14N NQR study of polymorphism and hydrogen bonding in molecular complex isonicotinamide-oxalic acid (2:1)

The complete (14)N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra have been measured in the two polymorphic crystalline phases of the molecular complex isonicotinamide-oxalic acid (2:1) by nuclear quadrupole double resonance. The observed NQR frequencies, quadrupole coupling constants, and asymmetry parameters (η) have been assigned to the two nitrogen positions (ring and amide) in a molecule on the basis of the intensity and multiplicity of the double resonance signals. The NQR data for the ring nitrogen in both polymorphic phases deviate from the correlation relations observed in substituted pyridines. This deviation is analyzed in a model, where it is assumed that an additional electric charge on the nitrogen atom changes the NQR parameters. The model suggests that this additional electric charge is negative so that the N···H-O hydrogen bond seem to be partially ionic, of the type N(-)···H-O.     

Density functional theory investigation of hydrogen bonding effects on the oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen electric field gradient and chemical shielding tensors of anhydrous chitosan crystalline structure

A systematic computational investigation was carried out to characterize the 17O, 14N and 2H electric field gradient, EFG, as well as 17O, 15N, 13C and 1H chemical shielding tensors in the anhydrous chitosan crystalline structure. To include the hydrogen-bonding effects in the calculations, the most probable interacting molecules with the target molecule in the crystalline phase were considered through a hexameric cluster. The computations were performed with the B3LYP method and 6-311++G(d,p) and 6-31++G(d,p) standard basis sets using the Gaussian 98 suite of programs. Calculated EFG and chemical shielding tensors were used to evaluate the 17O, 14N and 2H nuclear quadrupole resonance, NQR, and 17O, 15N, 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR, parameters in the hexameric cluster, which are in good agreement with the available experimental data. The difference between the calculated NQR and NMR parameters of the monomer and hexamer cluster shows how much hydrogen bonding interactions affect the EFG and chemical shielding tensors of each nucleus. These results indicate that both O(3)-H(33)...O(5-3) and N-H(22)...O(6-4) hydrogen bonding have a major influence on NQR and NMR parameters. Also, the quantum chemical calculations indicate that the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions play an essential role in determining the relative orientation of EFG and chemical shielding principal components in the molecular frame axes.     

A 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance study of phase transitions and molecular dynamics in hydrogen bonded organic antiferroelectrics 55DMBP-H2ca and 1,5-NPD-H2ca

The temperature dependence of the (14)N NQR frequencies has been measured in antiferroelectric and paraelectric 55DMBP-H(2)ca and 1,5-NPD-H(2)ca. In both compounds we observe two non-equivalent nitrogen positions (N(+)-H···O(-) and N···H-O) in the antiferroelectric phase. The two nitrogen positions become equivalent (N···H···O) in the paraelectric phase. The critical exponent of the local antiferroelectric order parameter has been determined from the NQR data. The principal values of the quadrupole coupling tensor correlate in both compounds. The correlation diagrams clearly show how a proton migrates from the antiferroelectric position towards the paraelectric position in the bifurcated hydrogen bond on increasing the temperature. A slow motion has been observed in 55DMBP-H(2)ca by the (1)H and (14)N spin-lattice relaxation. An analysis of the spin-lattice relaxation data suggests a slow exchange between two non-planar conformations of the bipyridine molecule.     

A systematic investigation of hydrogen-bonding effects on the 17O, 14N, and 2H nuclear quadrupole resonance parameters of anhydrous and monohydrated cytosine crystalline structures: a density functional theory study

A systematic computational study was carried out to characterize the 17O, 14N, and 2H nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) parameters in the anhydrous and monohydrated cytosine crystalline structures. To include the hydrogen-bonding effects in the calculations, the most probable interacting molecules with the central molecule in the crystalline phase were considered in the pentameric clusters of both structures. To calculate the parameters, couples of the methods B3LYP and B3PW91 and the basis sets 6-311++G** and CC-pVTZ were employed. The mentioned methods calculated reliable values of 17O, 14N, and 2H NQR tensors in the pentameric clusters, which are in good agreements with the experiment. The different influences of various hydrogen-bonding interactions types, N-H...N, N-H...O, and O-H...O, were observed on the 17O, 14N, and 2H NQR tensors. Lower values of quadrupole coupling constants and higher values of asymmetry parameters in the crystalline monohydrated cytosine indicate the presence of stronger hydrogen-bonding interactions in the monohydrated form rather than that of crystalline anhydrous cytosine.     

