfer is treated as much more probable than decay processes originating at the Er ⁴I_11/2 level.     

Effect of concentration quenching on the spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped AlF3-based glasses

A series of highly Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fluoroaluminate glasses have been investigated in order to develop a microchip laser at 1.54 μm under 980 nm excitation. Measurements of absorption, emission and upconversion spectra have been performed to examine the effect of Er3+/Yb3+ concentration quenching on spectroscopic properties. In the glasses with Er3+ concentrations below 10 mol%, concentration quenching is very low and the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fluoroaluminate glasses have stronger fluorescence of 1.54 μm due to the 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 transition than that of Er3+ singly-doped glasses. As Er3+ concentrations above 10 mol% in the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped samples, concentration quenching of 1.54 μm does obviously occur as a result of the back energy transfer from Er3+ to Yb3+. To obtain the highest emission efficiency at 1.54 μm, the optimum doping-concentration ratio of Er3+/Yb3+ was found to be approximately 1:1 in mol fraction when the Er3+ concentration is less than 10 mol%.     

Er3+-Yb3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃(LGS-L)波导放大器设计

就作者自行研制的Er3 + Yb3 + 共掺磷酸盐玻璃 (LGS L) ,用重叠积分方法进行放大器设计。在Er3 + 、Yb3 + 掺杂浓度分别为 1.5 1× 10 2 6ions/m3 、19.1× 10 2 6ions/m3 的情况下可获得 2 .6dB/cm的增益 ;Er3 + 掺杂浓度为2× 10 2 6ions/m3 时 ,在 4cm的器件上可获得超过 15dB的增益。此外 ,讨论了信号光和抽运光光场强度的横向分布与Er3 + 、Yb3 + 横向掺杂浓度分布之间的重叠对放大器增益的影响 ,放大器的最佳长度 ,以及在 980nm抽运下 ,Yb3 + 、Er3 + 掺杂浓度比对放大器增益的影响。     

Hypersensitization of rare-earth-doped waveguides for distributed-feedback amplifier and laser applications

Deterioration of the gain coefficient as a result of UV processing of hydrogen-loaded Er(3+) - and Er(3+)/Yb (3+) -doped silicate optical waveguides can be reduced by initial hypersensitization of the waveguide prior to bulk irradiation. This allows improved performance in active-grating devices such as distributed-feedback fiber amplifiers and lasers.     

Er3+/Yb3+共掺碲钨酸盐玻璃的热稳定性和1.5μm波段的光谱性质

制备了Er³⁺/Yb³⁺共掺的碲钨酸盐玻璃样品,TeO₂-WO₃-R_mO_n(R_mO_n=PbO,BaO,La₂O₃,Bi₂O₃),研究了样品的热稳定性和1.5μm波段的光谱性质。碲酸盐中引入WO₃的目的是为提高基质的声子能量,使Er³⁺离子⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2的多声子弛豫速率增加,从而提高⁴I_13/2能级上的Er³⁺离子数,这对提高1.5μm处的荧光强度有利,另外加入WO₃也能提高碲酸盐玻璃的抗析晶能力。测试了样品的FT-IR光谱,发现碲钨酸盐玻璃样品中存在着TeO₄、TeO₃、WO₄和WO₆结构体。周围环境的不对称性导致Er³⁺在1.5μm处的光谱有非均匀的展宽和大的受激发射截面。Er³⁺在70TeO₂-20WO₃-10Bi₂O₃玻璃中⁴I_13/2→⁴I_15/2能级发射的荧光半峰全宽(FWHM)为77nm,应用McCumber理论计算的受激发射截面(σ^peak)为1.03×10^-20cm²。其FWHM×σ_peak乘积远大于掺Er³⁺的铋酸盐、磷酸盐、碲酸盐和硅酸盐玻璃,说明碲钨酸盐玻璃是一种制备宽带光纤放大器优良基质材料。     

