二维核磁共振观测岩石润湿性

润湿性是反映储层中油水分布状况的一个重要表征参数,因此研究储层岩石的润湿性对原油开采有着重要的意义. 扩散弛豫二维谱可展示扩散系数与弛豫时间的相关性,并可以对油水的弛豫时间、扩散系数分别进行研究,与核磁共振一维弛豫谱相比极大地提高了区分油水的能力. 该文首先通过多组实验验证扩散-弛豫二维谱可以很好地观测到油水共存状态下玻璃珠表面的润湿性,继而通过对3组人造岩心表面润湿性的测量,获得了人造岩心表面润湿性的信息,解决了此时单独用一维弛豫谱方法难以区分油水的问题. 利用二维谱观察岩石润湿性的研究对油田提高采收率的研究有较大的参考价值.     

一种基于组分补偿的二维核磁共振测井数据高精度处理方法

二维核磁共振技术能够对储层中各类含氢流体进行无损、快速、定量的测量和表征，但受限于采集方式和参数，核磁共振设备在对页岩油等致密储层中的有机质、沥青等超快弛豫组分进行检测时，经常出现由于信号采集不完整所导致的二维谱中流体组分缺失或不准的问题.本文提出了基于超快弛豫组分补偿技术的T₂-T₁二维谱高精度反演方法，该方法将一维核磁共振前端信号补偿技术进行推广，通过在二维核磁数据反演前对回波数据进行组分补偿，能够有效解决二维核磁共振测井前端信号漏失的问题.实验及测井数据的应用表明，该方法在页岩油等富含快弛豫组分信号的储层中，可以得到更加精准和完整的储层信息.     

核磁共振二维谱反演

核磁共振二维谱包含扩散系数 D 和横向弛豫时间 T₂ 的信息,利用核磁共振仪来测量多孔介质中物质的信息,根据其弛豫时间和扩散系数的差别来区分不同物质;利用全局反演方法,提出了核磁共振二维谱反演的物理模型和数学模型;介绍了传统的奇异值分解（SVD）和改进的奇异值分解反演算法;采用改进的奇异值分解法对核磁共振二维谱进行反演,其反演算法具有计算速度快和二维谱分布连续等优点. 它适合于信噪比较高的数据反演,当原始数据信噪比SNR≥100时,可以对二维谱图进行定量分析;当60≤SNR<100时,可以对二维谱图进行定性分析. 核磁共振二维谱可以一次性直接区分油和水,为核磁共振测井提供了新的科学技术.     

川西气田白云岩储层二维核磁共振测井气水识别方法

川西气田雷口坡组四段白云岩储层具有良好的天然气勘探开发前景,但是储层分布具有较强的非均质性,利用常规测井和一维核磁共振测井方法判断储层流体性质存在多解性．通过分析川西雷四段白云岩储层地质特征与测井响应特征,开展岩心二维核磁共振实验,明确了实验室分析与测井过程中环境、参数等影响因素,建立了岩心分析结果的校正方法,明确了钻井液、束缚流体、可动水与天然气信号在二维核磁共振测井中谱分布区间,建立了基于T₂-T₁、T₁/T₂（R）的白云岩储层二维核磁共振测井气水识别图版．利用图版对川西雷四段储层流体性质开展评价,二维核磁共振测井解释结论得到了实钻测试结果的验证,该气水识别方法填补了常规测井、一维核磁共振测井在评价储层气水关系中的缺陷,可有效解决白云岩储层流体性质判别难题．     

核磁共振二维谱反演技术综述

二维谱的出现是核磁共振（NMR）检测技术的一次飞跃,从二维谱中可以快速、精确地对不同组分进行区分,因而在测录井和常规实验中被广泛采用. 为了给相关研究提供借鉴和参考,推动二维反演技术的发展,该文对近年来国内外在核磁共振二维谱反演技术领域的研究进展进行了综述. 从实验采集数据中反演出二维谱的过程,比一维反演需要解决更多、更复杂的问题. 通过研究罚函数正则化和子空间正则化两大类方法,分析了不同二维反演算法的优点和不足. 根据对近年来国内外相关文献的深入分析可知,虽说目前已有的二维反演算法都存在一定的局限性,但其仍然具有很大的发展空间.     

