XPS Characterization of Carbon Nanotube Supported CoMo Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts

In this paper, the effect of catalytic support and sulfiding method on the chemical state of supported Co-Mo catalysts is studied by XPS. After sulfidation with in-situ method, the majority of molybdenum in CNT supported CoMo catalyst is transferred to a species with a formal chemical state Mo(Ⅳ) in MoS2 phase, and the rest to Mo(Ⅴ) which consists of Mo coordinated both to O and S, such as MoO2S2^2- and MoO3S^2-. In case of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst sulfided with in-situ method, a fraction of molybdenum is transferred to formal state Mo(Ⅳ) in the form of MoS2, but there is still a mount of unreduced Mo(VI) phase which is difficult to be sulfided. In CoMo/CNT catalyric system sulfided with ex-situ method, Mo(IV) in the form of MoS2 is detected along with a portion of unreduced Mo(VI) phase, suggesting that not all the Mo phases are reduced and sulfided by ex-situ method. As for CoMo/γ-Al2O3, a portion of molybdenum is sulfided to intermediate reduced state Mo(V) which consists of Mo coordinated both to O and S, such as MoO2S2^2- and MoO3S^2-, in addition, there is still a fraction of unreduced Mo(Ⅵ)phase. XPS analyses results suggest that CNT support facilitates the reduction and sulfidation of active species to a large extent, and that alumina support strongly interacts with active species, hereby producing a fraction of phase which resists complete sulfiding. Catalytic measurements of catalysts in the HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) show that CoMo/CNT catalysts are of higher HDS activity and selectivity than CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst, which is in good relation with the sulfiding behavior of the corresponding catalyst.     

On the relationship between the preparation method and the physicochemical and catalytic properties of the CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) hydrodesulfurization catalysts

A series of CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalysts have been prepared using various methodologies. One of them (EDF) was prepared by depositing the Mo species on the support via the equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) technique and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Another catalyst (co-EDF) was prepared by depositing the Co and Mo species simultaneously via EDF. A third catalyst (co-WET) was prepared by depositing Mo and Co species simultaneously using the wet impregnation method. The fourth catalyst (WET) was prepared by depositing the Mo species through wet impregnation and then the Co species by dry impregnation. Finally, the fifth catalyst (s-DRY) was prepared by mounting the Mo species through successive dry impregnations and then the Co species by dry impregnation. In all cases the Mo and Co content was identical, giving a Co/(Co+Mo) ratio equal to 0.13. These catalysts were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (BET, NO chemisorption, DRS, LRS, TPR, and XPS), and their catalytic activity for the hydrodesulfurization of thiophene was determined. The trend observed for the HDS activity (namely, EDF>co-EDF>co-WET>s-DRY>WET) is attributed to similar trends observed for both the fraction of well-dispersed octahedral cobalt in the oxidic precursors and the concentration of the edge sulfur vacancies formed on the active phase of the sulfided samples. The EDF and co-EDF catalysts exhibited relatively low hydrogenating activity. The maximum HDS activity, achieved over the EDF catalyst, suggested the most suitable preparative strategy for the preparation of very active and less hydrogen-demanding CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) HDS catalysts.     

Study of oxidic and sulfided selective hydrodesulfurization catalysts for gasoline using Raman spectroscopy

A series of CoMo/Al2O3 catalysts for selective hydrodesulfurization （HDS） of gasoline were studied with Raman spectroscopy, a powerful method that creates specific signals for the states and the distributions of oxidic precursors and sulfided active phases. The higher the Mo and Co, the lower the tetrahedrally coordinated molybdate, and the higher the polymolybdate. But the amount of polymolybdate decreased when CoMoO4 appeared. Cobalt-promoted polymolybdate was the precursor, and its relative content correlated well with the HDS selectivity. For sulfided catalysts, adding the cobalt-promoter led to local distortion-disorder of the MoS2 structure and the formation of a CoMoS phase. This method can provide important information for designing new industrial selective-HDS catalvsts.     

