Optical Solitons in Fibers for Communication Systems

Abstract

A brief history of attempts to use solitons for optical fiber communications and of the technical developments toward making soliton transmission practical is reviewed. The main problems affecting long-distance soliton transmission, as well as techniques to solve them, are described. Recent developments concerning the use of dispersion management and some of the remarkable properties of dispersion managed solitons are also discussed.     

Optical Solitons in Fibers for Communication Systems

A brief history of attempts to use solitons for optical fiber communications and of the technical developments toward making soliton transmission practical is reviewed. The main problems affecting long-distance soliton transmission, as well as techniques to solve them, are described. Recent developments concerning the use of dispersion management and some of the remarkable properties of dispersion managed solitons are also discussed.     

饱和光纤中的各阶孤子及孤子相互作用

首先研究了非线性饱和光纤中各阶孤子存在的幅值范围，与标准非饱和情况的非线性薛定谔孤子非常不同，即一阶孤子幅值范围是１．４≤Ｎ≤∵．０，二阶孤子为４．０≤Ｎ≤♀．０，三阶孤子为７．０≤Ｎ≤≤１５．０，并分析了各阶孤子的传输特性，最后研究了双一阶孤子相作用的若干特点，明确了五个方面的特性。     

Dispersion-Managed Optical Solitons with Higher-Order Nonlinearity

In this paper we have investigated the propagation characteristics of optical solitons in dispersion managed optical communication systems taking into account of the effect of quintic nonlinearity. Using variational formalism, several ordinary differential equations have been established for pulse parameters. These equations have been solved numerically to investigate the propagation characteristics. It has been noticed that stable periodic pulse propagation is possible over long distance. Numerical simulation has been undertaken to show that parabolic nonlinearity reduces collision distance between neighbouring pulses of the same channel.     

Dispersion-Managed Optical Solitons with Higher-Order Nonlinearity

In this paper we have investigated the propagation characteristics of optical solitons in dispersion managed optical communication systems taking into account of the effect of quintic nonlinearity. Using variational formalism, several ordinary differential equations have been established for pulse parameters. These equations have been solved numerically to investigate the propagation characteristics. It has been noticed that stable periodic pulse propagation is possible over long distance. Numerical simulation has been undertaken to show that parabolic nonlinearity reduces collision distance between neighbouring pulses of the same channel.     

Propagation of Femtosecond Optical Solitons in Dispersion-flattened Fibers

１ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＳｏｌｉｔｏｎｂａｓｅｄｏｐｔｉｃａｌｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｙｓｔｅｍｓａｒｅａｔｒａｃｔｉｎｇｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｂｌｅａｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅｉｒｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｆｏｒｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｉ...     

Ultraviolet Solitons Generated bv Parametric Interactions

Through numerical experiments we show that the use ot spatial solitons in second-order parametric interactions could make possible the observation of solitons in the vicinity of the vacuum ultraviolet.     

Dynamics of Nonautonomous Dark Solitons

We solve a generalized nonautonomous nonlinear Schrdinger equation analytically by performing the Hirota's bilinearization method. The precise expression of a parameter , which provides a compatibility condition and dark soliton management, is obtained. Comparing with nonautonomous bright soliton, we find that the gain parameter affects both the background and the valley of dark soliton (∈2≠1) while it has no effects on the wave central position.Moreover, the precise expressions of a nonautonomous black soliton's (∈2≠1) width, background and the trajectory of its wave central, which describe the dynamic behavior of soliton's evolution, are investigated analytically. Finally, the stability of the dark soliton solution is demonstrated numerically. It is shown that the main characteristic of the dark solitons keeps unchanged under a slight perturbation in the compatibility condition.     

四端口光纤声光器件的耦合模理论

简述了光纤的声致折变机制,在复合光波导理论基础上讨论了光纤零耦合器与常规光纤耦合器的本质区别,指出零耦合器实质上是一段可以选择激励的双模光纤。从耦合模理论出发,求解了零耦合器中声致模耦合渐进方程组,给出了四端口光纤声光器件功率耦合的完整解析表达式,阐明了器件输出光的频移特性,解释了器件在声光谐振时具有的倍频声光调制、可调光移频、光滤波、光分束、光开关等功能。最后报道了器件作为可调光分束器或光开关的研究实例。     

Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) Revisited: Ultrashort Optical Pulses Crosstalk Studies on the Lossy Filter