岩心孔隙介质中流体的核磁共振弛豫

弛豫时间是核磁共振研究中的一个重要参数,岩心孔隙介质流体的弛豫过程是自由流体弛豫机制、表面弛豫机制和流体的扩散弛豫机制共同作用的结果,它包含了丰富的孔隙和流体本身的信息. 弛豫时间和自扩散系数的测量及对弛豫时间的分析是核磁共振技术应用于岩心分析和石油勘测的重要内容.     

应用核磁共振进行聚驱后泡沫驱油特性研究

采用并联岩心进行聚驱后泡沫驱油实验,利用核磁共振技术,对驱替后岩心的不同直径孔隙内的流体分布进行了研究,得到了水驱、聚合物驱、泡沫驱替阶段的驱出油的孔径范围以及剩余油分布.实验结果表明,与水驱和聚合物驱相比,泡沫驱增大了波及的孔径的范围.泡沫可以在水驱和聚驱易发生窜流的大孔径通道形成封堵,从而波及到了水驱和聚驱未波及到的孔径,不但大幅度的提高了低渗岩心的采收率,也驱出了部分高渗岩心的小孔径的油.     

低场核磁共振扩散-横向弛豫二维反演算法

针对低场核磁共振一维反演中无法分辨一维谱中重叠组分和目前报道的扩散-横向弛豫二维反演算法计算量大、计算耗时长的问题,提出了一种计算量小、计算效率高、耗时短的扩散-横向弛豫二维反演算法. 首先对扩散系数D-和横向弛豫时间T₂进行布点;其次根据信号采集条件计算出两个核心矩阵,并分别进行奇异值分解;然后,由所采集信号计算出两个核心矩阵的奇异值截断值,分别对两个核心矩阵的奇异值矩阵进行截断并求其逆矩阵;最后计算出初始反演结果,并添加非负约束经过多次迭代得到最终反演结果. 实验结果证明,提出的扩散-横向弛豫二维反演算法在不影响反演结果准确性的基础上,能极大提高计算效率.     

2D NMR技术在石油测井中的应用

近几年,2D NMR技术得到迅速发展,特别是在核磁共振测井领域. 该文将主要介绍2D NMR技术的脉冲序列、弛豫原理以及2D NMR技术在石油测井中应用. 2D NMR技术是在梯度场的作用下,利用一系列回波时间间隔不同的CPMG脉冲进行测量,利用二维的数学反演得到2D NMR. 2D NMR技术可以直接测量自扩散系数、弛豫时间、原油粘度、含油饱和度、可动水饱和度、孔隙度、渗透率等地层流体性质和岩石物性参数. 从2D NMR谱上,可以直观的区分油、气、水,判断储层润湿性,确定内部磁场梯度等. 2D NMR技术为识别流体类型提供了新方法.     

基于相场方法的孔隙尺度油水两相流体流动模拟

基于真实岩心颗粒粒径分布,利用过程法构建疏松砂岩油藏的三维孔隙结构模型,利用相场方法建立两相流体流动数学模型并利用有限元方法进行求解,研究驱替速度、流体性质、润湿性对剩余油分布以及采出程度的影响.结果表明：驱替速度的增大和油水粘度比的减小会导致较大的毛管数,进而有利于采出程度的提高;就润湿性而言,水湿条件下毛管力是水驱油的动力,而在油湿条件下是阻力,因此水湿岩心采出程度更高.同时,从孔隙尺度对油水渗流机理及剩余油分布机理进行揭示,结果表明：由于多孔介质的复杂孔隙结构,流体在流经不同孔隙时呈现不同的流动特征,进而对油水两相流整体的压力分布、流速分布造成重要影响.     