加氢脱硫反应后催化剂βMo2N0.78的研究

在对βMo2N0.78催化剂加氢脱硫催化性能进行考察的基础上，对反应使用后催化剂的组成、结构变化、以及反应后催化剂再处理对活性的影响等几方面进行了研究。结果表明，在噻吩加氢脱硫条件下，βMo2N0.78 催化剂的氮含量下降，表层被硫化，而且钝化过程中产生的氮氧化物被消耗，但体相结构没有发生变化，表现了较强的抗硫化性能；脱硫反应前后催化剂的氢还原处理不能改善催化剂的活性，但预硫化催化剂在反应起始的活性与钝化催化剂在反应稳定时活性相近，加氢脱硫反应后催化剂的再次氮化处理，可以较大程度的恢复催化剂的初始活性。     

Ultra Deep Hydrodesulfurization of Gas Oils Over Sulfide and/or Noble Metal Catalysts

Deep hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of sterically hindered sulfur compounds in gas oils will require enhanced hydrogenation activity to hydrogenate the aromatic rings of the sulfur compounds. Although H₂S is known to inhibit the direct HDS route for most of the sulfided catalysts, its promotion to the hydrogenation and subsequent HDS was newly observed for unsupported MoS₂. This promotion suggests that ultra deep HDS over sulfide catalysts can be achieved along with high metal loading, minimal support-metal interactions and optimal dependence on the Ni species. On the other hand, the strong hydrogenation activity of sulfur-tolerant noble metal catalysts suggests that ultra deep HDS as well as deep aromatics saturation can be achieved. This paper discusses recent catalytic approaches for ultra deep HDS using conventional sulfide catalysts and/or noble metal catalysts, such as the newly developed Pd-Pt/Yb-USY zeolite catalyst.     

硫代硫酸铵预硫化的Mo/AC催化剂加氢脱硫性能的研究

采用等体积浸渍法将硫代硫酸铵(ATS)负载在Mo/AC催化剂上,制备了器外预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂;以噻吩加氢脱硫(HDS)为探针反应,考察了活化温度和活化时间对预硫化催化剂加氢脱硫活性的影响。研究发现,300 ℃下活化0.5 h所得到的预硫化催化剂具有最好的加氢脱硫活性。与传统硫化剂CS₂和DMDS硫化的催化剂相比,采用Mo/AC-ATS催化剂,在最佳活化条件下,噻吩转化率分别提高了34%和42%。XPS、TPR-MS和TEM等表征结果显示,预硫化的Mo/AC-ATS催化剂中Mo⁴⁺含量较高,这是其具有较高加氢脱硫活性的主要原因。     

硫代硫酸铵对 CoMo 和 NiMoP 催化剂的预硫化

 采用硫代硫酸铵预硫化 CoMo 和 NiMoP 催化剂, 考察了预硫化剂的负载量对催化剂加氢脱硫活性的影响. 对于 CoMo 催化剂, 预硫化剂含量适中, 氢气活化后脱硫活性优于硫化氢硫化的对照催化剂. 预硫化过程中产生的 SO42?可修饰 Al2O3 载体, 减弱了活性相与金属的相互作用, 这可能是催化剂活性增加的原因. 硫代硫酸铵含量过低, 导致催化剂硫化不完全, 脱硫活性下降, 而硫化剂含量过高, 使活性颗粒长大, 因而活性中心数量减少, 脱硫活性降低. NiMoP 催化剂的活性金属含量高, 不易被硫代硫酸铵充分硫化, 导致预硫化催化剂活性低于对照的 NiMoP 催化剂.     

Effect of cobalt and its adding sequence on the catalytic performance of MoO3/Al2O3 toward sulfur-resistant methanation

The effect of promoter cobalt and the sequences of adding cobalt and molybdenum precursors on the performance of sulfur-resistant methanation were investigated. All these samples were prepared by impregnation method and characterized by N₂-adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS). The conversions of CO for Mo-Co/Al, Co-Mo/Al and CoMo/Al catalysts were 59.7%, 54.3% and 53.9%, respectively. Among these catalysts, the Mo-Co/Al catalyst prepared stepwisely by impregnating Mo precursor firstly showed the best catalytic performance. Meanwhile, the conversions of CO were 48.9% for Mo/Al catalyst and 10.5% for Co/Al catalyst. The addition of cobalt species could improve the catalytic activity of Mo/Al catalyst. The N₂-adsorption results showed that Co-Mo/Al catalyst had the smallest specific surface area among these catalysts. CoMoO₄ species in CoMo/Al catalyst were detected with XRD, TPR and LRS. Moreover, crystal MoS₂ which was reported to be less active than amorphous MoS₂ was found in both Co-Mo/Al and CoMo/Al catalysts. Mo-Co/Al catalyst showed the best catalytic performance as it had an appropriate surface structure, i.e., no crystal MoS₂ and very little CoMoO₄ species.     