We examine again the crosstalk level (Xtalk) and extinction ratio (Xratio) of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) operating with ultrashort light pulses (2 ps), now considering the loss effect. The compression factor was studied for the switched pulse with lossy AOTF (α _dB = 4 dB/mm) considering five nonlinearity profiles. One can observe that there is always an optimum value for δ (final value of the nonlinearity) that one can obtain a switched pulse with the same time duration of the input pulse (C = 1). The compression factor for the switched pulse along the filter length shows that for the constant profile, the compression factor is around 1 all over the device. The study of the crosstalk level (Xtalk) of this device, considering the optimum values of δ obtained from the compression studies, as a function of the pump power (P ₀) was done. The acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has attracted great attention in recent years, in part because it appears to be a suitable basis for multi-wavelength optical cross-connects. It is probably the only known tunable filter that is capable of selecting several wavelengths simultaneously. This capability can be used to construct a multi-wavelength router.     

Uniform Core Field in Symmetrical Planar Waveguides and Circular Fibers with Nonlinear Claddings

1　ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎＴｈｅｋｅｙｃｏｎｃｅｐｔｏｎｗｈｉｃｈａｌｌｎｏｎｌｉｎｅａｒｇｕｉｄｅｄｗａｖｅｏｐｔｉｃａｌｄｅｖｉｃｅｓ[1～ 3] ａｒｅｂａｓｅｄｉｓｔｈａｔｔｈｅｌｏｃａｌｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｔｈｅｇｕｉｄｅｄｗａｖｅｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｓｔｈｅｐｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎｗａｖｅｖｅｃｔｏｒ ,ｔｈａｔｉｓ,ｔｈｅｆｉｅｌｄｐｒｏｆｉｌｅａｎｄｐｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｓｔａｎｔｃａｎｂｅｃｏｍｅ ｐｏｗｅｒｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｗｈｅｎｏｎｅｏｒｍｏｒｅ[4～ 6] ｏｆｔｈｅｌａｙｅｒｓａｒ…     

光学孤子在色散缓变光纤中的传输特性研究

从理论上分析了超短光脉冲在色散缓变光纤中无畸变传输所要求的色散变化关系，设计了单模缓变光纤结构参数。数值模拟验证了理论分析结果，指出改变光纤色散参数完全可以克服光纤损耗对光孤子波形的畸变影响。     

孤子掺杂光纤放大的半径典模型与分析

建立了孤子掺杂光纤放大的半经典模型，给出了分布放大透明传输的泵浦条件，详细讨论了激发态吸收的影响．文中结果为Ｅｒ￣３＋掺杂光纤孤子放大器的设计提供了重要理论依据．     

Soliton Propagation in Optical Fibers with Random Polarization Dispersion

ＳｏｌｉｔｏｎＰｒｏｐａｇａｔｉｏｎｉｎＯｐｔｉｃａｌＦｉｂｅｒｓｗｉｔｈＲａｎｄｏｍＰｏｌａｒｉｚａｔｉｏｎＤｉｓｐｅｒｓｉｏｎ￥ＴＡＮＧＸｉｏｎｇｙａｎ；ＹＥＰｅｉｄａ（ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＲａｄｉｏＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，ＢｅｉｊｉｎｇＵｎ...     

受扰动的光纤孤子间的相互作用

基于含扰动的非线性薛定谔方程，发展了高登的光孤子相互作用理论，直接从近似的二孤子解昨到描述实际光纤通讯中孤子间的相互作用的解析公式，公式表明在实际的通讯系统中光纤孤子间的相互作用不令依赖于它们之间相对相差，而且依赖于它们的相对能量，速度差随传输距离的变化。     

光脉冲在标准单模光纤中演化形成孤子的实验研究

利用二次谐波频率分辨光学门脉冲分析仪从实验上分析研究了具有啁啾的10 GHz光脉冲在不同输入功率下演化形成孤子的规律和特点。实验发现:输入脉冲在光纤中传输3.5个色散长度时,其时间宽度、频率啁啾和时间带宽积都随着输入功率的增加而减小。当输入功率大于一阶孤子功率的理论值时,光脉冲能够演化形成孤子;脉冲在随后传输过程中其宽度基本保持不变,波形、频率啁啾和时间带宽积仍随着传输距离的变化而变化;输入功率越高,形成的一阶孤子脉冲的宽度越窄。当输入功率小于一阶孤子功率的理论值时,输出脉冲的时间宽度随着传输距离的增加而增加,频率啁啾随着传输距离的增加而减小,光脉冲不能演化形成孤子。     

