汽体流动量热计: 苯汽化热与苯汽体热容的测量

介绍了根据Pitzer型汽体流动量热计和Newsham型汽化热量热计建立的一套同时测定汽化热和汽态热容的汽体流动量热计. 该量热计可用于测定有机化合物及其混合物在不同温度下的汽化热、从沸点到200℃范围内的汽体热容. 量热计用苯标定, 汽化热的精度达到0.5%以上, 汽体热容的精度约1%.     

一种精密恒温环境微量燃烧-溶解-反应多用量热计的设计及应用

将SRC-100型溶解-反应量热计改进成了一种精密恒温环境微量燃烧-溶解-反应多用量热计。采用电能法标定了量热计的能当量,其值为Ccalor=(987.63±0.61)J×K~(-1)。用该量热计分别测定了苯甲酸和丁二酸的标准质量燃烧热,分别为ΔcU~θ_(m,B)(cr,T=298.15 K)=-(26425.99±10.70)J?g~(-1)和Δ_cU~θ_(m,S)(cr,T=298.15 K)=-(12621.97±5.30)J?g~(-1)。测量的不确定度小于0.04%,精度高于0.05%。     

敏感1000倍的量热计

敏感１０００倍的量热计ＩＢＭ的科学家们开发了一种新的量热计。这种量热计比原有的量热计对温度要敏感１０００倍，其检测温度变化的范围可达１０－５Ｋ，且价格相对低廉。这种量热计的基点在于一个镀有铝层的微型机械硅杠杆。由于硅和铝的热膨胀系数不同（双金属效应）...     

等温稀释型量热计的建立和过量焓的测定

本文建立了一套等温稀释型量热计, 该量热计可用于吸热型体系过量焓的测定,量热计灵敏度为2μV.J^-^1, 恒温精度为±8*10^-^3K。经环己烷-苯体系和环己烷-正己烷体系在298.15K时标定, 精确度在15%以内, 测定了缔合体系在乙醇 -苯体系303.15K时溶液的过量焓。     

80—600K自动绝热量热计的建立——α-Al_2O_3的摩尔热容

本文报道一个80—600K自动绝热量热计的结构。其主要特点是在量热计的恒温器系统中增加三个辐射屏,以提高量热计的工作温度。为鉴定量热计的性能我们测定了α-Al_2O_3的摩尔热容。除少数实验点外,该物质的摩尔热容实验点与平滑曲线的偏差为±0.3％。将所测实验结果的平滑值与美国标准局数据相比较,两者亦吻合在±0.3％以内。     

溶解量热法测三氧化钼标准生成焓

用溶解量热法,以KIO_4和KOH组成的弱碱性溶液为量热溶剂,设计3个不同的热化学循环,用RD-1型热导式自动量热计测定了MoO_3的标准生成焓,并推荐其值为ΔH_(t(moO_3))~0(298.15K)=-765.0±6.8kJ·mol~(-1)。     

卟啉化合物的热化学研究Ⅰ. 精密燃烧量热装置及标定

本文报道了一套用热敏电阻作测温元件的精密静弹燃烧量热装置。数据处理用电子计算机按自编程序完成。用中国计量科学院提供的量热基准苯甲酸标定了量热计的能当量, 其精密度(2s.d.m计)为0.01％。利用此仪器测得三羟甲基氨基甲烷的燃烧能为△_cu°(298.15 K)=-20030.3±6.0 Jg~(-1), 与文献值吻合, 证实了本装置的可靠性。     

教学中测定反应焓变量热计的改进

反应焓变的测定是普通化学、无机化学教学的常规实验。实验用量热计大致可分为两种类型：即保温杯型［２～５］和烧杯夹泡沫塑料绝热型［５～７］;采用的搅拌方法则有手握量热计摇动搅拌［１］、手握玻璃棒（或下端加环）上下移动或转动搅拌［２,３］、电动搅拌机搅拌或电磁搅拌器搅拌［５］。经过长期实践,已发现现有各种简易量热计存在如下问题：（１）搅拌过程中容易碰破量热计内壁或温度计;（２）手动搅拌不充分、不均匀,反应时间长,由此带来实验误差大;（３）烧杯夹泡沫塑料型量热计,在清洗过程中夹层容易进水,热容变化进而导…     