Comparing the hydrodesulfurization reaction of thiophene on γ-Al2O3 supported CoMo, NiMo and NiW sulfide catalysts

The thiophene hydrodesulfurization (HDS) reaction on γ-Al₂O₃ supported CoMo, NiMo and NiW sulfide catalysts was compared in order to gain insight into the promoter effect on direct desulfurization (DDS) and hydrogenation (HYD) pathways. Ni-promoted Mo (or W) sulfide catalysts favor the hydrogen transfer reactions relative to CoMo sulfide catalyst, which facilitates the direct route instead. This different performance and also the dependence of the apparent Arrhenius parameters with the catalyst formulation were attributed to the major participation of Mo (or W) edge for the Ni-containing catalysts and S edge for CoMo sulfide catalyst upon the thiophene-HDS reaction.     

配合物的配位基团性质对CoMo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂加氢脱硫性能的影响

选择四种不同配位基团的双齿配位分子乙二胺(EN)、乙醇胺(EA)、乙二醇(EG)和丙二酸(MA)对CoMo/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂改性,比较了它们对二苯并噻吩HDS性能的影响。结果表明,其活性顺序为CoMo(EN)CoMo(EA)CoMo(EG)≈CoMo(MA)CoMo,反应以直接脱硫路径为主,随反应温度升高,加氢路径的占比增加,加入配合物后可以促进加氢路径脱硫,CoMo(EN)催化剂具有最高的加氢活性。采用UV-vis、EA、XPS和HRTEM等手段对催化剂进行表征,结果表明,-NH_2与Co~(2+)有强络合作用,-COOH主要是静电作用,而-OH与钴离子没有相互作用。配位基团和Co~(2+)的相互作用,与HDS活性直接相关。配合物与Co~(2+)的结合可以有效生成Co-Mo-S活性相,且配合物碳化减弱载体与活性相的相互作用,有利于生成有更高本征活性的II型活性相。     

CO吸附原位红外光谱结合分子模拟计算研究FCC汽油加氢脱硫催化剂的选择性

以脱硫选择性不同的2组催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫催化剂为研究对象, 采用CO吸附原位红外光谱表征了2组催化剂的活性相特征, 并通过分子模拟计算方法比较了助剂Co加入前后噻吩和1-己烯在催化剂表面的电荷分布、吸附能及其加氢反应的活化能等, 探讨了助剂Co的加入对选择性加氢脱硫催化剂脱硫选择性的作用机理. 结果表明, 加氢脱硫催化剂CoMoS活性相的增加有利于提高催化剂的加氢脱硫/加氢降烯烃(HDS/HYD)选择性. 与1-己烯加氢位相比, Co的加入显著提高了噻吩分子加氢位的缺电子性, 噻吩在催化剂表面的吸附度增强, 显著降低噻吩加氢反应的能垒, 从而使噻吩加氢反应更易进行. 这也表明CoMoS为高HDS活性、高HDS/HYD选择性的活性相.     

Effect of the support calcination temperature on selective hydrodesulfurization of TiO2 nanotubes supported CoMo catalysts

TiO₂ nanotubes (TiO₂-NTs) were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. Co and Mo active components were supported on a series of the as-prepared TiO₂-NTs samples which were calcined at different temperatures. The effects of support calcination temperature of CoMo/TiO₂-NTs catalysts on their catalytic performance were investigated for selective hydrodesulfurization (HDS). The samples were characterized by means of the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N₂ adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and H₂ temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The experimental results revealed that TiO₂-NTs support calcined under 500 °C can maintain the nanotubular structure with higher surface area and pore volume. Meanwhile, the obtained supported CoMo/TiO₂-NTs catalysts exhibited weak metal-support interaction, more octahedral Mo⁶⁺ species and high catalytic performance in selective HDS.     

