Comparative Fatty Acid Analysis of Telekia Speciosa

Fatty acids in petroleum-ether extracts prepared from the flower, stem, and leaf of Telekia speciosa (Schreb.) Baung. were studied by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The flower and leaf extracts were found to contain similar fatty acids, namely palmitic, linoleic, and oleic acids, whereas the stem extract contained only caproic acid.     

Dietary burden of phenolics per serving of "Mountain tea" (Sideritis) from Macedonia and correlation to antioxidant activity

This work was afforded from 2 points of view, phytochemical evaluation and relation to antioxidant activity and dietary burden of phenolics of a cup of "Mountain tea", a drink obtained by domestic infusion of Sideritis. Phytochemically, two extraction protocols using water and methanol as solvent were used for comparison. Methanol and boiling water extracts (by domestic infusion procedure) showed that extracts were rich in bound forms of phenolics such as hydroxycinnamic acids, phenylethanoid glycosides and flavonoid glycosides. The total phenolic content for Sideritis species ranged around 190 mg per serving (2 g infusion bag) for methanol extracts and around 72 mg per serving in water extracts. Among the two different Macedonian Sideritis species, Sideritis raeseri (wild growing) showed the highest phenolics content in both extracts (212 mg and 89 mg per serving, respectively). Concerning the phenolic content in the different aerial parts, leaf was the richest plant organ in phenolics followed by flower and stem with the lowest amount. The methanol extract from Sideritis raeseri (wild growing) showed the highest antioxidant capacity as shown by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. The antioxidant capacity was linearly correlated with phenolic content. Nutritionally, the dietary burden of phenolics of a "Mountain tea" bag for domestic infusion (serving size) was established at 89 mg for an homogeneous and equal distribution of the different aerial parts (leaf, flower and stem). However, and according to our results a rate of 60% leaf and 40% flower would increase the content of bioavailable phenolics and also the total phenolics content of a serving bag of "Mountain tea".     

Separation of Hydroxylated Metabolites of Fatty Acids (C10-C18) on a μPorasil Silica Column Using an Isocratic HPLC System

Abstract

A simple, versatile, and rapid normal-phase isocratic HLPC system is described for the analysis of the major (omega and omega-1) metabolites of C₁₀-C₁₈ chain length fatty acids formed upon incubation with rat liver microsomes and NADPH. Quantitation was achieved by radiometric detection. Chromatographic separation was performed by elution of the fatty acids and their omega and omega-1 metabolites from a 10μ silica column (μPorasil) with hexane:2-propanol:acetic acid (96.5:2.5:1.0). Retention times for these metabolites ranged from 10 to 13 minutes for stearic acid and from 16 to 21 minutes for capric acid. Recovery of the fatty acids and their metabolites from the column was greater than 95 percent. Relative quantitative conversion of the fatty acid substrates to omega and omega-1 metabolites was in the following order: myristic acid > capric acid=lauric acid=palmitic acid ? stearic acid. The omega products were formed preferentially over the omega-1 products of all the fatty acids except lauric acid. The method proved suitable for routine determination of NADPH-dependent fatty acid hydroxylase activities in rat liver microsomes.     

Chemical composition and antioxidant,antibacterial activity of Cirsium rivulare (Jacq) All. roots

The mixture of three phytosterols (campesterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol), β-sitosterol 3-O-glucoside and syringin were isolated from hexane and methanol extract of Cirsium rivulare roots after chromatographic separation. The main component of the source was syringin which was obtained with the yield 0.08% of the dry source. In hexane extract, the qualitative and quantitative composition of fatty acids was determined. The predominant component was linoleic acid (23.31 mg/g of extract). The extracts showed antioxidant activity. The ability to scavenge DPPH? free radical was in correlation with appointed total phenol content. The not-defatted methanolic extract was the most active. Hexane and defatted methanol extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against G(+) and G(?) strains with MIC and MBC ranged from 25 to 200 μg/mL.     