4.2—90K固体比热容国家标准的建立——Ⅰ.25—90K自动绝热量热计及α-Al_2O_3的摩尔热容

本文详细描述了一套用于25—90K温区内精密测定固体热容的自动绝热量热计及其低温恒温器的结构,对样品容器特别设计了与内壁非接触、薄壁径向、分布均匀的散热片,充分改善了量热容器内部的热平衡条件,对绝热控制研制了专用的高精度ACD-79型绝热控温仪,大大提高了量热系统中热屏和导线的控温精度,用国产标准参考材料,高纯α-A1_2O_3检测了该量热计的性能;α-A1_2O_3摩尔热容实验结果与美国标准局数据比对其标准偏差为±0.3％—±0.1％。     

感温电阻式热导量热计的研制

目前国内外生产和应用的热导量热计其感温系统多为热电堆。这种类型的量热计由于涉及几十对甚至几百对热电偶的焊接和安装,难于做到处于孪生体系的两个量热单元完全对称,热电偶金属的长短、焊点的大小和形状、绝缘层的厚薄和安装松紧等都是造成不对称的根源。这就容易使量热计的稳定性受到影响。     

无水硫酸铀酰和三水合硝酸铀酰的真空绝热量热学研究

建立了一套真空绝热量热计。在60-300K间测定了氯化钾的摩尔热容,所得结果同文献值相比能较好地符合,说明所建量热计是可靠的。用该量热计在60-300K间测定了无水硫酸铀酰和三水合硝酸铀酰的摩尔热容,在所研究的温度范围内未发现热容反常。无水硫酸铀酰和三水合硝酸铀酰在298.15K下的C_P^o、S_T^o-S_{O^o、HT^o-HO^o和-(GT^o-GO^o)/T值,前者分别为33.46卡/度·摩尔、39.7±0.4卡/度·摩尔、5925±20卡/摩尔和19.7±0.2卡/度·摩尔;后者分別为76.50卡/度·摩尔、88.3±0.9卡/度·摩尔、13282±50卡/摩尔和43.7±0.4卡/度·摩尔。}     

How do the mathematical models of calorimeters really work?

In the paper methods of the analysis of heat effects occurring in the calorimeter as well as mathematical models applied for the determination heat effects involved in these devices are discussed. It was demonstrated that often mathematical models of the determination of heat effects are rather poor. Whereas, more sophisticated, existing models are relatively rarely used in calorimetric practice. The range of application of thermal–electrical and thermal–dynamic analogy methods were presented.     

The use of advanced calorimetric techniques in polymer synthesis and characterization

Progress in the understanding of polymer synthesis, including the crucial step of initiation and undesired side reactions, and in characterization of polymers, especially their thermal behaviour, are directly related to advances in calorimetric technologies.

In polymer synthesis, since polymerization reactions are highly exothermic, reaction calorimetry (RC) is an appropriate technique for on-line process monitoring. Measurements are non-invasive, rapid, and straightforward. Viscosity increase and fouling at the reactor wall are typical features of many polymerizations. The global heat transfer coefficient, UA, also changes drastically when viscosity increases and affects the accuracy of calorimetric measurements. Our approach was focused on oscillating temperature calorimetry (TOC). Reactions were performed with two different reaction calorimeters, i.e. an isoperibolic calorimeter and a Calvet-type high sensitivity differential calorimeter, respectively. Special attention was paid to the interpretation of the measured signals to obtain reliable calorimetric data. The evolution of heat transfer coefficient was followed by performing two Joule effect calibration experiments, before and after the reaction, and the two values interpolated to obtain the desired profile of UA. A differentiation method based on the convolution of the measured heat flow by the generated one was used for determining the time constants and deconvoluting the measured heat flow.

With respect to polymer characterization, pressure-controlled scanning calorimetry, also called scanning transitiometry, is now a well established technique. The transitiometer was coupled to an ultracryostat to work at low temperature. The assembly was used to follow the pressure effect on phase change phenomena such as fusion/crystallization and glass transition temperature T_g of low molecular weight substances or high molecular weight polymers.     

A double twin isothermal microcalorimeter

The design and properties of a double twin heat conduction microcalorimeter are described. In this instrument two twin microcalorimeters are placed close together, one on top of the other. The size of the instrument is the same as that of a commercial single twin microcalorimeter and each of the twin parts has similar properties as one normal twin microcalorimeter. The cross-talk between the calorimeters can be made low; we measured <0.1% of the signal generated in one calorimeter in the other calorimeter. This figure is, however, dependent on how well the two sides of the instrument are thermally balanced. The paper also contains a general discussion of the use of a reference in reducing the effect of temperature changes in the heat sink.

