Design and application of core mineral spectrometer

Core mineral spectrometer is one of the advanced and important tools for core digitalization,altered mineral mapping,ore deposits exploring,and ore-searching in surrounding mine and beneficiation process.In this letter,a new core mineral spectrometer(CMS 350)is designed and developed.The basic principle,structural design,function module,key components,data acquisition,and processing methods of CMS 350are introduced.In addition,some applications and results of CMS 350 in Zijin Mining are presented to validate the performance of CMS 350.     

Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Cretaceous Red Beds in Inner Mongolia DongshengmiaoSCIEI北大核心CSCD

Take the cores and surface weathered soil from the Cretaceous red beds in the western of Dongshengmiao mine of Inner Mongolia and analysis with near-infrared spectroscopy. The result shows that near-infrared spectroscopy can identify mineral quickly through the characteristic absorption peaks of each group. The Cretaceous red beds in the western of Dongshengmiao mine is argillaceous cementation, it is mainly composed of quartz, feldspar, montmorillonite, illite, chlorite, muscovite etc, the mineral composition is mainly affected by the upstream source area. The clay mineral like montmorillonite water swelling and uneven drying shrinkage expands the original crack and creates new cracks, reduces its strength, which is the mainly reason of its disintegration. According to the composition of clay mineral, we speculate its weathering process is mainly physical weathering, the climate during the weathering is cold and dry. The results can not only improve the geological feature of the mining area, but also show that the near-infrared spectroscopy technology can analyze the mineral composition of soil and rock effectively on the basis of Mineral spectroscopy, which demonstrates the feasibility of the near-infrared spectroscopy can analyze minerals in soil and rock quickly, that shows the feasibility in geology study, provides new ideas for the future research of soil and rock.     

内蒙古东升庙白垩系红层的近红外光谱分析

在内蒙古东升庙矿区西部采取白垩系红层岩心及地表风化土壤样,用近红外光谱分析技术对各个样品进行测试分析。结果表明,近红外光谱技术能通过矿物中各基团的特征吸收峰快速鉴别出矿物,东升庙矿区西部白垩系红层为泥质胶结主要由石英、长石、蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石、白云母等组成,其矿物组成主要受到上游物源区影响;其崩解主要为蒙脱石等粘土矿物吸水膨胀,失水收缩不均匀,使原有裂隙扩大并产生新的裂隙,导致强度降低,发生崩解;根据其粘土矿物的组合推测其风化过程中气候以寒冷干燥为主,风化过程主要为物理风化。研究结果一方面可以完善该矿区地质特征,另一方面表明在矿物光谱学的基础上,近红外光谱分析技术可以有效地分析土壤和岩石的矿物成分,从而论证了近红外光谱分析技术应用于土壤、岩石矿物的的快速分析可行性,表明了其在地质研究中的可行性,为以后的土壤、岩石研究提供新思路。     

Comparison of methods to obtain ash from coal of the Southwest of Colombia

The method for concentration of mineral matter at low temperature (about 250 °C), called Low Temperature Ash (LTA) was applied to a sample of coal from the mine “Las Mercedes” located in Colombia southwestern. This method provides better information about the content of mineral matter in natural coal (NC), removing the organic matter more efficiently without significant transformations of mineral phases present in that coal. These results were observed through Mössbauer spectra and X-ray patterns taken from samples of NC, (LTA) and the conventional method of High Temperature Ash (HTA). The results show that the LTA process provides more representative data of the mineral phases for natural coal than that using the conventional HTA process.     

The quadrupole resonance properties of nondetonable explosive formulations for land mine detection machine calibration and testing

Explosive detection machines on the basis of quadrupole resonance (QR) technology are under development for land mine detection and other antiterrorism applications. The QR machines are optimized to detect the actual explosive ingredient in a detonable formulation and to ignore signals from other, benign materials. This presents a safety and logistical challenge for QR land mine detector testing and calibration because of the hazards involved when handling even small amounts of a detonable explosive. The detonation hazard can be mitigated by adding inert materials (desensitizers) to coat the crystalline explosive. The effect on the QR signal of various types of inert material is examined, with a view to developing a safe QR land mine target.     

Structural characteristics of chalcopyrite from a Cu(Au) ore deposit in the Caraj��s Mineral Province, Brazil

Mössbauer spectra and X-ray diffraction data show a chalcopyrite from the Cristalino Cu(Au) deposit in the Carajás Mineral Province in northern Brazil to consist of a single, tetragonal phase. This is in stark contrast to a previously described chalcopyrite from the Camaquã copper mine in southern Brazil, obviously reflecting differences in mineral (and thus ore deposit) genesis.     