Bioprospecting Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.; a traditional medicinal plant for antioxidant,cytotoxic, antidiabetic and antimicrobial potential

Purpose of studyDodonaea viscosa Jacq. is an ethnomedicinal plant that has been extensively used for the treatment of gout, rheumatism and pain. Current study was undertaken to mine its antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antidiabetic potential. Chromogenic assays were employed to establish plant’s multimode antioxidant profile whereas HPLC fingerprinting was performed to quantify polyphenols. Standard brine shrimp lethality, MTT and SRB assays proved its cytotoxicity potential.ResultsAmong all the extracts (flower, leaf, stem and root), maximum extract recovery (22% w/w), gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content (20.11 ± 0.11 ug GAE/mg DW), ascorbic acid equivalent total antioxidant capacity (22.5 ± 0.07 µg/mg DW) and total reducing power (31.1 ± 1.13 µg/mg DW) were recorded in the distilled water + acetone extract of leaf. The acetone extract of leaf showed maximum quercetin equivalent total flavonoid content (4.78 ± 0.13 µg/mg DW). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed significant amount of rutin, vanillic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid, gentisic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, apigenin and myricetin in the different plant parts. Maximum scavenging potential was exhibited by methanol + ethyl acetate stem extract (IC₅₀ = 23.8 µg/ml). The highest antibacterial potential was found in flower (85.7%) and root (71.4%) extracts. The ethanol + ethyl acetate (1:1) leaf extract showed noteworthy toxicity against brine shrimps (LC₅₀ = 95.46 µg/ml) while a notable antiproliferative activity against THP-1 (IC₅₀ = 3.4 µg/ml) and Hep G2 (IC₅₀ = 20 µg/ml) cell lines was shown by ethanol + ethyl acetate extracts (1:1) of stem and root, respectively. A moderate inhibition of α-amylase enzyme was observed in all parts of the plant.ConclusionThe results of the present study suggest D. viscosa as a potential source of antioxidant, anticancer and α-amylase inhibitory phytochemicals.     

Chemical composition and biological potential of seed oil and leaf extracts of Henophyton deserti Coss. & Durieu

Henophyton deserti was characterized in respect to its chemical composition, antioxidant potential and antimicrobial activity. Fourteen compounds were identified by LC/MS, GC/MS, and GC in leaf and seed extracts. Total flavonoids ranged between 45.66 and 181.2 mg QE g^?1 and 2.03 and 38.95 mg QE g^?1 dry weight (dw) in leaf and seed polar extracts, respectively. Rutin, Kaempferol 3-rutinoside, Diosmetin 7-O-Glucoside, and Acacetin 7-O-Glucoside flavonoids were tentatively identified in this plant. The profile of seed fatty acids revealed oleic acid (C18:1, 27%), linoleic acid (C18:2, 12%) and linolenic acid (C18:3, 17%). The highest antioxidant activities of 85.2% and 67.5% were obtained with methanol and ethyl acetate leaf extracts. All H. deserti extracts were active against at least one of the tested bacteria, leaf ethyl acetate extract showed the lowest MIC of 0.156 mg ml^?1. Only seed ethyl acetate extract showed antifungal activity with a MIC of 2.5 mg ml^?1.     

用GC-MS法分析柿树叶中的脂肪酸

用乙醚－己烷混合溶剂抽提柿树叶中的脂肪酸,ＮａＯＨ－ＣＨ３ＯＨ交换法甲酯化,毛细管柱ＦＦＡＰ作为分离柱,进行气相色谱－质谱法测定脂肪酸（以甲酯的形式）的组成。共分离出２１种脂肪酸,鉴定出１９种,占总含量的９８．７２％,其中以肉豆蔻酸（６．６８％）、棕榈酸（３０．００％）、硬脂酸（１０．４２％）、十六碳三烯酸（１．４４％）、亚油酸（１．８４％）、十八碳－烯酸（２２．２２％）、亚麻酸（１．２５％）、花     

Comparative Assessment of Phytoconstituents,Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Analysis of Different Parts of Milk Thistle Silybum marianum L.