1H-17O nuclear quadrupole double resonance in phenylphosphinic acid and phenylphosphonic acid. 17O quadrupole coupling in P = O and P-O-H bonds

The (17)O nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies have been measured in phenylphosphinic acid and phenylphosphonic acid using nuclear quadrupole double resonance. The quadrupole coupling constants have been determined with an uncertainty of +/- 10 kHz and the asymmetry parameter eta with an uncertainty of +/- 0.01. The results are compared to the published results of the theoretical calculation and the high-field solid-state NMR measurements. The position of hydrogen in the O-H...O hydrogen bond in phenylphosphinic acid has also been determined. On the basis of the present and the previously published data we show that the principal values of the electric-field-gradient tensor in P = O and P-O-H bonds correlate. A correlation between the nuclear quadrupole parameters and the length of the P-O bond is also observed.     

Characterization of intermolecular interactions in crystalline aspirin: A computational NQR study

A computational study at the level of density functional theory was carried out to characterize the ¹⁷O and ²H nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy parameters in crystalline aspirin. To include O? H···O and C? H···O hydrogen bonding effects in the calculations, the most probable interacting molecules with the target molecule in the crystalline phase were considered through a pentamer cluster. The NQR calculations were performed with BLYP, B3LYP, and M06 functionals employing 6‐311++G** and Jensen's polarization‐consistent pcJ‐1 basis sets. Linear correlations are observed between the calculated ¹⁷O and ²H NQR parameters and the hydrogen bond strengths, suggesting the possibility of estimating hydrogen bonding information from calculated NQR data. Different contributions of various nuclei to hydrogen bonding interactions and observed trends of calculated NQR parameters are well justified by atoms in molecules analyses at the BCPs of these interactions. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012     

14N NQR study of nicotinamide and related compounds

14N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies have been measured in picolinamide, nicotinamide, isonicotinamide, 2,6-pyridine dicarboxamide, and acetamide by double resonance. The 14N NQR spectra in picolinamide, nicotinamide, isonicotinamide, and 2,6-pyridine dicarboxamide show the presence of two distinct nitrogen positions: the ring position with the quadrupole coupling constant about 4,5 MHz and the amide position with the quadrupole coupling constant about 2.6 MHz. The NQR data are related to the structure of the investigated compounds and to the N--H...O hydrogen bonds.     

A computational NQR study on the hydrogen-bonded lattice of cytosine-5-acetic acid

A computational study at the level of density functional theory (DFT) employing 6-311++G** standard basis set was carried out to evaluate nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy parameters in cytosine-5-acetic acid (C5AA). Since the electric field gradient (EFG) tensors are very sensitive to the electrostatic environment at the sites of quadruple nuclei, the most possible interacting molecules with the target one were considered in a five-molecule model system of C5AA using X-ray coordinates transforming. The hydrogen atoms positions were optimized and two model systems of original and H-optimized C5AA were considered in NQR calculations. The calculated EFG tensors at the sites of (17)O, (14)N, and (2)H nuclei were converted to their experimentally measurable parameters, quadrupole coupling constants and asymmetry parameters. The evaluated NQR parameters reveal that the nuclei in original and H-optimized systems contribute to different hydrogen bonding (HB) interaction. The comparison of calculated parameters between optimized isolated gas-phase and crystalline monomer also shows the relationship between the structural deformation and NQR parameters in C5AA. The basis set superposition error (BSSE) calculations yielded no significant errors for employed basis set in the evaluation of NQR parameters. All the calculations were performed by Gaussian 98 package of program.     