内蒙古卡休他他铁矿断层泥近红外光谱学特征及意义

内蒙古卡休他他铁矿是一个矽卡岩型磁铁矿床,矿区内有多组成矿后期发育的断层。本研究采用近红外光谱(NIR)分析技术对矿区内地下,地表断层泥以及地表土壤进行分析,通过矿物特征峰鉴定发现地下断层泥主要成分为镁铁质矿物,地表断层泥成分为硅铝质矿物,而地表土壤成分则两者兼有之。三组样品的成分分析结果都与采样地的地质背景一致。研究表明,鉴于矿化区内断层泥的主要成分为断层活动形成的粘土及其他早期成矿期的蚀变矿物,近红外光谱分析技术十分适用于此类样品,利用近红外光谱分析,一方面可鉴定断层泥中粘土矿物,进一步推测粘土的蚀变原岩成分。另一方面有也可鉴别成矿期蚀变矿物的种类,从而对热液矿床的研究提供有用的信息。     

中国古代艺术品常用矿物颜料的拉曼光谱(二)

在本刊前一篇文章中,我们讨论了拉曼光谱在艺术品分析和考古学应用方面的实验技术并报道了一些中国古代艺术品中经常使用的红色、黄色和白色矿物颜料的拉曼光谱。本文延续前文工作,测量了一些中国古代艺术品中常用的蓝色、绿色和黑色矿物颜料的拉曼光谱,介绍了相关的背景知识,并对这些光谱进行了解析,我们相信,一套比较全面的颜料拉曼光谱数据,对于拉曼光谱技术在考古学和艺术品分析方面的应用将会起到重要的参考价值。     

内蒙古维拉斯托锌铜多金属矿床深部断层泥特征及其意义

在维拉斯托矿区深部矿井的不同中段共采集了六组断层泥样品,采用X射线衍射和近红外光谱现代测试分析技术对样品进行分析测试,旨在探讨断层泥的矿物成分特征及其与成矿作用关系。分析结果表明,(1)断层泥中含有低温蚀变的粘土矿物(如蒙脱石、高岭石、地开石、绿泥石等)和中高温热液蚀变矿物(如石墨、黑云母、叶腊石、重晶石、蛇纹石、透闪石、阳起石等),同时也含有与成矿作用密切相关的矿物成分(如铜锌氧化物、氯铜钒、蓝铜矿、斑铜矿等)。(2)不同深度的断层泥矿物成分有所不同,地表浅部以浅变质矿物为主,深部以变质程度较深的矿物为主。(3)从断层泥矿物成分、矿物成因及发展演化规律来看,断层泥主要形成于含矿热液活动时期及矿后构造,且后期经历了表生氧化作用。(4)通过分析断层泥蚀变矿物成分及其矿物组合特征可以推测,该矿床形成于中-高温热液环境下,经历了硅化、高岭石化、绿泥石化、萤石化及绢云母化等蚀变过程。因此,通过分析断层泥的矿物成分及其矿物组合特征,不仅对指导找矿有一定的现实意义,同时也可以对矿床成因类型的判断提供重要的参考信息。     

东北4种典型土壤粘粒矿物的初步表征

以黑土、白浆土、棕壤和褐土为研究对象,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射(XRD)及扫描电镜(SEM)等方法对东北4种典型土壤的粘粒矿物进行了表征,结果显示,它们属于蒙脱石型图谱。4种土壤的主要矿物成分均为石英,但黑土和白浆土还有蒙脱石和高山石等成分,棕壤和褐土还有高山石和云母等成分。黑土、棕壤和褐土的粘土矿物颗粒均呈层状结构,表面具有十分明显的非均匀特性,其中黑土粘土矿物表面粗糙不平,而棕壤和褐土的粘土矿物表面比黑土要光滑;与此相反,白浆土的粘土矿物表面轮廓清晰、表面光滑,且有较多的空洞。分析结果表明土壤粘粒矿物的组成和特性可以利用土样的光谱特征进行分析和检验,得到的信息是准确有效的。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定矿样中痕量金

建立了电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-AES) 测定低品位金矿样品中痕量金的方法,优化了仪器分析条件,对测定介质、干扰等进行了系统研究,结果标明：在小于10％(φ)王水介质中,所用酸不影响测定;矿中常见的阳离子的干扰,通过用10％盐酸(φ)进行预溶解去除,残留的基体元素对测定没有影响。试样中存在的硅对金208.2 nm产生严重的光谱干扰,用硅的251.6 nm线进行干扰系数法校正。采用上述条件测定了高硫尾矿中的痕量金,结果与活性炭富集-原子吸收法所得结果一致。在实验条件下,对金矿的检测限为0.10 g·t-1。     

Mössbauer and XRD Characterization of the Mineral Matter of Coal from the Guachinte Mine in Colombia

The aim of this work was the characterization and differentiation, using Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), of coal samples with different ash and sulfur contents obtained in three places corresponding at cuts in different seams from the Guachinte mine, Valle, Colombia. The mineral phases identified by XRD were in general kaolinite, quartz, pyrite and gypsum, and in particular dolomite and calcite. MS confirms the presence of pyrite and kaolinite, besides evidences the additional presence of jarosite which was not detected by the XRD results due their low amounts. In the high mineral matter ash sample quartz and hematite was identified by XRD, the last one confirmed by MS results. A second phase in this sample was detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy, which could be superparamagnetic hematite. Rietveld refinement for XRD pattern from a sample is reported.

