The adsorption structure of NO on Pd(111) at high pressures studied by STM and DFT

Using a combination of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we study the adsorption structure of NO on Pd(111) at pressures of up to 720 Torr. From atomically resolved STM images, we identify, at high pressures, only the (2 x 2)-3NO structure, which is identical with the highest NO-coverage structure found at low pressure and low temperature. DFT calculations confirm that the (2 x 2)-3NO structure is indeed the most stable adsorption structure at high pressures. Contrary to recent suggestions in the literature, we therefore conclude that we find no evidence for a (3 x 3)-7NO structure on Pd(111) at high NO pressure.     

Two-site adsorption model for the (square root 3 x square root 3)-R30 degrees dodecanethiolate lattice on Au(111) surfaces

The surface structure of dodecanethiolate self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au(111) surfaces, formed from the liquid phase, have been studied by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and electrochemical techniques. STM images show that the surface structure consists of (square root 3 x square root 3)-R30 degrees domains with only a few domains of the c(4 x 2) lattice. The best fitting of GIXRD data for the (square root 3 x square root 3)-R30 degrees lattice is obtained with alkanethiolate adsorption at the top sites, although good fittings are also obtained for the fcc and hcp hollow sites. On the basis of this observation, STM data, electrochemical measurements, and previously reported data, we propose a two-site model that implies the formation of incoherent domains of alkanethiolate molecules at top and fcc hollow sites. This model largely improves the fitting of the GIXRD data with respect to those observed for single adsorption sites and, also, for the other possible two-site combinations. The presence of alkanethiolate molecules adsorbed at the less favorable top sites could result from the adsorption pathway that involves an initial physisorption step which, for steric reasons, takes place at on top sites. Once the molecules are chemisorbed, the presence of energy barriers for alkanethiolate surface diffusion, arising mostly from chain-chain interactions, "freezes" some of them at the on top sites, hindering their movement toward fcc hollow sites. By considering the length of the hydrocarbon chain and the adsorption time, the two-site model could be a tool to explain most of the controversial results on this matter reported in the literature.     

CO adsorption and CO and O coadsorption on Rh(111) studied by reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory

The adsorption of carbon monoxide on Rh(111) and on oxygen modified Rh(111) was investigated using thermal desorption spectroscopy, reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS), and density functional theory. The results show that CO adsorbs on Rh(111) in on top sites at low coverages. With increasing coverage hollow sites and bridge sites get occupied according to the RAIRS results. A new vibrational feature at high wave numbers was found in the on top region of the CO stretching frequency. This feature can be explained by a local high density CO structure where two CO molecules are adsorbed in the ( radical3x radical3)R30 degrees structure. The coadsorption of oxygen and carbon monoxide leads to a shift of the CO stretching frequency to higher wave numbers with increasing O to CO ratio. CO adsorption on a (2x1) oxygen layer is possible and RAIRS shows that the CO adsorbs in on top and most likely in bridge sites in this case.     

Competitive adsorption of NO, NO2, CO2, and H2O on BaO(100): a quantum chemical study

Density functional theory (DFT) quantum chemical calculations are used to determine adsorption energies and geometries of NO, NO(2), CO(2), and H(2)O on a barium oxide (100) surface. The study includes two adsorption geometries for NO(2). All species form thermodynamically stable adsorbates, and adsorption strength increases in the order NO(2) < H(2)O < NO 相似文献   

EPR spectroscopy of Cu(I)-NO adsorption complexes formed over Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-MCM-22 zeolites