Correlation between proton transfer and 35Cl NQR frequency as well as molecular geometry of chloranilic acid in co‐crystals with some organic bases

Proton transfer in hydrogen‐bonded organic co‐crystals of chloranilic acid with some organic bases was investigated by nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectroscopy. The ³⁵Cl NQR frequencies of chloranilic acid molecule as well as ¹⁴N NQR frequencies of the organic base molecule were measured with the conventional pulse methods as well as double‐resonance methods, respectively. The extent of proton transfer in the O···H···N hydrogen bond was estimated from Townes–Dailey analysis of the ¹⁴N NQR parameters. The ³⁵Cl NQR frequency and molecular geometry of chloranilic acid are correlated to the extent of proton transfer in the protonation process of the organic base molecule. It is shown that the hydrogen bond affects the π‐electron system of chloranilic acid. Geometry dependence of the O···H···N hydrogen bond, i.e. the H? N valence bond order versus the hydrogen‐bond geometry correlation is also discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Unusual electron charge density in carboxylic acid. 17O quadrupole coupling in cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid

The (17)O NQR frequencies have been measured in cis-cyclobutane-1,2-dicarboxylic acid and the quadrupole coupling tensors have been determined at various temperatures. Two O···H oxygen positions and two O-H oxygen positions are observed, showing the presence of two different types of O-H···O hydrogen bonds in the unit cell. The quadrupole coupling constants at the O-H oxygen positions are approximately 30% lower than the lowest quadrupole coupling constants experimentally observed at the C-O-H positions in other carboxylic acids with either ordered or disordered hydrogen bonds. The O-H distances have been calculated from the (17)O-(1)H dipole-dipole interaction at the O-H oxygen positions. The obtained values are longer than the O-H distances usually found in O-H···O hydrogen bonds with comparable O···O distance, in agreement with the proposed proton exchange O-H···O ? O···H-O, which partially averages the dipole-dipole interaction. The energy difference of the two proton configurations, O-H···O and O···H-O, is calculated from the O-H distances determined by NQR. The temperature dependence of the (17)O quadrupole coupling tensors at the (17)O···H-O oxygen positions is analyzed in the model of proton exchange and the energy differences of the two proton configurations obtained by this analysis agree with the values obtained from the O-H distances. The quadrupole coupling tensors are analyzed in a model based on the Townes and Dailey model. The model shows that the population of an oxygen lone pair orbital is at this oxygen position reduced from 2 to approximately 1.3. The electron electric charge is most probably transferred to the oxygen σ and π electron orbitals. This may be associated with the structure of the cyclobutane ring, where the X-ray data show the presence of two unusually short C-C bonds.     

Investigation of the effects of ionic hydrogen bonds (COH–C and N–HOC) in crystalline dl-proline by ab initio and DFT calculated NQR parameters

In this paper, we have calculated the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) parameters of the quadrupole nuclei involved in the hydrogen bonds (CO⁻H–C and ⁺N–H⁻OC) in the monomer and pentameric cluster of dl-proline by HF and B3LYP methods and basis sets of 6-311+G^* and 6-311++G^**. These computations are performed on the basis of X-ray diffraction structural data of dl-proline. The results indicate that the calculations including hydrogen-bonding (HB) interactions (in pentamer) are in better agreement with the experimental data than those in which these interactions are neglected (in monomer). The quantum chemical calculations show that the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding interactions play an important role in determination of the NQR parameters of ¹⁴N, ²H of group and ¹⁷O.     

DFT calculations of <Superscript>14</Superscript>N, <Superscript>17</Superscript>O,and <Superscript>2</Superscript>H NQR parameters: Investigation of hydrogen bond interactions in sulfapyridine crystalline structure

DFT calculations of electric field gradient (EFG) tensors at the sites of ¹⁴N, ¹⁷O, and ²H nuclei are carried out to characterize the hydrogen bond (HB) interactions in the sulfapyridine crystal structure. One-molecule (monomer) and hydrogen-bonded hexameric cluster models of sulfapyridine are constructed according to available X-ray coordinates where the proton positions are optimized. Then, EFG tensors are calculated for both monomer and target molecule in the hexameric cluster of sulfapyridine to show the effect of HB interactions on the tensors. The calculated EFG tensors are converted to the experimentally measurable nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) parameters: quadrupole coupling constant (C _Q ) and asymmetry parameter (η _Q ). The results reveal different contribution of various nuclei to N-H⋯N and N-H⋯O HB interactions in the cluster where the N2 and O1 have major contributions. The computations are performed with B3LYP and B3PW91 functionals DFT method and 6-311+G* and 6-311++G** standard basis sets using the Gaussian 98 package.     