     

Hematite from a mining area in the east border of Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Iron oxides are dominant minerals in many geo-domains of economical interest, as iron ore mines. Knowing the main mineral transformation pathways is a fundamental step to plan prospecting new mineral deposits. This study aimed at contributing to a better understanding of the chemical and mineralogical processes related to the genesis and transformations of iron oxides involving hematite in an iron-ore mine of the east border of Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Two representative geo-samples were analyzed with synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD), ⁵⁷Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence and saturation magnetization (σ) measurements. The iron content varied from 65 to 69 mass% Fe. From XRD data, hematite is indeed the major mineral for all samples but characteristic reflections of goethite and magnetite also appear. For the magnetic sample, σ = 6.9 J T^???1 kg^???1. 298 K- and 110 K-Mössbauer data allow characterizing hematite in these iron-rich geo-materials.     

Effect of Nanoparticles on Thermal Properties Enhancement in Different Oils – A Review

The development of stable dispersion of nanoparticles in different oils is gaining momentum for close circuit applications as most of the mineral oils used are not very good thermal conductors. The enhancement of thermal conductivity with optimum enhancement of viscosity of oil with nanoparticles poses a serious challenge for use of such fluids in cooling. Transformer oil, mineral oil, silicon oil, hydrocarbon fuels, biodiesel, and some organic solutions have been used as the base fluids for studying the effect of nanoparticles for improving thermal efficiency. Innovative heat transfer fluids are produced by suspending metallic or nonmetallic nanometer-sized solid particles. Although a large number of sources are available on water-based nanofluids, the number of such reports on oil-based nanofluids is rather limited. The aim of this article is to summarize recent developments on the preparation methods of nanofluids based on oil, its stability, thermal conductivity enhancement, nanoparticle effect on viscosity, heat transfer characteristics, breakdown voltage, dielectric properties, and applications of such nanofluids.     

矿山多源遥感图像像点位移测试系统设计

针对矿山地形的起伏变化影响对其进行分析研究的准确性,提出矿上多源遥感图像像点位移测试系统的设计方法。结合GPS定位原理,选取遥感图像上某一时刻点作为测试点,对拍摄得到的矿山图像和电子测试系统各触点之间的距离进行计算,进而得到测试点具体坐标位置,将其与测试点真实现场坐标相对比,实现矿山多源遥感图像像点位移的测试。通过实验证明,所设计的测试系统可以高精度实现对遥感图像像点位移的测试,有效减小了矿山地形变化带来的遥感图像研究误差。     

Raman spectroscopy of minerals and mineral pigments in archaeometry

Minerals, as raw structural materials or pigments, play a fundamental role in archaeometry, for the understanding of nature, structure and status of an artefact or object of interest for cultural heritage. A detailed knowledge of the mineral phases is crucial to solve archaeological problems: Raman spectroscopy is a powerful investigation technique and has been applied extensively in the last 30 years on mineral identification and on pigment degradation. Here we report an updated review, covering the last decade, of the applications of Raman techniques to issues in which raw minerals, including mineral pigments, are involved. Particular attention is devoted to cases where the Raman analysis of minerals is deeper than a simple identification of the phases present in an archaeological or artistic object. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design of a flotation cell equipped with ultrasound transducers to enhance coal flotation

Ultrasonic treatment is widely used for surface cleaning during physical, chemical and physico-chemical processes in mineral processing. Several research papers and a few industrial applications about the subject suggest that the mechanism behind the positive effect of ultrasound for mineral processing and especially flotation is due to formation of cavitation by ultrasonic energy. Within this study, coal floatability is investigated by use of a specially designed flotation cell equipped with ultrasound transducers with different power, frequency and geometry. The results indicate that ultrasonic treatment during coal flotation positively affects the quality and quantity of the properties of floated coals while using of lesser amounts of reagent than a conventional flotation system.     