The Cu(I)-NO adsorption complexes were formed over copper exchanged and autoreduced high siliceous Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-MCM-22 zeolites and studied by EPR spectroscopy at X-, Q-, and W-band frequencies. The spin Hamiltonian parameters of the Cu(I)-NO species are indicative of a nitrogen-centered radical complex with a bent geometry and a significant contribution of the Cu(I) 4s atomic orbital to the wave function of the unpaired electron. Two different Cu(I)-NO species were found in both zeolites. It has been confirmed by comparing the experimental data with the results of previous theoretical studies that the presence of two different species is due to the formation of Cu(I)-NO adsorption complexes from two different Cu(I) sites in the zeolite matrix with different numbers of oxygen coligands. The structure of the two sites in the Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-MCM-22 zeolites must be similar as the spin Hamiltonian parameters are found to be almost independent of the zeolite matrix, where the Cu(I)-NO complex is formed. The EPR signal intensity of the Cu(I)-NO species was studied as a function of the NO loading, and the formation of diamagnetic Cu(I)-(NO)(2) species with rising NO pressure at the expense of paramagnetic Cu(I)-NO monomers could be demonstrated for both systems at low temperatures.     

Sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopic and high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopic studies of benzene hydrogenation on Pt(111)

Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy and high-pressure scanning tunneling microscopy (HP-STM) have been used in combination for the first time to study a catalytic reaction. These techniques have been able to identify surface intermediates in situ during benzene hydrogenation on a Pt(111) single-crystal surface at Torr pressures. In a background of 10 Torr of benzene, STM is able to image small ordered regions corresponding to the c(2 radical3 x 3)rect structure in which each molecule is chemisorbed at a bridge site. In addition, individual benzene molecules are also observed between the ordered regions. These individual molecules are assumed to be physisorbed benzene on the basis of the SFG results showing both chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. The surface becomes too mobile to image upon addition of hydrogen but is determined to have physisorbed and chemisorbed benzene present by SFG. It was spectroscopically determined that heating the platinum surface after poisoning with CO displaces benzene molecules. The high-coverage pure CO structure of (radical19 x radical19)R23.4 degrees imaged with STM is a verification of spectroscopic measurements.     

In-situ scanning tunneling microscopy of carbon monoxide adsorbed on Au(111) electrode

In-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) coupled with cyclic voltammetry was used to examine the adsorption of carbon monoxide (CO) molecules on an ordered Au(111) electrode in 0.1 M HClO4. Molecular resolution STM revealed the formation of several commensurate CO adlattices, but the (9 x radical 3) structure eventually prevailed with time. The CO adlayer was completely electrooxidized to CO2 at 0.9 V versus RHE in CO-free 0.1 M HClO(4), as indicated by a broad and irreversible anodic peak which appeared at this potential in a positive potential sweep from 0.05 to 1.6 V. A maximal coverage of 0.3 was estimated for CO admolecules from the amount of charge involved in this feature. Real-time in-situ STM imaging allowed direct visualization of the adsorption process of CO on Au(111) at 0.1 V, showing the lifting of (radical 3 x 22) reconstruction of Au(111) and the formation of ordered CO adlattices. The (9 x radical 3) structure observed in CO-saturated perchloric acid has a coverage of 0.28, which is approximately equal to that determined from coulometry. Switching the potential from 0.1 to -0.1 V restored the reconstructed Au(111) with no change in the (9 x radical 3)-CO adlattice. However, the reconstructed Au(111) featured a pairwise corrugation pattern with two nearest pairs separated by 74 +/- 1 A, corresponding to a 14% increase from the ideal value of 65.6 A known for the ( radical 3 x 22) reconstruction. Molecular resolution STM further revealed that protrusions resulting from CO admolecules in the (9 x radical 3) structure exhibited distinctly different corrugation heights, suggesting that the CO molecules resided at different sites on Au(111). This ordered structure predominated in the potential range between 0.1 and 0.7 V; however, it was converted into new structures of (7 x radical 7) and ( radical 43 x 2 radical 13) on the unreconstructed Au(111) when the potential was held at 0.8 V for ca. 60 min. The coverage of CO adlayer decreased accordingly from 0.28 to 0.13 before it was completely removed from the Au(111) surface at more positive potentials.     