Hydrogen bond interactions in sulfamerazine: DFT study of the O-17, N-14, and H-2 electric field gradient tensors

Hydrogen bond (HB) interactions are studied in the real crystalline structure of sulfamerazine by density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the electric field gradient (EFG) tensors at the sites of O-17, N-14, and H-2 nuclei. One-molecule (single) and four-molecule (cluster) models of sulfamerazine are created by available crystal coordinates and the EFG tensors are calculated in both models to indicate the influence of HB interactions on the tensors. Directly relate to the experiments, the calculated EFG tensors are converted to the experimentally measurable nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) parameters, quadrupole coupling constant (qcc) and asymmetry parameter (η_Q). The evaluated NQR parameters reveal that due to contribution of the target molecule to N–HN and N–HO types of HB interactions, the EFG tensors at the sites of various nuclei are influenced from single model to the target molecule in cluster. Additionally, O2, N4, and H2 nuclei of the target molecule are significantly influenced by HB interactions, consequently, they have the major contributions to HB interactions in cluster model of sulfamerazine. The calculations are performed employing B3LYP method and 6-311++G** basis set using GAUSSIAN 98 suite of program.     

A study on the intermolecular hydrogen bonds of alpha-glycylglycine in its actual crystalline phase using ab initio calculated 14N and 2H nuclear quadrupole coupling constants

alpha-Glycylglycine in its actual crystalline phase is studied by ab initio calculated nuclear quadrupole coupling constants. These physical quantities are computed for 2H and 14N in the hydrogen bonds. The type of hydrogen bond is the N-H...O type. The computations are performed with the RHF and B3LYP methods and 6-31++G** and 6-311++G** basis sets using the Gaussian 98 program. Values of the calculated nuclear quadrupole coupling constants are shown in Tables 1-3. The aim of this work is the study of 2H and 14N quadrupole coupling constants which contribute in the CON2H...O=CN2H type of hydrogen bond. The computed nuclear quadrupole coupling constants of 2H nuclei meet the related experimental values. In addition, the computed chi value of 14N belonging to the -CO-14NH- group agrees well with values obtained experimentally. However, there are some discrepancies between calculated 14N chi values of the N+H3 residue and experiments. Also, the values of these physical parameters are calculated for >C2H2 of alpha-glycylglycine in its crystalline phase. Calculations for these parameters are carried out in a single molecule using X-ray diffraction coordinates, too.     

Dependence of (35)Cl NQR on hydrogen bonding and temperature in dichlorophenol-aniline charge transfer complexes

The hydrogen-bonded charge transfer complexes of aniline with pi-acceptors (or proton donors) such as 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorophenol were prepared. The (35)Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequencies of these charge transfer complexes in the temperature range 77-300 K were measured to ascertain the existence or otherwise of a phase transition upon complex formation. Further, the NQR frequency and asymmetry parameter of the electric field gradient at the site of quadrupole nucleus were used to estimate the chemical bond parameters, namely ionic bond, double bond character of the carbon-chlorine(C--Cl) bond and the percentage charge transfer between the donor-acceptor components in charge transfer complexes. The effect of hydrogen bonding and temperature on the charge transfer process is analysed.     

N nuclear quadrupole resonance of picolinic,nicotinic, isonicotinic and dinicotinic acids

The ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) quadrupole coupling tensors of picolinic, nicotinic, isonicotinic and dinicotinic acids have been determined. Two different ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constants 1007 kHz and 4159 kHz have been observed for picolinic acid demonstrating the presence of both protonated and non-protonated nitrogen atoms in this system in the solid. Only one set of non-protonated ¹⁴N NQR lines has been observed in other pyridinecarboxylic acids demonstrating the absence of the protonated zwitter ion forms observed in picolinic acid. The non-protonated ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constant is the highest for the non-protonated nitrogen in picolinic acid and decreases to 3774 kHz in nicotinic acid and 3570 kHz in isonicotinic acid. It is the lowest in dinicotinic acid where the corresponding ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constant is 2794 kHz. The observed anomalous decrease in the ¹⁴N quadrupole coupling constant of dinicotinic acid with decreasing temperature is tentatively explained as reflecting the increase in the residence time of the N–H?O bonded proton in the potential well close to the nitrogen.     