Solitons in optical lattices with nonlocal nonlinearity

The propagation of spatial solitons is systematically investigated in nonlocal nonlinear media with an imprinted transverse periodic modulation of the refractive index. Based on the variational principle and the infinitesimal approximation of Maclaurin series expansion, we obtain an analytical solution of such nonlocal spatial solitons and an interesting result that the critical power for such solitons propagation is smaller than that in uniform nonlocal self-focusing media. It is found that there exist thresholds in modulation period and lattice depth for such solitons. A stable spatial soliton propagation is maintained with proper adjustment of the modulation period and the lattice depth.     

Quantum Squeezing of Dark Solitons in Optical Fibers

The quantum theory of dark soliton propagation in fibers is studied based on the linearization approximation. Then the uncertainties in photon number, phase, position (time) and momentum of quantized dark solitons are calculated. Finally, the squeezing of the dark soliton is investigated by using homodyne detection and compared with bright soliton case.     

Double Humped Grey and Black Solitons in Kerr Nonlinear Media

The existence of a new class of double humped grey and dark solitons in a Kerr nonlinear medium has been predicted in this paper. Following well known variational procedure, the dynamics of the propagating soliton has been converted to a Hamiltonian formulation. A set of ordinary differential equations is then derived, which was subsequently examined to predict the existence of double humped grey and dark solitons. Linear stability analysis, numerical appreciation and phase plane dynamics show that these solitons are stable.     

Numerical Analysis of the Crosstalk on an Integrated Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter (AOTF) for Network Applications

In this article, we did a study of the crosstalk level (Xtalk) and extinction ratio (Xratio) of an acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) operating with ultra-short light pulses (2 ps). It is clear that the transmission bandwidth decreases as the length of the device increases. The compression factor was studied for the switched pulse in an AOTF without loss considering five nonlinearity profiles. One can observe that there is always an optimum value for β (final value of the nonlinearity) that one can obtain a switched pulse with the same time duration of the input pulse. The study of the crosstalk level, of this device, considering the optimum values of β obtained from the compression studies, as a function of the pump power (P₀) was done. For the soliton profile at 1 W of pump power one can notice that the Gaussian profile presents the lower Xtalk value (-13 dB), and the constant profile presents the worst value (-9.8 dB). However, if one is looking for a specific Xtalk value, one can conclude that with the constant profile one can obtain this value with a lower power. For the quasi-soliton profile of the same device, with low pump power (1 W), one can notice again that the Gaussian profile presents the lower Xtalk value (-13 dB) and the constant profile presents the worst value (-9.87 dB). This fact can be explained because, with pump power at 1 W, soliton and quasi-soliton profiles lead equivalent input pulses and under the same conditions produce equal results. The Xtalk level, considering all the profiles as a function of the β value, was studied. For all the profiles one has a strong increase of the Xtalk level with the increase of the final β value of the nonlinearity profile. Comparing all the profiles one can conclude that the Gaussian profile presents the lower Xtalk value in the range of β values in use. At the same time the value of the Xtalk for this profile does not change much with the change in the β value, presenting values in interval (-13 dB; -11.7 dB).

The studies of the Xratio of the same device operating with the input pulses with the soliton and quasi-soliton profiles reveal that for all the nonlinearity profiles the Xratio increases with an increase in pump power. For the quasi-soliton profile one can notice that there is a minimum of the Xratio as a function of the pump power. The Xratio considering all the profiles as a function of the β value shows that for all the profiles one has a strong increase of the Xratio level with the increase of the final β value of the nonlinearity profile. Comparing all the profiles one can conclude that the Gaussian profile presents the lower Xratio value in the range of β values in use. One can conclude that the operation of the AOTF in a switching configuration is worse for high pump power as observed for Xtalk.

The study of the crosstalk level and the extinction ratio on the AOTF operating with ultra-short optical solitons provides possibilities for achieving high efficiency in ultra fast all-optical signal processing, especially for optical switches, filters, and optical transistors. The acoustic-optic tunable filter (AOTF) has attracted great attention in recent years, in part because it appears to be a suitable basis for multi-wavelength optical cross-connects. It is probably the only known tunable filter that is capable of selecting several wavelengths simultaneously. This capability can be used to construct a multi-wavelength router.