Quantum chemical prediction of reaction pathways and rate constants for dissociative adsorption of CO(x) and NO(x) on the graphite (0001) surface

We present predictions of reaction rate constants for dissociative adsorption reactions of CO(x) (x = 1, 2) and NO(x) (x = 1, 2) molecules on the basal graphite (0001) surface based on potential energy surfaces (PES) obtained by the integrated ONIOM(B3LYP:DFTB-D) quantum chemical hybrid approach with dispersion-augmented density functional tight binding (DFTB-D) as low level method. Following an a priori methodology developed in a previous investigation of water dissociative adsorption reactions on graphite, we used a C(94)H(24) dicircumcoronene graphene slab as model system for the graphite surface in finite-size molecular structure investigations, and single adsorbate molecules reacting with the pristine graphene sheet. By employing the ONIOM PES information in RRKM theory we predict reaction rate constants in the temperature range between 1,000 and 5,000 K. We find that among CO(x) and NO(x) adsorbate species, the dissociative adsorption reactions of CO(2) and both radical species NO and NO(2) are likely candidates as a cause for high temperature oxidation and erosion of graphite (0001) surfaces, whereas reaction with CO is not likely to lead to long-lived surface defects. High temperature quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulations (QM/MD) at T = 5,000 K using on-the-fly DFTB-D energies and gradients confirm the results of our PES study.     

CO2 adsorption on TiO2(110) rutile: insight from dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations and scanning tunneling microscopy experiments

Adsorption of CO(2) on the rutile(110) surface was investigated using dispersion-corrected density functional theory and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). On the oxidized surface the CO(2) molecules are found to bind most strongly at the five-fold coordinated Ti sites adopting tilted or flat configurations. The presence of bridging oxygen defects introduces two new adsorption structures, the most stable of which involves CO(2) molecules bound in tilted configurations at the defect sites. Inclusion of dispersion corrections in the density functional theory calculations leads to large increases in the calculated adsorption energies bringing these quantities into good agreement with experimental data. The STM measurements confirm two of the calculated adsorption configurations.     

An STM investigation of sulfur and alkoxide adsorption on Ni(100)

The effect of sulfur on alkoxide formation and decomposition on the Ni(100) surface has been investigated with STM and LEED. At low coverage sulfur adsorbs into a p(2 x 2) structure, in agreement with LEED measurements and previous STM results. With increasing sulfur coverage, the p(2 x 2) structure saturates the surface and scattered domains of c(2 x 2) appear. Further increases in sulfur coverage affect increases in c(2 x 2) domain sizes; the state of the sulfur-covered surface up to 0.43 ML is characterized by p(2 x 2) and c(2 x 2) domains. STM measurements of the evolution of the sulfur-covered surface with D(2)S(g) adsorption are suggestive of sulfur nucleation and growth at multiple sites on the surface. Alkoxide formation on these surfaces was studied following exposure to ROH (R = CH(3), CH(3)CH(2), CH(3)CH(2)CH(2), and C(6)H(5)). The alkoxy surface intermediates adsorbed in p(2 x 2)-S vacancies and, in the case of phenoxy, between hollow sites. Agreement between the methoxy coverage determined by XPS and the fraction of the surface covered with p(2 x 2)-S, as determined by STM, suggests that the p(2 x 2) vacancies are the sites of methoxy adsorption, and hence the active sites for selective poisoning.     

The reactive chemisorption of alkyl iodides at Cu(110) and Ag(111) surfaces: a combined STM and XPS study