The advantage with a double calorimeter is that one may easily perform two related calorimetric experiments at the same time and in close proximity to each other, e.g. both sorption isotherms and sorption enthalpies may be measured simultaneously, or the heat production rate of a biological process may be monitored at the same time as the CO₂ production is measured.     

Definition of parameters phase equilibria and identification of phases of system hydrocarbon Water on the basis of calorimetric measurements

A new calorimetric method and the results of determination of binary systems phase equilibria having a region of phase stratification on the basis of calorimetric measurements are described in this paper. Isochoric heat capacity temperature dependence of binary system of hydrocarbon-water has been studied by the method of high-temperature adiabatic calorimeter. Parameters of the phase stratification region have been determined on the basis of revealed peculiarities of this dependence at phase transitions liquid-liquid and liquid-vapour and phase diagram have been made.     

Calorimetric study on the effect of Co γ-rays on the growth of microorganisms

Using a calorimeter equipped with 24 sample units, the heat evolution from growing Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Escherichia coli and spores of Bacillus pumilus and Bacillus stearothermophilus was detected in the form of growth thermograms. Irradiation with ⁶⁰Co γ-rays affected the growth pattern, which was used for a quantitative analysis of the effect on microorganisms. Irradiation of B. pumilus and B. stearothermophilus spores led to dose-dependent delays in growth, indicating a bactericidal effect. In case of ⁶⁰Co γ-irradiated S. cerevisiae, a dose-dependent reduction of the growth rate constant was observed together with the retardation in growth, indicating a combination of bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. An equation to determine the number of survivors on the basis of the retardation in growth t and the growth rate constant μ was developed, which proved the opportunity to use the calorimetric technique in predictive microbiology.     

Heat flux calorimetry in intermetallic compound–H2(g) systems: heat measurements and modeling in the low pressures range

A heat conduction calorimeter has been used to determine enthalpies of solid–gas reactions in systems, such as intermetallic compounds–H₂(g). It is shown that the significance of the heat measurements must be carefully analyzed by controlling several parameters, which may influence the heat transfer conditions during the absorption and desorption reactions.

For this type of reaction, the measured heat flow is strongly dependent on the heat transfers through the gas phase in the low pressure range (Knudsen regime). It is demonstrated, experimentally and confirmed with simple models, that heat measurements can provide erroneous enthalpies due to our inability to account for the unavoidable modifications of the heat losses in the transition region. Experiments were carried out on the ZrNi–H₂ system.     

A simple adiabatic low-temperature calorimeter based on a helium refrigerator system

The construction of an adiabatic calorimeter for the 15-300 K range is described. It is fully automated and set up in a helium refrigerator system. The operation of the calorimeter was tested by measuring the specific heat capacity of a pure copper sample. The results show good agreement with the standard literature values. The specific heat capacity of a magnesium hydride sample was also determined. For MgH₂, the standard molar entropy of S⁰(298.15)=30.64 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹ was calculated from the obtained data.     

Heat capacities of the tungsten oxides WO3, W20O58, W18O49 and WO2

The heat capacities of the tungsten oxides WO₃, W₂₀O₅₈, W₁₈O₄₉ and WO₂ have been measured over the temperature range 340–999 K using differential scanning calorimetry. The lower oxides were prepared by controlled reduction of WO₃ in H₂/H₂O gas atmospheres. Previous calorimetric work on WO₃ is confirmed in the temperature range 340–800 K, however, significant increases in heat capacity were observed in the range 800–999 K prior to the orthorhombic—tetragonal phase transition. W₂₀O₅₈ is shown to behave similarly to WO₃. A high temperture phase change is evident, however, this appears to be complete by 970–990 K. The measured values of heat capacity for W₁₈O₄₉ are in close agreement with estimated data for W₁₈O₄₉. There is no evidence of any phase transitions for this oxide in the temperature range studied. The heat capacity data for WO₂ confirm previous drop calorimetry measurements and give no evidence of any phase changes for WO₂ in the temperature range 340–990 K.     

Modulated capillary titration calorimeter

A modulated capillary titration calorimeter has been developed. New software and optimization of the calorimetric unit CTD2156 are used as a basis of the modulated capillary titration calorimeter. The scanning mode of the calorimeter has been theoretically substantiated. The scanning of chambers temperature is provided due to the fact that the shield temperature is linearly varied at heating and cooling. The reversing and kinetic part of the total heat flow are measured at heating of a diluted collagen solution. The main advantage of the calorimeter is its ability to operate in a modulation mode, in an isothermal mode, in modes of linear heating and cooling of homogeneous and dispersoid liquid samples at an effective mixing of reagents in calorimetric chambers.