Quantitative evaluation of porous media wettability using NMR relaxometry

We propose a new method to determine wettability indices from NMR relaxometry. The new method uses the sensitivity of low field NMR relaxometry to the fluid distribution in oil-water saturated porous media. The model is based on the existence of a surface relaxivity for both oil and water, allowing the determination of the amount of surface wetted either by oil or by water. The proposed NMR wettability index requires the measurement of relaxation time distribution at four different saturation states. At the irreducible water saturation, we determine the dominant relaxation time of oil in the presence of a small amount of water, and at the oil residual saturation, we determine the dominant relaxation time of water in the presence of a small amount of oil. At 100% water and 100% oil saturation, we determine the surface relaxivity ratio. The interaction of oil with the surface is also evidenced by the comparison of the spin-lattice (T1) and spin-locking (T1rho) relaxation times. The new NMR index agrees with standard wettability measurements based on drainage-imbibition capillary pressure curves (USBM test) in the range [-0.3-1].     

Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance petrophysics

Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) opens a wide area for exploration in petrophysics and has significant impact to petroleum logging technology. When there are multiple fluids with different diffusion coefficients saturated in a porous medium, this information can be extracted and clearly delineated from CPMG measurements of such a system either using regular pulsing sequences or modified two window sequences. The 2D NMR plot with independent variables of T2 relaxation time and diffusion coefficient allows clear separation of oil and water signals in the rocks. This 2D concept can be extended to general studies of fluid-saturated porous media involving other combinations of two or more independent variables, such as chemical shift and T1/T2 relaxation time (reflecting pore size), proton population and diffusion contrast, etc.     

储油岩芯二相液体吸附特性的NMR研究及应用

为研究储油岩芯对液体的吸附机理,我们特地用同一岩芯制成以下几种样品:(1)吸附不同量的煤油;(2)吸附不同量的水;(3)先吸附一定量的水再吸附一定量的煤油.对以上三组样品,做了NMR自旋—晶格弛豫时间测定;考查了岩芯样品中各弛豫成分量与液体吸附量的变化规律;得出了岩芯内水和煤油受束缚越紧其弛豫时间越短的结论.并依据大量石油地质学的结论建立了砂岩孔隙中油水二相系统的核磁共振模型.     

NMR properties of petroleum reservoir fluids

NMR well logging of petroleum reservoir require the measurement of the NMR response of water, oil, and gas in the pore space of rocks at elevated temperatures and pressures. The viscosity of the oil may range from less than 1 cp to greater than 10,000 cp. Also, the oil and gas are not a single component but rather a broad distribution of components. The log mean T1 and T2 relaxation time of dead (gas free) crude oils are correlated with viscosity/temperature and Larmor frequency. The relaxation time of live oils deviate from the correlation for dead crude oils. This deviation can be correlated with the methane content of the oil. Natural gas in the reservoir has components other than methane. Mixing rules are developed to accommodate components such as ethane, propane, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen. Interpretation of NMR logs uses both relaxation and diffusion to distinguish the different fluids present in the formation. Crude oils have a broad spectrum of components but the relaxation time distribution and diffusion coefficient distribution are correlated. This correlation is used to distinguish crude oil from the response of water in the pores of the rock. This correlation can also be used to estimate viscosity of the crude oil.     

In situ fluid typing and quantification with 1D and 2D NMR logging

In situ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fluid typing has recently gained momentum due to data acquisition and inversion algorithm enhancement of NMR logging tools. T(2) distributions derived from NMR logging contain information on bulk fluids and pore size distributions. However, the accuracy of fluid typing is greatly overshadowed by the overlap between T(2) peaks arising from different fluids with similar apparent T(2) relaxation times. Nevertheless, the shapes of T(2) distributions from different fluid components are often different and can be predetermined. Inversion with predetermined T(2) distributions allows us to perform fluid component decomposition to yield individual fluid volume ratios. Another effective method for in situ fluid typing is two-dimensional (2D) NMR logging, which results in proton population distribution as a function of T(2) relaxation time and fluid diffusion coefficient (or T(1) relaxation time). Since diffusion coefficients (or T(1) relaxation time) for different fluid components can be very different, it is relatively easy to separate oil (especially heavy oil) from water signal in a 2D NMR map and to perform accurate fluid typing. Combining NMR logging with resistivity and/or neutron/density logs provides a third method for in situ fluid typing. We shall describe these techniques with field examples.     