Silybum marianum L. is a therapeutic plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which has exhibited silymarin, a principal component used to cure various physiochemical disorders. The study appraised the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and chemical analysis of an extract from the seed, stem and leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was evaluated by the Folin–Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. While the antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acetate buffer in ferric chloride (FRAP) assay, respectively, the chemical profile was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) assay. The study outcomes identified that alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and catcholic tannins were present in seed, stem and leaves extracts except for saponins and Gallic tannins. Whereas, phenols were absent only in seed extract. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in appreciable amounts of 21.79 (GAE/g), 129.66 (QE/g) and 17.29 (GAE/g), 114.29 (QE/g) from the leaves and stem extract, respectively. Similarly, all extracts expressed reasonable DPPH inhibition (IC₅₀) and FRAP reducing power such as 75.98, 72.39 and 63.21% and 46.60, 51.40 and 41.30 mmol/g from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively. Additionally, chemical analysis revealed the existence of 6, 8 and 9 chemical compounds from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively, corresponding to 99.95, 99.96 and 98.89% of the whole extract. The chemical compound, Dibutyl phthalate was reported from all extracts while, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Silane, (1,1-dimethylethyl), dimethyl (phenylmethoxy) were reported only from the seed and leaves extract. Moreover, Methyl stearate was also a major compound reported from all extracts except for seed extract. It is demonstrable that extracts from different parts of S. marianum possess significant antioxidant activity, as well as valuable chemical compounds accountable for therapeutic effects that might be incorporated as an alternative to synthetic chemical agents.     

Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactivity of Asparagus acutifolius: A Focus on Antioxidant,Cytotoxic, Lipase Inhibitory and Antimicrobial Activities

The phytochemical composition of leaves, stems, pericarps and rhizomes ethanolic extracts of Asparagus acutifolius were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS. A. acutifolius samples contain at least eleven simple phenolics, one flavonon, two flavonols and six steroidal saponins. The stem extracts showed the highest total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents, where cafeic acid and rutin were the main compounds. No flavonoids were detected in the leaf, pericarp or rhizome while caffeic acid and ferulic acid were the predominant. Steroidal saponins were detected in the different plant parts of A. acutifolius, and the highest contents were found in the rhizome extracts. The stem extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and the highest 2,2-azino-bis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity was found in the pericarp extracts. The rhizome and leaf extracts showed a potent cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and HepG2 cell lines. Moreover, the pericarp and rhizome extracts revealed a moderate lipase inhibitory activity. The leaf and rhizome extracts were screened for their antimicrobial activity against human pathogenic isolates. The leaf extract exhibited a powerful inhibitory activity against all the bacteria and fungi tested.     

Phytochemical Fingerprinting and In Vitro Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of the Aerial Parts of Thymus marschallianus Willd. and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov Growing Widely in Southern Kazakhstan

The chemical composition of the hydroethanolic extracts (60% v/v) from the aerial parts of Thymus marschallianus Willd (TM) and Thymus seravschanicus Klokov (TS) from Southern Kazakhstan flora was analyzed together with their hexane fractions. Determination of antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of both extracts was also performed. RP-HPLC/PDA and HPLC/ESI-QTOF-MS showed that there were some differences between the composition of both extracts. The most characteristic components of TM were rosmarinic acid, protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and apigenin 7-O-glucuronide, while protocatechuic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, and eriodictyol predominated in TS. The content of polyplenols was higher in TS than in TM. The GC-MS analysis of the volatile fraction of both examined extracts revealed the presence of thymol and carvacrol. Additionally, sesquiterpenoids, fatty acids, and their ethyl esters were found in TM, and fatty acid methyl esters in TS. The antioxidant activity of both extracts was similar. The antibacterial activity of TS extract was somewhat higher than TM, while antifungal activity was the same. TS extract was the most active against Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 with MIC (minimal inhibitory concentration) = 0.625 mg/mL, exerting a bactericidal effect. The obtained data provide novel information about the phytochemistry of both thyme species and suggest new potential application of TS as a source of bioactive compounds, especially with anti-H. pylori activity.     