Investigation of the electronic structure and the structural stability of selected penicillins by density functional calculations of 14N nuclear quadrupole resonance parameters

A computational study was carried out by density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the relative stability and reactivity in three selected penicillins: penicillin-G, penicillin-V and carbenicillin. The geometry of the investigated molecules was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. Then, the nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) parameters of ¹⁴N and ²H nuclei and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis in these molecules were calculated on the geometrically optimized models at the B3LYP level using 6-311++G(d,p) basis sets in the gas phase. The NBO analysis shows that the occupancy of the LP(N) decreases with increasing p character of the lone pair of nitrogen. A comparison between the results obtained for these penicillins and related 6-APA structures of them indicates that the presence of a bulky side group in the acyl side chain can lead to more stability of the β-lactam ring. On the other hand, NBO analysis was applied to rationalize the ¹⁴N NQR parameters in the charge distribution around nitrogen atoms. Inspection of the present results illustrates that the largest component of EFG tensor (q _zz ), the nuclear quadrupole coupling constant, C _Q, and the NQR frequency values of nitrogens decrease with decreasing occupancy values of LP(N). We suggest that the reason for this trend can be found in increasing contribution of delocalized electrons of nitrogen in the intramolecular interactions and hence stability of these structures increases in the order: PG < PV < CA. Finally, a good relationship is found between most of the calculated ²H NQR parameters and the related intramolecular hydrogen bonds.     

Conformations and intermolecular interactions pattern in solid chloroxylenol and triclosan (API of anti‐infective agents and drugs). A 35Cl NQR, 1H‐14 N NQDR,X‐ray and DFT/QTAIM study

Two antibacterial and antifungal agents, chloroxylenol (4‐chloro‐3,5‐dimethyl‐phenol) and triclosan (5‐chloro‐2‐(2’,4’‐dichlorophenoxy)‐phenol), were studied experimentally in solid state with an X‐ray, ³⁵Cl‐nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) and ¹⁷O‐nuclear quadrupole double resonance (NQDR) spectroscopies and, theoretically, with the density functional theory/quantum theory of atoms in molecules (DFT/QTAIM). The crystallographic structure of triclosan, which crystallises in space group P3₁ with one molecule in the asymmetric unit [a = 12.64100(10), b = 12.64100(10), c = 6.71630(10) Å], was solved with an X‐ray and refined to a final R‐factor of 2.81% at room temperature. The NQR frequencies of ³⁵Cl and ¹⁷O were detected with the help of the density functional theory (DFT) assigned to particular chlorine and oxygen sites in the molecules of both compounds. The NQR frequencies at ³⁵Cl sites in chloroxylenol and triclosan were found to be more differentiated than frequencies at the ¹⁷O site. The former better describes the substituent withdrawing effects connected to π‐electron delocalization within the benzene rings and the influence of temperature; whereas, those at the ¹⁷O site provide more information on O‐H bond and intermolecular interactions pattern. The conformation adopted by diphenyl ether of triclosan in solid state was found to be typical of diphenyl ethers, but the opposite to those adopted when it was bound to different inhibitors. According to an X‐ray study, temperature had no effect on the conformation of the diphenyl ring of triclosan, which was the same at 90 K and at room temperature (RT). The scattering of NQR frequencies reproduced by the DFT under assumption of the X‐ray data at 90 K and RT is found to be a good indicator of the quality of resolution of the crystallographic structure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of chain length on nuclear quadrupole interaction of nitrogen-14 in aminated n-alkanes

The ¹⁴N nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of several aminated n-alkanes of the type CH₃(CH₂)_xNH₂(CH₂)_xNH₂ at 77 K are reported and analysed in the framework of a semi-empirical theory. The NQR data presented oscillations for x<6 and reached limiting values for x≥6. The results obtained are discussed in terms of inductive and conjugative effects, as well as the possible contributions of the hydrogen bond network presented in the solid state.     

14N nuclear quadrupole resonance in nicotinic acid derivatives

Nitrogen-14 nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) spectra of nicotinic acid derivatives, known as antitumor agents, are reported and analyzed in the framework of the Townes and Dailey theory. A strong correlation exists between the charge difference σ_NC ? π at the pyridinic nitrogen and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by nicotinic acid derivatives, in which the inhibition potency (pI₅₀) increases as the charge difference σ_NC ? π increases. There are significant differences between ¹⁴N NQR spectra for the pyridinic nitrogen sites of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide; these can be explained in terms of the differences in hydrogen bond lengths.