镱铒共掺Al2O3薄膜光致发光特性优化

用中频磁控溅射方法在SiO2/Si基底上制备了五组固定掺铒浓度不同镱铒浓度比率的镱铒共掺Al2O3薄膜样品.室温下测量了薄膜在1.430 μm~1.630 μm波段范围内光致发光光谱.研究发现,镱的掺入有效地提高了三价铒离子的光致发光强度,最优的镱铒掺杂为：掺铒0.33 mol%,Yb3+∶Er3+=10∶1,比相同掺铒浓度单掺铒样品光致发光峰值强度增强40倍;确定的掺铒浓度,有着固定的最佳镱铒浓度比率,主要是镱铒离子间的正向和反向能量传递相互作用的结果,但最佳镱铒浓度比率随着掺铒浓度的增加呈现下降趋势;单掺铒薄膜的光致发光峰值强度随掺铒浓度呈现近Gauss形状变化,而最佳镱铒共掺样品的光致发光峰值强度随掺铒浓度呈现了倒Gauss形状变化.     

用于1.5μm光波导放大器的高浓度Er3+掺杂玻璃

制备了用于 1.5μm光波导放大器高浓度掺杂 Er3 的氟铝酸盐、氟锆酸盐及磷酸盐玻璃。在 0 .80μm和 0 .98μm连续激光二极管激发下分析比较了这三种玻璃 1.5μm发射的光谱特性、浓度猝灭及其机制。研究表明 :由于在 0 .98μm激发下 ,激发态吸收较 0 .80μm激发下小得多 ,因而其 1.5μm荧光发射量子效率也比 0 .80μm激发下高得多 ;氟铝酸盐玻璃具有最大的荧光强度和最小的浓度猝灭效应 ,是理想的 1.5μm光波导放大器基质玻璃材料     

YAB晶体中Yb3+到Er3+的能量传递

1.55 μm波段是光通讯的一个重要波段,而且对人眼安全,有高的大气透过率,因此可以广泛应用于通讯和遥感测距等领域。由于Er³⁺离子对商品化的InGaAs激光二极管的抽运波长不能有效吸收,因此一般通过在基质中共掺杂Yb³⁺和Er³⁺离子来获得1.55 μm波段激光输出。采用助熔剂法生长了不同Yb³⁺和Er³⁺掺杂浓度的YAl₃(BO₃)₄(YAB)晶体。运用速率方程模型研究了晶体中Yb³⁺到Er³⁺能量传递过程,得到了根据Yb³⁺离子的荧光寿命计算能量传递系数的简单计算公式。计算了不同掺杂离子浓度的YAB晶体中的能量传递系数等相关参数。结果表明,在YAB晶体中,Yb³⁺到Er³⁺能量传递非常有效,YAB晶体可以作为一种能获得1.55 μm激光输出的良好介质材料。     

掺铒碲-钨-钠玻璃基质的光谱性质研究

制备了用于离子交换法制备光波导器件的掺铒碲-钨-钠玻璃基质。应用扎得-奥菲而特(Judd—Ofelt)理论计算了玻璃样品的三个强度参量,由强度参量计算了Er^3 离子的自发跃迁几率、荧光分支比等光谱参量;应用麦克库玻(McCumber)理论,计算了Er^3 离子在1．5μm的受激发射截面,荧光测试发现Er^3 离子的荧光半峰全宽可达65nm。比较了Er^3 离子在不同玻璃基质中的光谱特性。结果表明,Er^3 离子在碲-钨-钠玻璃中具有较高的受激发射截面和较宽的荧光半峰全宽,可以用于宽带光波导器件的制备。     

Acousto-optic Q-switched laser performances of Er3+:Yb3+:LuAl3（BO3）4 crystal at 1.5-1.6 μm

Diode-pumped acousto-optic Q-switched pulse laser at 1.5-1.6 μm is obtained in an Er3+:Yb3+:LuAl3 (BO3)4 crystal. Single-pulse laser operation with slope efficiency of 14% and threshold of approximately 100 mW is realized at an average absorbed pump power of 314 mW and repetition frequency of 20 kHz. Output pulse energy is 67 μJ. The effects of pulse repetition frequency, absorbed pump power, and duty cycle on the wavelength and pulse profile of the Q-switched Er3+:Yb3+:LuAl3(BO3)4 laser are also investigated.     