GC Analysis of the Fatty Acid Composition of Yak Kidney

To obtain valuable information for development of potential commercial products from yak kidney, which is usually treated as waste, the fatty acid composition of kidneys from yak reared in Gansu province, China, was investigated by gas chromatography. Fifteen different fatty acids were identified. The major fatty acids are oleic acid (33.3%), stearic acid (20.2%), and palmitic acid (18.4%). More interestingly, several important and essential fatty acids were also identified, including conjugated linoleic acid (2.94%), omega-3 fatty acids, for example docosahexaenoic acid (1.47%), eicosapentaenoic acid (1.11%) and alpha linolenic acid (0.37%), and omega-6 fatty acids, for example arachidonic acid (2.86%) and linoleic acid (1.98%). The results show that the fatty acid composition of yak kidney is of reasonable value and is suitable for further development of possible commercial products. This is the first report of the fatty acid profile of yak kidney.

     

Single‐step isolation of embelin using high‐performance countercurrent chromatography and determination of the fatty acid composition of seeds of Embelia schimperi

Embelin (2,5‐dihydroxy‐3‐undecyl‐p ‐benzoquinone) is known for its potent anthelmintic activity, but also for wound‐healing, antidiabetic, anticonvulsant, antitumour, anti‐inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, antibacterial and antispermatogenic activities. A high‐performance countercurrent chromatography method was developed for the purification of embelin from an extract of the seeds of Embelia schimperi fruit. The optimized solvent system (n ‐hexane–ethylacetate–ethanol–water, 7:3:7:3) resulted in the isolation of 13.9 mg of embelin, directly from 100 mg of crude extract, in a single step within a short time (40 min). Although the compound appeared to be completely pure when analysed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) with photo diode array detection, the purity was established as ~90% by UPLC–mass spectrometry. Furthermore, we report the fatty acid composition of the seeds of E. schimperi fruit. Nine fatty acids were quantified from the fruit seed extract by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, with linoleic (46.4%), palmitic (21.5%) and oleic (19.6%) acids making up the largest proportions.     

Metabolomic Profiling and Antioxidant Activities of Breonadia salicina Using 1H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS Analysis

Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper and J.R.I. Wood is widely used in South Africa and some other African countries for treatment of various infectious diseases such as diarrhea, fevers, cancer, diabetes and malaria. However, little is known about the active constituents associated with the biological activities. This study is aimed at exploring the metabolomics profile and antioxidant constituents of B. salicina. The chemical profiles of the leaf, stem bark and root of B. salicina were comprehensively characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS). The antioxidant activities of the crude extracts, fractions and pure compounds were determined using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging and reducing power assays. A total of 25 compounds were tentatively identified using the UPLC-QTOF-MS. Furthermore, the ¹H-NMR fingerprint revealed that the different parts of plant had differences and similarities among the different crude extracts and fractions. The crude extracts and fractions of the root, stem bark and leaf showed the presence of α-glucose, β-glucose, glucose and fructose. However, catechin was not found in the stem bark crude extracts but was found in the fractions of the stem bark. Lupeol was present only in the root crude extract and fractions of the stem bark. Furthermore, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid was identified in the methanol leaf extract and its respective fractions, while the crude extracts and fractions from the root and dichloromethane leaf revealed the presence of hexadecane. Column chromatography and preparative thin-layer chromatography were used to isolate kaempferol 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl)-glucuronide, lupeol, d-galactopyranose, bodinioside Q, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, sucrose, hexadecane and palmitic acid. The crude methanol stem bark showed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity with an IC₅₀ value of 41.7263 ± 7.6401 μg/mL, whereas the root crude extract had the highest reducing power activity with an IC_0.5 value of 0.1481 ± 0.1441 μg/mL. Furthermore, the ¹H-NMR and UPLC-QTOF-MS profiles showed the presence of hydroxycinnamic acids, polyphenols and flavonoids. According to a literature survey, these phytochemicals have been reported to display antioxidant activities. Therefore, the identified hydroxycinnamic acid (caffeic acid), polyphenol (ellagic acid) and flavonoids (catechin and (epi) gallocatechin) significantly contribute to the antioxidant activity of the different parts of plant of B. salicina. The results obtained in this study provides information about the phytochemistry and phytochemical compositions of Breonadia salicina, confirming that the species is promising in obtaining constituents with medicinal potential primarily antioxidant potential.     