The chemisorption of methyl and phenyl iodide has been studied at Cu(110) and Ag(111) surfaces at 290 K with STM and XPS. At both surfaces dissociative adsorption of both molecules leads to chemisorbed iodine, with the STM showing c(2 x 2) and (square root 3 x square root 3)R30 structures at the Cu(110) and Ag(111) surfaces, respectively. At the Cu(110) surface a comparison of coexisting c(2 x 2) I(a) and p(2 x 1) O(a) domains shows the iodine adatoms to be chemisorbed in hollow sites with evidence at low coverage for diffusion in the (110) direction. In the case of methyl iodide no carbon adsorption is observed at either the silver or the copper surfaces, but chemisorbed phenyl groups are imaged at the Cu(110) surface after exposure to phenyl iodide. The STM images show the phenyl groups as bright features approximately 0.7 nm in diameter and 0.11 nm above the iodine adlayer, reaching a maximum surface concentration after approximately 6 Langmuir exposure. However, the phenyl coverage decreases with subsequent exposures to PhI and is negligible by approximately 1000 L exposure, consistent with the formation and desorption of biphenyl. The adsorbed phenyls are located above hollow sites in the substrate, they are stabilized at the top and bottom of step edges and in paired chains (1.1 nm apart) on the terraces with a regular interphenyl spacing within the chains of 1.0 nm in the (110) direction. The interphenyl ring spacing and diffusion of individual phenyls from within the chains shows that the chains do not consist of biphenyl species but may be a precursor to their formation. Although the XPS data shows carbon present at the Ag(111) surface after exposure to PhI, no features attributable to phenyl groups were observed by STM.     

Chemically resolved scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of Al on p-type Al0.1Ga0.9As(001)-c(2x8)(2x4)

The ability to chemically differentiate individual subsurface Al and Ga atoms, when imaging the Al0.1Ga0.9As(001)-c(2x8)(2x4) surface with scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), has been observed for the first time. In filled-state STM images first layer As atoms bonded to second layer Al atoms appear brighter than those bonded to second layer Ga atoms. This effect is only observed experimentally with p-type Al0.1Ga0.9As grown on p-type GaAs substrates and has been computationally modeled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is hypothesized that chemical specificity is not observed on n-type material because the extra surface charge given to first layer As atoms by second layer Al atoms adds negligibly to the filled-state density of the surface, thus preventing the visualization of chemical specificity with filled-state STM imaging. The ability to distinguish whether first layer As atoms are bonded to second layer Ga and/or Al atoms in STM images shows that small differences in bond ionicity affect the local electronic structure of the material.     

Structural chemistry, monoclinic-to-orthorhombic phase transition, and CO2 adsorption behavior of the small pore scandium terephthalate, Sc2(O2CC6H4)CO2)3, and its nitro- and amino-functionalized derivatives

The crystal structure of the small pore scandium terephthalate Sc(2)(O(2)CC(6)H(4)CO(2))(3) (hereafter Sc(2)BDC(3), BDC = 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) has been investigated as a function of temperature and of functionalization, and its performance as an adsorbent for CO(2) has been examined. The structure of Sc(2)BDC(3) has been followed in vacuo over the temperature range 140 to 523 K by high resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction, revealing a phase change at 225 K from monoclinic C2/c (low temperature) to Fddd (high temperature). The orthorhombic form shows negative thermal expansivity of 2.4 × 10(-5) K(-1): Rietveld analysis shows that this results largely from a decrease in the c axis, which is caused by carboxylate group rotation. (2)H wide-line and MAS NMR of deuterated Sc(2)BDC(3) indicates reorientation of phenyl groups via π flips at temperatures above 298 K. The same framework solid has also been prepared using monofunctionalized terephthalate linkers containing -NH(2) and -NO(2) groups. The structure of Sc(2)(NH(2)-BDC)(3) has been determined by Rietveld analysis of synchrotron powder diffraction at 100 and 298 K and found to be orthorhombic at both temperatures, whereas the structure of Sc(2)(NO(2)-BDC)(3) has been determined by single crystal diffraction at 298 K and Rietveld analysis of synchrotron powder diffraction at 100, 298, 373, and 473 K and is found to be monoclinic at all temperatures. Partial ordering of functional groups is observed in each structure. CO(2) adsorption at 196 and 273 K indicates that whereas Sc(2)BDC(3) has the largest capacity, Sc(2)(NH(2)-BDC)(3) shows the highest uptake at low partial pressure because of strong -NH(2)···CO(2) interactions. Remarkably, Sc(2)(NO(2)-BDC)(3) adsorbs 2.6 mmol CO(2) g(-1) at 196 K (P/P(0) = 0.5), suggesting that the -NO(2) groups are able to rotate to allow CO(2) molecules to diffuse along the narrow channels.     