Preparation, characterization, and catalytic activity of CoMo/gamma-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by equilibrium deposition filtration and conventional impregnation techniques

A CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) catalyst, prepared by depositing on the Al(2)O(3) carrier first the Mo species via equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) and then the Co species by dry impregnation, was compared to three CoMo/gamma-Al(2)O(3) samples prepared using various conventional impregnation methods. All samples had the same composition, corresponding to an atomic ratio Co/(Co+Mo) equal to 0.3. The above samples were characterized using various physicochemical techniques (AAS, BET, DRS, LRS, XPS, TPR, and NO chemisorption), and their catalytic activity was determined using the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of thiophene as a probe reaction. The EDF-prepared catalyst was about 30-43% more active in HDS than those prepared with the conventional impregnation techniques at all reaction temperatures studied. In contrast, the EDF catalyst exhibited the lowest hydrogenation activity. The higher HDS activity of the EDF sample is attributed to the higher number of active HDS sites formed on its surface. It is concluded that the increased number of active sites is due to the fact that the deposition of the Mo species by EDF results to a higher coverage of the support surface by supported molybdenum phase, which in turn, inhibits the formation of the catalytically inactive CoAl(2)O(4) and favors the dispersion of octahedral cobalt on its surface.     

Highly active CoMo HDS catalyst for the production of clean diesel fuels

HY–Al₂O₃-supported CoMo catalysts with a chelating agent and phosphorus for the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of diesel fractions were prepared. The activity measurements with the prepared catalysts were carried out with straight-run light gas oil feedstocks in a pilot plant under industrial hydrotreating conditions. As a result, Cosmo Oil Co., Ltd. developed a new CoMoP/HY–Al₂O₃ catalyst, C-606A, which had three times higher HDS activity than the conventional CoMoP/Al₂O₃ catalyst. Commercial operations to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) with C-606A have successfully demonstrated its high performance and high stability. This catalyst has an extremely high activity, which enables to achieve <10-ppm sulfur in products in diesel hydrotreater designed to produce 500-ppm sulfur diesel fuels. Mo K-edge EXAFS, TEM and FT-IR of adsorbed NO were performed to investigate the nature of the active sites on the developed catalysts. The results showed that the new catalyst has multiple layers of MoS₂ slabs and the edges of MoS₂ are mainly occupied by Co–Mo–S phases. XPS and FT-IR were used to investigate the sulfiding behavior of Co and Mo in the formation process of the active sites during sulfidation. The results showed that addition of carboxylic acid to the impregnation solution postponed the sulfidation of Co at low temperatures, thereby increasing formation of the Co–Mo–S phase.     

H2S对NiW/Al2O3和CoMo/Al2O3上二苯并噻吩和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应的影响

 考察了H2S对NiW/Al2O3和CoMo/Al2O3上二苯并噻吩(DBT)和4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩(DMDBT)加氢脱硫反应的影响. 结果表明,H2S同时抑制DBT和DMDBT两种硫化物的加氢脱硫反应,并且对DBT的抑制作用更为明显. 对于NiW/Al2O3和CoMo/Al2O3两种催化剂,H2S抑制了DBT和DMDBT的直接脱硫路径活性; 对于CoMo/Al2O3催化剂上DBT转化中的加氢反应也有抑制作用,但促进了DMDBT转化中加氢反应的进行. NiW/Al2O3催化剂更易受H2S的影响.     

Investigation on the active phase of CoMo catalyst for selective HDS by low temperature in situ FT-IR

The CoMo/Al₂O₃ catalysts with different metal loading were studied by low temperature in situ FT-IR using CO as probe molecule which appears to be a powerful method by giving rise to signals specific for unpromoted and promoted Mo sites.The result revealed that the increase of CoMoS phase on the catalyst surface improves the HDS activity and selectivity.The ratio of active site number of CoMoS and MoS₂ correlates linearly with HDS selectivity,which provides an effective tool for developing industrial selective HDS catalysts.     

