超导与规范对称性,希格斯机制与希格斯粒子——电磁学与电动力学中的超导Ⅱ

本文是文献[1]和[2]联合的后继文章,在文中我们依据电磁学和电动力学中的麦克斯韦方程组建立了有质量光子导致导体中的超导现象这一事实的规范不变描写,文献[1]的结果是目前理论选取洛伦兹规范的特殊情形.我们发现在这种规范不变的理论中存在一个零质量的标量场,它可以和规范势的纵向分量相互转化.这正是文献[2]所介绍的2013年诺贝尔物理学奖中著名的希格斯机制,即规范粒子吃掉Goldstone玻色子而产生纵向分量,因而获得质量.这个新引进的零质量标量场对应量子场论中激发Goldstone玻色子的标量场,它可以被看成是一个更一般的两分量复标量场的相角分量.而此推广的复标量场的常数模分量可以被看成是另一个动力学场——希格斯场的真空期望值.希格斯场的激发是希格斯粒子,即所谓上帝的粒子;而光子的质量则起源于希格斯场的真空期望值.     

规范场与不可积Beery几何相位因子

证明了在场强为零势不为零的复连通区域 ,规范势沿粒子运动闭合路径的不可积积分是Berry几何相位。说明了由规范势构成的不可积相位因子中一部分是几何Berry相因子 ,并以电磁场为例说明规范场和相位因子的关系。因此不可积Berry相因子最完整地描述了与规范场有关的物理现象     

变梯度倾斜场加速管的简化场型公式

本文导出了中心粒子轨迹具有“零进、零出”约束条件的变梯变倾斜场加速管工艺段的简化场型公式。     

一种改进的光场μPIV反卷积重建算法

光场显微粒子图像测速技术(μPIV)利用Lucy-Richardson反卷积算法重建粒子场时需进行多次迭代计算,重建耗时长.为提高重建效率,本文利用光场μPIV流场测量过程中示踪粒子稀疏分布的特点,提出一种改进的反卷积重建算法.该算法以粒子场中非零元素与对应点扩散函数的乘积和代替粒子场与点扩散函数的卷积运算,减少了反卷...     

相对论情况下赝自旋对称性势场中运动粒子的束缚态

在赝自旋对称性条件下,分别求解了在M rse型和Tan2(πηr)型标量势与矢量势场中运动的相对论粒子的Klein-Gordon方程和Dirac方程,给出了它们的束缚态能谱和相对论性波函数.     

用积分方程方法决定胶粒之间的空耗势

用硬球模中性胶体粒子 ,数值求解双组分Ornstein Zernike积分方程 (当大的中性胶体粒子的浓度为零时 ) ,用来决定悬浮在溶剂 (用小的硬球模拟 )中两个胶粒之间的空耗势 .所预言的空耗势与文献的模拟数据和实验数据能很好地符合 .研究发现 ,基于空耗势的有效一组分Hansen Verlet一相相变标准完全不能预言双组分系统的液 固相变 .讨论了导致这种现象的原因 :Hansen Verlet一相相变标准不能自地处理有效一组分系统中固相与液相的体积能     

势场作用下粒子的双缝干涉现象分析

根据费曼路径积分原理,定量分析了势场作用下粒子的双缝干涉实验,分别得到谐振子势和线性势下粒子的干涉强度分布公式,并对两种势场下的干涉条纹作了分析.指出谐振子势下粒子的双缝干涉受势场角频率控制,线性势下干涉条纹主极大发生位移.最后,由路径积分的计算过程分析得知,双缝的形状决定强度分布公式,与波动光学的分析结果一致.     

Airy波包及其自加速效应

结合Airy(艾里)函数对线性势场中微观粒子的运动规律进行了研究.在此基础上,结合边界条件、归一化关系求解了线性势场和V型势场内粒子的波函数和能级结构.根据相对速度伽利略变换,研究了含时薛定谔方程的解——可积分的波包在自由空间的动力学行为,求解出自由空间艾里波包的运动规律和量子力学中艾里波包的唯一性.     

非线性阻尼驱动的莱维飞行动力学性质

基于动力学连续时间无规行走方法,对受非线性阻尼驱动的莱维飞行在自由势场以及周期势场中的扩散行为进行了研究.非线性阻尼取代斯托克斯阻尼,通过动力学连续时间无规行走方法体现在莱维随机行走粒子的每一步跳跃中.结果显示,非线性阻尼的强阻尼耗散作用导致莱维飞行的超扩散行为衰减为正常扩散,粒子速度定态分布呈现双峰与单峰的相互转化.周期势场的束缚作用会导致粒子扩散达到一个稳定态,而莱维粒子自身性质会使粒子存在极小概率跃出周期势阱的跳跃行为,表现为方均位移随时间的演化出现跃迁现象.     

伪自旋对称情形下Rosen-Morse类型势场中相对论粒子的束缚态

在伪自旋对称情形下研究了Rosen-Morse类型势场中相对论粒子的束缚态,利用Nikiforov-Uvarov方法求解了伪自旋对称情形下的Klein-Gordon和Dirac方程,得到了相对论粒子被束缚在Rosen-Morse类型势场的精确束缚态解.     