Edge-on bonding of benzene molecules in the second adsorbed layer on Cu(110)

The bilayer of benzene on Cu(110) was studied with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), time-of-flight electron stimulated desorption ion angular distribution (TOF-ESDIAD), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). TPD spectra show that three well-defined adsorption states exist. The alpha layer corresponds to the first layer containing flat-lying benzene molecules. As coverage increases, the beta layer forms on top of the alpha layer, and eventually, a multilayer, gamma, forms. TPD measurements show that the number of benzene molecules in the beta layer is equal to the number of benzene molecules in the alpha layer. ESDIAD measurements establish that the orientation of the benzene molecules in the beta layer is edge-on, with two C-H bonds directed toward the surface. STM images of the beta layer reveal closely spaced edge-on benzene molecules arranged in repeating hexagons, as well as loosely spaced benzene molecules with greater apparent height, which are also edge-on species. Correlation between the different measurements suggests a structural model for the benzene bilayer.     

A new phase of the c(4 x 2) superstructure of alkanethiols grown by vapor phase deposition on gold

A self-assembled monolayer of dodecanethiol is grown onto (111) oriented gold by vacuum phase deposition and studied by ultrahigh vacuum scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The films consist of domains that exhibit the c(4 x 2) over-structure of the hexagonal (square root of 3 x square root of 3)R30 of alkanethiols on gold. The domain size is only limited by the terrace size of the underlying gold. By higher resolution scans a new phase of the c(4 x 2) structure consisting of four inequivalent molecules that display different heights in the STM images is discovered.     

Synthesis, structure, and properties of an Fe(II) carbonyl [(PaPy3)Fe(CO)](ClO4): insight into the reactivity of Fe(II)-CO and Fe(II)-NO moieties in non-heme iron chelates of N-donor ligands

An Fe(II) carbonyl complex [(PaPy3)Fe(CO)](ClO4) (1) of the pentadentate ligand N,N-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amine-N-ethyl-2-pyridine-2-carboxamide (PaPy3H, H is the dissociable amide proton) has been synthesized and structurally characterized. This Fe(II) carbonyl exhibits its nu(CO) at 1972 cm(-1), and its 1H NMR spectrum in degassed CD3CN confirms its S = 0 ground state. The bound CO in 1 is not photolabile. Reaction of 1 with an equimolar amount of NO results in the formation of the {Fe-NO}7 nitrosyl [(PaPy3)Fe(NO)](ClO4) (2), while excess NO affords the iron(III) nitro complex [(PaPy3)Fe(NO2)](ClO4) (5). In the presence of [Fe(Cp)2]+ and excess NO, 1 forms the {Fe-NO}6 nitrosyl [(PaPy3)Fe(NO)](ClO4)2 (3). Complex 1 also reacts with dioxygen to afford the iron(III) mu-oxo species [{(PaPy3)Fe}2O](ClO4)2 (4). Comparison of the metric and spectral parameters of 1 with those of the previously reported {Fe-NO}6,7 nitrosyls 3 and 2 provides insight into the electronic distributions in the Fe(II)-CO, Fe(II)-NO, and Fe(II)-NO+ bonds in the isostructural series of complexes 1-3 derived from a non-heme polypyridine ligand with one carboxamide group.     

一氧化碳共吸附法确定叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位

采用扫描隧道显微镜(STM)和密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了78 K时单个叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位. 我们提出以共吸附的一氧化碳√3 ×√3 超结构为基底铜原子的标识方法, 确定了低覆盖度的叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的吸附位为顶位. 而采用单个一氧化碳分子标识基底铜原子的位置, 同样得出了叔丁胺分子的吸附位为顶位. 此外, 还采用DFT计算叔丁胺分子在Cu(111)表面的优势吸附构型. 理论计算结果表明顶位吸附构型为能量最稳定的构型, 与实验结果相吻合.     