Chemometric Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Chicken,Beef, and Pork Meat with Plant Extract Addition during Refrigerated Storage

During the shelf-life, meat undergoes a number of processes that negatively affect the quality of the product, including fatty acid composition. The application of various plant extracts in meat could affect the changes of fatty acids during storage. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various spice and herb extracts on fatty acid composition in raw pork, beef, and chicken meat when stored at 4 °C for 13 days. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, two datasets were extracted from each type of meat. One dataset included samples with allspice, bay leaf, black seed, cardamom, caraway, clove, and nutmeg with the high share of total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) in chicken and pork meat and high MUFA and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) contribution in beef meat after storage. The second dataset included basil, garlic, onion, oregano, rosemary, and thyme with high PUFA share in chicken and pork meat and high SFA (saturated fatty acids) contribution in beef meat. From the regression analysis, a significant effect of time on fatty acid composition in meat was reported. Generally, the rates of fatty acid changes were dependent on the plant extract incorporated into the meat. The most visible effect of plant extracts was obtained in chicken meat. In chicken meat with plant extracts, the rates of SFA and PUFA changes with time were slower compared to the control sample. In summary, the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat varied during storage, and the addition of plant extracts significantly affected the rate of these changes, which was dependent on the meat matrix.     

Kinase inhibitory, haemolytic and cytotoxic activity of three deep-water sponges from North Western Australia and their fatty acid composition

The c-AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) inhibition, haemolytic activity, and cytoxicity of 21 extracts obtained from North Western Australian sponges collected from depths of 84-135 m were investigated. Hexane extracts from Ircinia/Sarcotragus sp. and Geodia sp. displayed PKA inhibitory activities of 100 and 97% respectively (at 100 microg/mL), while aq. methanol extracts from Haliclona sp. exhibited potent haemolytic activity (75%) and hexane extracts from Geodia sp. were highly toxic (88%) to the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. As the non-polar extracts gave the greatest PKA inhibition, these were further analysed by GC-MS and 29 fatty acids were identified in the highest proportions in Ircinia/Sarcotragus sp. > Haliclona sp. > Geodia sp. In contrast to shallow-water sponges that are dominated by polyunsaturated fatty acids with a high percentage of long chain fatty acids, LCFAs (C24-C30), the deep-sea sponges investigated herein were all found to be rich in saturated fatty acids, in particular C14-C20 fatty acids, including odd and branched chain fatty acids, with only low levels (0-10%) of LCFAs. Screening of the PKA inhibitory activity of a series of commercially available fatty acids identified C14-C18 fatty acids as possessing significant PKA inhibitory activity that may contribute to the activity observed in the sponges studied.     

Mass spectrometry characterisation of fatty acids from metabolically engineered soybean seeds

Improving the quality and performance of soybean oil as biodiesel depends on the chemical composition of its fatty acids and requires an increase in monounsaturated acids and a reduction in polyunsaturated acids. Despite its current use as a source of biofuel, soybean oil contains an average of 25 % oleic acid and 13 % palmitic acid, which negatively impacts its oxidative stability and freezing point, causing a high rate of nitrogen oxide emission. Gas chromatography and ion mobility mass spectrometry were conducted on soybean fatty acids from metabolically engineered seed extracts to determine the nature of the structural oleic and palmitic acids. The soybean genes FAD2-1 and FatB were placed under the control of the 35SCaMV constitutive promoter, introduced to soybean embryonic axes by particle bombardment and down-regulated using RNA interference technology. Results indicate that the metabolically engineered plants exhibited a significant increase in oleic acid (up to 94.58 %) and a reduction in palmitic acid (to <3 %) in their seed oil content. No structural differences were observed between the fatty acids of the transgenic and non-transgenic oil extracts.