Exact Solutions of the Klein–Gordon Equation with Position-Dependent Mass for Mixed Vector and Scalar Kink-Like Potentials

The relativistic problem of spinless particles with position-dependent mass subject to kink-like potentials (~tanh αx) is investigated. By using the basic concepts of the supersymmetric quantum mechanics formalism and the functional analysis method, we solve exactly the position-dependent effective mass Klein–Gordon equation with the vector and scalar kink-like potential coupling, and obtain the bound state solutions in the closed form. It is found that in the presence of position-dependent mass there exists the symmetry that the discrete positive energy spectra and negative energy spectra are symmetric about zero energy for the case of a mixed vector and scalar kink-like potential coupling, and in the presence of constant mass this symmetry only appears for the cases of a pure scalar kink-like potential coupling or massless particles.     

The Coherent Tunnelling with Position-Dependent Mass in a Bistable Potential

A particle with position-dependent mass moving in a double well potential is investigated. An exact instanton solution is given and tunnelling effect caused by it is considered. We calculate the energy of the ground state of this model by introducing some effective mass and frequency of oscillator.     

Analytic Results in the Position-Dependent Mass Schrödinger Problem

We investigate the Schrödinger equation for a particle with a nonuniform solitonic mass density. First, we discuss in extent the (nontrivial) position-dependent mass V(x)=0 case whose solutions are hypergeometric functions in tanh²x. Then, we consider an external hyperbolic-tangent potential. We show that the effective quantum mechanical problem is given by a Heun class equation and find analytically an eigenbasis for the space of solutions. We also compute the eigenstates for a potential of the form V(x)=V₀ sinh²x.     

Semiclassical Method to Schroedinger Equation with Position-Dependent Effective Mass

In this paper, two novel semiclassical methods including the standard and supersymmetric WKB quantization conditions are suggested to discuss the Schroedinger equation with position-dependent effective mass. From a proper coordinate transformation, the formalism of the Schroedinger equation with position-dependent effective mass is mapped into isospectral one with constant mass and therefore for a given mass distribution and physical potential function the bound state energy spectrum can be determined easily by above method associated with a simple integral formula. It is shown that our method can give the analytical results for some exactly-solvable quantum systems.     

Quantum-classical correspondence of the Dirac equation with a scalar-like potential

Quantum matrix elements of the coordinate, momentum and the velocity operator for a spin-1/2 particle moving in a scalar-like potential are calculated. In the large quantum number limit, these matrix elements give classical quantities for a relativistic system with a position-dependent mass. Meanwhile, the Klein-Gordon equation for the spin-0 particle is discussed too. Though the Heisenberg equations for both the spin-0 and spin-1/2 particles are unlike the classical equations of motion, they go to the classical equations in the classical limit.      

Fermionic particles with position-dependent mass in the presence of inversely quadratic Yukawa potential and tensor interaction

Approximate solutions of the Dirac equation with position-dependent mass are presented for the inversely quadratic Yukawa potential and Coulomb-like tensor interaction by using the asymptotic iteration method. The energy eigenvalues and the corresponding normalized eigenfunctions are obtained in the case of position-dependent mass and arbitrary spin-orbit quantum number k state and approximation on the spin-orbit coupling term.     

低能粒子与X射线在碳纳米管(绳)内传输研究的现状

高能粒子(沟道)传输时, 粒子质量与入射能量有关。 低能粒子(沟道)传输时, 粒子(静止)质量与入射能量无关。 与其说高低能量区别, 不如说质量观念区别; 因此两者研究是不同观念的研究。 沟道连续势阱的柱状对称性与碳纳米管结构的变化无关。 X射线(沟道)传输表现为两方面: 在波动性方面, 它遵守光学散射规律; 在粒子性方面, 它被沟道连续势阱束缚。 For high energy particle transmission, its mass depends on its incident energy. For low energy particle transmission, its (static) mass is independent of its incident energy. The difference between the mass ideas is rather than that between high and low energies. Thus, these two transmission studies are very different in ideas. The column symmetry of transverse continuum potential well is independent of the nanotube structure. X ray transmission consists of two aspects: as wave, it is scattered by the laws of ray optics; as particle, it is captured in the transverse continuum potential well.     

On the Position-Dependent Effective Mass in Bose Condensates of Photons and Polaritons in an Optical Microcavity Trap

JETP Letters - The effect of the particle position-dependent effective mass on the behavior of quasi-two-dimensional photon and exciton-polariton condensates in a parabolic trap in a semiconductor...     

Localization of s-Wave and Quantum Effective Potential of a Quasi-free Particle with Position-Dependent Mass

The properties of the s-wave for a quasi-free particle with position-dependent mass (PDM) have been discussed in details. Differed from the system with constant mass in which the localization of the s-wave for the free quantum particle around the origin only occurs in two dimensions, the quasi-free particle with PDM can experience attractive forces in D dimensions except D=1 when its mass function satisfies some conditions. The effective mass of a particle varying with its position can induce effective interaction, which may be attractive in some cases. The analytical expressions of the eigenfunctions and the corresponding probability densities for the s-waves of the two- and three-dimensional systems with a special PDM are given, and the existences of localization around the origin for these systems are shown.     

Localization of s-Wave and Quantum Effective Potential of a Quasi-free Particle with Position-Dependent Mass

The properties of the 8-wave for a quasl-free partide with position-dependent mass （PDM） have been discussed in details. Differed from the system with constant mass in which the localization of the s-wave for the free quantum particle around the origin only occurs in two dimensions, the quasi-free particle with PDM can experience attractive forces in D dimensions except D = 1 when its mass function satisfies some conditions. The effective mass of a particle varying with its position can induce effective interaction, which may be attractive in some cases. The analytical expressions of the eigenfunctions and the corresponding probability densities for the 8-waves of the two- and three-dimensional systems with a special PDM are given, and the existences of localization around the origin for these systems are shown.