基于VOF方法的水驱油藏孔隙尺度剩余油分布状态研究

准确认识多孔介质内水驱剩余油的微观赋存状态对于改善高含水油田水驱开发效果,提高水驱采收率具有重要意义。在对Volume of Fluid (VOF)方法验证的基础上,充分利用其追踪两相界面动态变化、再现微观渗流物理过程的优势,开展特高含水期砂岩油藏物性条件、驱替方式对剩余油微观赋存特征和采收率的影响研究。通过分析典型孔隙结构的微观渗流特征和剩余油受力情况,揭示不同类型微观剩余油的动用机制和规律：水湿条件下驱替速度的增大和驱替方向的改变会使得微观剩余油分布较为分散且采收率得到不同程度的提高;油湿及高黏度比条件下毛管阻力、黏滞力较大,剩余油多以簇状和多孔状聚集分布,采出程度相对较低。     

Magnetic resonance for fluids in porous media at the University of Bologna

The magnetic resonance in porous media (MRPM) community is now a vast community of scientists from all over the world who recognize magnetic resonance as an instrument of choice for the characterization of pore space and of the distribution, diffusion and flow of fluids inside a vast range of different materials. The MRPM conferences are the occasions in which this community gets together, compares notes and grows. The scene was different in 1990, when this series of conferences was promoted at Bologna. I will go briefly over the history of these events, showing the role played by the University of Bologna and in particular by the intuition, ingenuity and passion of Giulio Cesare Borgia. The MRPM work at Bologna began in the mid-1980s. New correlations were found among parameters from NMR relaxation measurements and oil field parameters such as porosity, permeability to fluid flow, irreducible water saturation, residual oil saturation and pore-system surface-to-volume ratio, and fast algorithms were developed to give the different NMR parameters. Interest in valid interpretation of data led to extensive work also on the inversion of multiexponential relaxation data and the effects of inhomogeneous fields from susceptibility differences on distributions of relaxation times. In the last few years, extensive developments were made of combined magnetic resonance imaging and relaxation measurements in different fields.     

A novel improved method for analysis of 2D diffusion-relaxation data--2D PARAFAC-Laplace decomposition

This paper demonstrates how the multi-linear PARAFAC model can with advantage be used to decompose 2D diffusion-relaxation correlation NMR spectra prior to 2D-Laplace inversion to the T(2)-D domain. The decomposition is advantageous for better interpretation of the complex correlation maps as well as for the quantification of extracted T(2)-D components. To demonstrate the new method seventeen mixtures of wheat flour, starch, gluten, oil and water were prepared and measured with a 300 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer using a pulsed gradient stimulated echo (PGSTE) pulse sequence followed by a Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse echo train. By varying the gradient strength, 2D diffusion-relaxation data were recorded for each sample. From these double exponentially decaying relaxation data the PARAFAC algorithm extracted two unique diffusion-relaxation components, explaining 99.8% of the variation in the data set. These two components were subsequently transformed to the T(2)-D domain using 2D-inverse Laplace transformation and quantitatively assigned to the oil and water components of the samples. The oil component was one distinct distribution with peak intensity at D=3 x 10(-12) m(2) s(-1) and T(2)=180 ms. The water component consisted of two broad populations of water molecules with diffusion coefficients and relaxation times centered around correlation pairs: D=10(-9) m(2) s(-1), T(2)=10 ms and D=3 x 10(-13) m(2) s(-1), T(2)=13 ms. Small spurious peaks observed in the inverse Laplace transformation of original complex data were effectively filtered by the PARAFAC decomposition and thus considered artefacts from the complex Laplace transformation. The oil-to-water ratio determined by PARAFAC followed by 2D-Laplace inversion was perfectly correlated with known oil-to-water ratio of the samples. The new method of using PARAFAC prior to the 2D-Laplace inversion proved to have superior potential in analysis of diffusion-relaxation spectra, as it improves not only the interpretation, but also the quantification.