Essential oil composition,antioxidant activity and phenolic content of endemic Teucrium alyssifolium Staph. (Lamiaceae)

The present study was designed to examine the chemical composition of the essential oil, in vitro antioxidant activity and total phenolic and flavonoid content of extracts from plant parts (leaf, flower and stem) of Teucrium alyssifolium. The principle components of the essential oil were trans-β-caryophyllene (16.87%), ar-curcumene (11.43%) and bisabolene (11.06%), representing 39.36% of the oil. The total phenolic contents ranged between 13.99 and 41.54 mg of GAE/g of extract. The concentrations of flavonoids varied from 16.82 to 49.52 mg of Ru/g of extract. Antioxidant activity was determined in vitro using DPPH reagent and expressed as concentration of each extract required to inhibit radical by 50% (IC₅₀) values that ranged from 13.52 to 132.55 μg/ml. Our results have indicated that water extract of T. alyssifolium (part leaf) with a total content of polyphenols (41.54 mg of GAE/g) and an IC₅₀ of 13.52 μg/ml is more antioxidant.     

Physicochemical characteristics of the Lasiococca comberi Haines seeds

Physicochemical characteristics and fatty acid composition of Lasiococca comberi Haines (Euphorbiaceae), an endangered forest tree species, were determined for the first time. The oil, protein, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents in seeds were 41.5, 13.8, 22.2 and 11.6%, respectively. The refractive index, pH, specific gravity, saponification value, iodine value, peroxide value and p-anisidine value of seed oil were 1.4781, 6.4, 0.9, 178.4 mg KOH/g, 196 g I₂/100 g of oil, 5.1 mEq O₂/kg and 188.4, respectively. The predominant fatty acids were linolenic acid (65.3%), oleic acid (13.8%), linoleic acid (7.1%) and palmitic acid (5.3%). HPLC analysis revealed the presence of α-tocopherol (13.2 mg/100 g) and γ-tocopherol (6.3 mg/100 g) as the major tocopherols. The results indicated that L. comberi seed oil can be classified as drying oil having possible applications in different industries and as an important dietary source of omega-3 fatty acids.     

Cold-Pressed Pomegranate Seed Oil: Study of Punicic Acid Properties by Coupling of GC/FID and FTIR

Over the last decades, we have witnessed an increasing interest in food-related products containing vegetable oils. These oils can be obtained either by extraction or by mechanical pressing of different parts of plants (e.g., seeds, fruit, and drupels). Producers of nutraceuticals have ceaselessly searched for unique and effective natural ingredients. The enormous success of argan oil has been followed by discoveries of other interesting vegetable oils (e.g., pomegranate oil) containing several bioactives. This work describes the pomegranate fruit extract and seed oil as a rich source of conjugated linolenic acid as a metabolite of punicic acid (PA), deriving from the omega-5 family (ω-5). Through the chemical characterization of PA, its nutritional and therapeutic properties are highlighted together with the physiological properties that encourage its use in human nutrition. We analyzed the composition of all fatty acids with beneficial properties occurring in pomegranate seed oil using gas chromatography (GC) with flame-ionization detection (FID) analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Pomegranate seed oil mainly consists of 9,11,13-octadic-trienoic acid (18:3), corresponding to 73 wt % of the total fatty acids. Nine components were identified by GC in PSO, varying between 0.58 and 73.19 wt %. Using midinfrared (MIR) spectroscopy, we compared the composition of pomegranate seed oil with that of meadowfoam seed oil (MSO), which is also becoming increasingly popular in the food industry due to its high content of long chain fatty acids (C20-22), providing increased oil stability. From the results of FTIR and MIR spectroscopy, we found that punicic acid is unique in PSO (73.19 wt %) but not in MSO.     

An investigation of frequently consumed edible oils in Turkey in terms of omega fatty acids

The fatty acid profiles of frequently consumed oils and crops cultivated in Turkey were investigated in regard to omega fatty acids. Analyses were carried out on commercially sold oils, sunflower, olive, and fish oils, and oils extracted from fatty seeds of hazelnut, walnut, olive, sunflower, poppy, sesame, and pumpkin, and butter produced in Turkey. Hazelnut and olive oils were found to be rich in omega-9 (oleic acid 18:1), walnut, poppy seed, sesame, and pumpkin seed were rich in omega-6 (linoleic acid 18:2), and butter was rich in short chain fatty acids and omega-9. Fish oil, from mackerel, was the richest in omega-3 fatty acids and fatty acid diversity. There were some alterations between commercially sold oils and oils extracted from seeds in regard to fatty acid percentages and variety.