Ultrathin TiO(x) films on Pt(111): a LEED, XPS, and STM investigation

Ultrathin ordered titanium oxide films on Pt(111) surface are prepared by reactive evaporation of Ti in oxygen. By varying the Ti dose and the annealing conditions (i.e., temperature and oxygen pressure), six different long-range ordered phases are obtained. They are characterized by means of low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). By careful optimization of the preparative parameters, we find conditions where predominantly single phases of TiO(x), revealing distinct LEED pattern and STM images, are produced. XPS binding energy and photoelectron diffraction (XPD) data indicate that all the phases, except one (the stoichiometric rect-TiO2), are one monolayer thick and composed of a Ti-O bilayer with interfacial Ti. Atomically resolved STM images confirm that these TiO(x) phases wet the Pt surface, in contrast to rect-TiO2. This indicates their interface stabilization. At a low Ti dose (0.4 monolayer equivalents, MLE), an incommensurate kagomé-like low-density phase (k-TiO(x) phase) is observed where hexagons are sharing their vertexes. At a higher Ti dose (0.8 MLE), two denser phases are found, both characterized by a zigzag motif (z- and z'-TiO(x) phases), but with distinct rectangular unit cells. Among them, z'-TiO(x), which is obtained by annealing in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV), shows a larger unit cell. When the postannealing of the 0.8 MLE deposit is carried out at high temperatures and high oxygen partial pressures, the incommensurate nonwetting, fully oxidized rect-TiO2 is found The symmetry and lattice dimensions are almost identical with rect-VO2, observed in the system VO(x)/Pd(111). At a higher coverage (1.2 MLE), two commensurate hexagonal phases are formed, namely the w- [(square root(43) x square root(43)) R 7.6 degrees] and w'-TiO(x) phase [(7 x 7) R 21.8 degrees]. They show wagon-wheel-like structures and have slightly different lattice dimensions. Larger Ti deposits produce TiO2 nanoclusters on top of the different monolayer films, as supported both by XPS and STM data. Besides the formation of TiO(x) surfaces phases, wormlike features are found on the bare parts of the substrate by STM. We suggest that these structures, probably multilayer disordered TiO2, represent growth precursors of the ordered phases. Our results on the different nanostructures are compared with literature data on similar systems, e.g., VO(x)/Pd(111), VO(x)/Rh(111), TiO(x)/Pd(111), TiO(x)/Pt(111), and TiO(x)/Ru(0001). Similar and distinct features are observed in the TiO(x)/Pt(111) case, which may be related to the different chemical natures of the overlayer and of the substrate.     

Chemical reactions and adsorption geometries of pyrrole on Ge(100)

The adsorption structures of pyrrole (C(4)H(5)N) on a Ge(100) surface at various coverages have been investigated with both scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and ab initio density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. Three distinct features are observed in the STM images at low coverages. The comparison of the STM images with the simulation reveals that the most dominant flowerlike feature with a dark side is that the adsorbed pyrrole molecules with H dissociated form bridges between two down Ge atoms of neighboring Ge dimer rows through N-Ge bonding and beta-carbon-Ge interaction. The flowerlike feature without a dark side is also observed as a minority, which is identified as nearly the same structure as the most dominant one where a dissociated H is out of the feature. The third feature showing bright protrusions may be due to a C- and N-end-on (CN) configuration, where the pyrrole molecule is located on one dimer row. At higher coverages, the number of localized configurations increases.     

Structures of a CO adlayer on a Pt(100) electrode in HClO4 solution studied by in situ STM

We have obtained the first in situ STM atomic images of a CO adlayer on a Pt(100)-(1 x 1) electrode in 0.1 M HClO(4) solution, exhibiting a phase transition from c(6 x 2)-10CO to c(4 x 2)-6CO at E > 0.3 V vs. RHE.