States of Carbon Nanotube Supported Mo-Based HDS Catalysts

The dispersion of the active phase and loading capacity of the Mo species on carbon nanotube (CNT) was studied by the XRD technique. The reducibility properties of Co-Mo catalysts in the oxide state over CNTs were investigated by TPR, while the sulfided Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were characterized by means of the XRD and LRS techniques. The activity and selectivity with respect to the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) performances on carbon nanotube supported Co-Mo catalysts were evaluated. It was found that the main active molybdenum species in the oxide state MoO3/CNT catalysts were MoO2, but not MoO3, as generally expected. The maximum loading before the formation of the bulk phase was lower than 6% (percent by mass, based on MoO3). TPR studies revealed that the active species in the oxide state Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were reduced more easily at relatively lower temperatures in comparison to those of the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, indicating that the CNT support promoted or favored the reduction of the active species. The active species of a Co-Mo-0.7/CNT catalyst were more easily reduced than those of the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts with Co/Mo atomic ratios of 0.2, 0.35, and 0.5, respectively, suggesting that the Co/Mo atomic ratio has a great effect on the reducibility of the active species. It was found that the incorporation of cobalt improved the dispersion of the molybdenum species on the support, and a phenomenon of mobilization and re-dispersion had occurred during the sulfurization process, resulting in low valence state Mo3S4 and Co-MoS2.17 active phases. HDS measurements showed that the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts were more active than the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3 ones for the desulfurization of DBT, and the hydrogenolysis/hydrogenation selectivity of the Co-Mo/CNT catalysts was also much higher than those of the Co-Mo/γ-Al2O3. The Co-Mo/CNT catalyst with a Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.7 showed the highest activity, whereas the catalyst with a Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.35 had the highest selectivity.     

Elucidation of hydrodesulfurization mechanism on molybdenum‐based catalysts using 35S radioisotope pulse tracer methods

Elucidation of the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) mechanism on molybdenum‐based catalysts using radioisotope tracer methods and reaction kinetics is reviewed. Firstly, to investigate the sulfidation state in Mo/Al₂O₃ and Co–Mo/Al₂O₃ catalysts, presulfiding of these catalysts has been performed using a ³⁵S pulse tracer method. Secondly, HDS of radioactive ³⁵S‐labeled dibenzothiophene was carried out over a series of sulfided molybdena–alumina catalysts and cobalt‐promoted molybdena–alumina catalysts in a pressurized flow reactor to estimate the behavior of sulfur on the working catalysts. Finally, sulfur exchange of a ³⁵S‐labeled catalyst with hydrogen sulfide was performed to estimate the relationship between the amount of labile sulfur and catalytically active sites.     

压力和温度对4-甲基二苯并噻吩和二苯并噻吩加氢脱硫反应的影响

研究了4-甲基二苯并噻吩(4-MDBT)和二苯并噻吩(DBT)在CoMo/γ-Al2O3上的加氢脱硫反应产物分布及其可能的反应网络,通过反应压力和温度对产物分布影响的研究,揭示了加氢脱硫反应的可能机理。研究发现4-MDBT在CoMo/γ-Al2O3上的加氢脱硫反应主要通过直接氢解路径和加氢路径进行,且两者反应速率相当；DBT在 CoMo/γ-Al2O3上的加氢脱硫反应主要通过直接氢解路径进行。4-MDBT分子位于4位的甲基阻碍其在催化剂表面通过硫原子的端连吸附,从而降低了其直接氢解脱硫路径的反应速率,因而也降低了其总的加氢脱硫转化率。反应压力降低,DBT和4-MDBT加氢脱硫反应中加氢路径反应速率明显下降,而其对氢解路径影响较小,但效果却与加氢路径相反,反应压力对4-MDBT转化率的影响大于DBT。反应温度对DBT和4-MDBT加氢脱硫反应中加氢路径和氢解路径都有明显影响,但是对DBT加氢脱硫反应中氢解路径的影响小于加氢路径,而对4-MDBT加氢脱硫反应中氢解路径的影响稍高于加氢路径,4-MDBT分子中甲基的供电子作用有利于相连苯环的加氢反应。     

负载型TiO2-Al2O3复合载体在超深度加氢脱硫中的应用

运用HRTEM、FT-Raman、TPR等方法表征了Mo活性组分在负载型TiO2-Al2O3复合载体和Al2O3上不同形态和性质。比较了TiO2-Al2O3复合载体同传统Al2O3载体对CoMo催化剂结构的影响,并以4,6-二甲基二苯并噻吩（4,6-DMDBT）为探针考察了催化剂的超深度加氢脱硫（UHDS）性能。结果表明,在负载型TiO2-Al2O3复合载体中, MoO3同载体之间的相互作用较弱,这种弱的相互作用使MoO3更多的以八面体配位Mo物种（MoⅥ）及其二维的聚合物的形式存在。二维聚合物有利于形成具有更高活性的多层MoS2结构,明显提高催化剂的超深度加氢脱硫催化活性。