Er3+单掺和Er3+/Yb3+双掺铋硼酸盐玻璃的研究

用高温熔融法制备了Er^3 单掺和Er^3 /Yb^3 双掺铋硼酸盐玻璃样品，测量了上述玻璃样品的吸收光谱，荧光光谱，荧光寿命以及红外透过率。对高浓度掺杂Er^3 的铋硼酸盐玻璃中的浓度猝灭现象作出了解释。分析了Er^3 ／Yb^3 双掺铋硼酸盐玻璃样品中Yb^3 离子对Er^3 离子的敏化过程。研究发现Er^3 ／Yb^3 双掺铋硼酸盐玻璃在1．5～1．6μm波段有宽达81nm的荧光半峰全宽。实验还发现在熔制过程中通入氧气对其荧光寿命和红外透过率都有明显的提高。由于该玻璃材料表现出较好的物化性能。因此该材料可望成为宽带光纤放大器的适宜的基质材料。     

掺铒、镱铒共掺杂硅酸盐玻璃光致发光强度随泵浦波长的变化

利用半导体激光器的红移特性,测量了掺饵、镱铒共掺杂硅酸盐玻璃样品的光致发光强度随泵浦波长的变化。实验结果表明,掺铒硅酸盐玻璃样品的最佳泵浦波长为981.6nm,镱铒共掺杂硅酸盐玻璃样品的最佳泵浦波长为972.1nm;两种样品的-3dB带宽分别为3 6nm和7.4nm。     

自调Q、自锁模铒/镱共掺光纤激光器

研究了结构新颖的环形腔铒/镱（Er/Yb）共掺双包层光纤激光器.为了获得高功率激光输出,使用6个激光二极管（LD）同时抽运Er/Yb共掺光纤,采用光纤光栅（FBG）Sagnac环作为波长选择器,得到了中心波长为1548.11 nm、谱线宽度为0.06 nm的窄线宽激光输出;并利用增益光纤作为可饱和吸收体,实现了自调Q、自锁模脉冲输出.当抽运功率为719 mW时,激光器输出自调Q脉冲,脉冲周期为20μs,脉冲宽度为2.8μs,脉冲的平均功率为38.4mW,峰值功率为274.3mW;当抽运功率为3.6 W时,激光器输出自锁模脉冲,脉冲宽度为4ns,平均功率为319 mW,脉冲峰值功率大于10 W,重复频率为7.937 MHz.     

Er3+-Yb3+共掺磷酸盐玻璃放大器的大信号增益与量子效率理论分析

研究大信号工作状态下的Er^3 -Yb^3 共掺磷酸盐玻璃波导放大器的增益与量子转换效率。从量子转换效率的定义出发，得出了增益、抽运光功率以及量子转换效率三者之间关系的解析表达式。通过数值求解大信号工作状态下的Er^3 -Yb^3 共掺系统的速率方程与光功率传输方程，讨论了Er^3 浓度、Yb^3 浓度、Yb^3 与Er^3 浓度比率、抽运光功率以及放大器长度等因素对量子转换效率的影响。结果表明提高Er^3 浓度与增加放大器长度均有助于提高量子转换效率，高Er^3 浓度掺杂需要相应的高Yb^3 浓度与之相匹配以减小由于高浓度Er^3 掺杂引起的上转换效应，Yb^3 浓度的提高将降低器件的量子转换效率，Yb^3 -Er^3 浓度之比取1～2较好。