利用光谱吸收深度定量反演碳酸盐矿物的影响因素及应用分析

光谱吸收特征是矿物识别与定量反演的重要指标。为提高利用光谱吸收特征定量反演矿物精度,以方解石为代表,以线性混合光谱模型与连续统去除方法为基础,以连续统去除吸收深度(CRBD)为分析对象,按端元光谱在2.33 μm附近有无吸收特征对光谱进行分类,并分析每类数据与方解石混合光谱CRBD随丰度、反射率以及光谱特征等影响因素的变化规律,进而非线性拟合其变化范围并提出一种新的矿物含量表示方法。研究结果表明,端元丰度对CRBD值影响较大,方解石丰度越大,吸收特征越明显,CRBD值越大。同样,混合端元反射率与光谱特征对混合光谱CRBD值影响也较明显,当混合端元光谱在2.33 μm附近为无特征时,端元光谱反射率越小,CRBD随碳酸盐丰度变化上凸越明显,为反射峰特征时,端元光谱反射率越大,下凹越明显;混合端元在2.33 μm附近为吸收谷特征时,CRBD随碳酸盐丰度接近线性变化。通过交叉分析与多端元混合光谱CRBD变化分析发现,混合光谱CRBD随碳酸盐矿物丰度及混合端元反射率变化受限于一定范围,其上限拟合方程满足指数函数变化,下限拟合方程为三次多项式函数,且拟合精度较高,R2均高于0.99,RMSE低于0.005。为实现矿物含量的精确预测,根据拟合方程提出一种以变化范围替代定量值来表示碳酸盐矿物丰度分布的方法,实现碳酸盐矿物含量反演的范围表示。通过影响因素分析及范围表示法可为矿产监测、定量评估等提供新的表达方法,为建立具有普适性的地物定量反演模型提供理论参考。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法分析不同产地大豆中的矿物元素含量

选取江西、黑龙江、吉林和安徽4产地同一种属大豆经硝酸湿法消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法同时测定了其中K, P, Mg, Ca, Fe,Al, Zn, Mn 和Na元素的含量,并采用Ducan多重比较方法对结果进行统计分析。结果表明：大豆中含有丰富的矿物元素,其中K,P,Mg,Ca,Fe元素含量较高,且排序不因产地的变化而改变。Mn, Zn,Al,Na元素的排序则受产地影响较大。K, P, Mg的含量受产地的影响不大,表现出某一品种大豆自身生长对主要矿物质的需求是相对稳定的。不同产地大豆中Al, Ca,Fe, Na, Mn,Zn元素的含量差异显著(P<0.05),说明这几种微量元素的含量受土壤及环境的影响较大,其中安徽大豆中的铁元素(70.93 mg·kg-1)和江西大豆中的锰元素(32.69 mg·kg-1)显著高于其他3个样品。     

基于可见光波段的燃烧与未燃烧矸石分类方法研究

我国煤矿数量众多,分布广泛,大量堆积的煤矸石对矿区环境造成严重影响,其中部分煤矸石处理不当可能引发自燃和爆炸,对矿区安全构成直接威胁。根据煤矸石的燃烧状态可以分为燃烧矸石和未燃烧矸石两类,其存在的安全隐患和对环境的危害性有所不同,同时其综合利用的途径亦不相同。因此,对煤矸石进行燃烧矸石和未燃烧矸石的分类识别与监测就显得尤为重要。目前的监测方法主要为实地勘查调研,其效率低、成本高,难以满足煤矸石监测的实际需求。选择辽宁省铁法矿区作为研究区,首先从矿区矸石山现场采集典型的煤矸石样本106个;然后,利用SVC HR1024光谱仪测试其可见光-近红外光谱,分析燃烧和未燃烧矸石的光谱特征,并基于可见光波段构建光谱指数NDGI,用于识别燃烧矸石和未燃烧矸石。选择实验室测试的光谱数据和实际卫星遥感数据对该指数进行了验证,并与随机森林法进行对比。结果显示：在350～760 nm燃烧矸石光谱曲线斜率整体较高,在550～630 nm反射率存在陡升现象,而未燃烧矸石在整个可见光波段光谱曲线斜率较低;以0.25作为NDGI指数阈值,可以很好地将燃烧矸石和未燃烧矸石区分开来,实验室样本验证结果显示,NDGI指数的分类精度可达99.1%,高于随机森林分类法的95.2%;现场的验证结果表明,使用铁法矿区的landsat8 OLI数据,并基于NDGI指数对矿区内的矸石山进行燃烧和未燃烧区域识别划分,所提取的燃烧和未燃烧矸石在形态和大小上与Google Earth具有很好地一致性,表明该指数对于矸石的燃烧状态具有很好识别效果。在上述研究基础上,分别取燃烧和未燃烧矸石进行矿物鉴定,通过对比矸石燃烧前后矿物种类的变化,分析造成燃烧和未燃烧矸石的光谱特征差异的原因。结果表明：燃烧使矸石中的Fe2+被氧化为Fe3+。Fe3+的大量增加造成光谱曲线在550nm处形成明显的波谷特征,在整个燃烧过程中生成的玻璃质在750nm处形成高反射率,二者综合造成燃烧和未燃烧矸石的NDGI指数差异。研究结果为煤矿区燃烧和未燃烧矸石的区分识别提供了一种快速、高效、较为准确的实用方法。