High-temperature-recorded index gratings in periodically poled lithium niobate

Holographic index gratings based on a zero-electric-field photorefractive effect are recorded at high temperatures in copper-doped periodically poled lithium niobate crystals. The interplay between the domain structure and the index grating is studied: the fundamental grating with spatial frequency K is strongly suppressed. Pronounced sideband gratings with K(s)=K+sG appear, where G is the domain grating vector and s is an integer number. After development, an additional grating based on the electro-optic effect shows up. In contrast with the previously mentioned gratings, this grating allows anisotropic diffraction.     

Frequency mixing of photorefractive and ferroelectric gratings in lithium niobate crystals

Holographically recorded photorefractive gratings in periodically poled lithium niobate crystals (PPLNs) are investigated. The principal spatial frequency K of the grating is strongly suppressed. Sideband gratings with grating vectors K +/- G appear. From the measurements the domain grating vector G and the duty cycle of the domain structure can be obtained. These findings allow for fast nondestructive quality inspection of PPLN and are of importance for any optical application combining holography and PPLN.     

大功率半导体激光器光谱合束光栅热效应分析

提出了一种大功率半导体激光器光谱合束光栅仿真模型。该模型针对光谱合束中的核心器件光栅的光-热-应力变化特性进行了分析。数值分析结果表明,当激光巴条功率为200 W,自然对流系数为10 W·(m2·K)?1时,衍射光栅上温度最高点可升高至346.52 K,应力最高点可升高至0.4825 Pa,光栅表面变量最高为52.28 nm/mm,这将会使得反馈光束中心位置发生0.25～0.3 mm的偏移,从而影响激光功率以及合束效率。减少衍射光栅基底厚度,在相同激光光源条件下工作,温度、应力、面形以及应变的变化均能有效抑制,这与实验结果具有较高的一致性。该方法为大功率半导体激光器的结构设计和光学器件的测试分析提供了有效的多物理场分析,为激光器设计和测试提供了综合分析数值模型。     

Accumulated programming of a complex spectral grating

A complex spectral grating is accumulated by repeated application of a pair of low-power optical programming pulses to a short-term persistent inhomogeneously broadened transition in Tm:YAG at 4.5 K and then probed to investigate the buildup dynamics. The necessary frequency stability is obtained by locking a cw Ti:sapphire laser to a regenerating transient spectral hole in the same transition. Grating accumulation is demonstrated for both a periodic spectral grating, representing a true-time delay, and a complex spectral grating, permitting correlation-based pattern recognition. This work is a step toward demonstrating an optical coherent transient continuously programmed continuous processor.     

Transmitted wavefront error of a volume phase holographic grating at cryogenic temperature

This paper describes the results of transmitted wavefront error (WFE) measurements on a volume phase holographic (VPH) grating operating at a temperature of 120 K. The VPH grating was mounted in a cryogenically compatible optical mount and tested in situ in a cryostat. The nominal root mean square (RMS) wavefront error at room temperature was 19 nm measured over a 50 mm diameter test aperture. The WFE remained at 18 nm RMS when the grating was cooled. This important result demonstrates that excellent WFE performance can be obtained with cooled VPH gratings, as required for use in future cryogenic infrared astronomical spectrometers planned for the European Extremely Large Telescope.     

Spectral enhancement of thermal radiation by laser fabricating grating structure on nickel surface

Previous studies have shown some correlations between the optical properties of objects and their surface patterns. We fabricate tens of micrometer period gratings by femtosecond laser direct writing technology on polished nickel targets and measure their thermal radiation spectra at a temperature of 623 K by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry. The results show an obvious major enhanced peak in which the wavelength is slightly larger than the grating period. Surface plasmon resonance(SPR) and Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation are applied to give this phenomenon a preliminary explanation. In addition, we utilized rigorous coupled wave analysis(RCWA) to simulate the absorption spectrum of the grating surface. The experiment results show good agreement with the simulation results.     

A high sensitive fiber Bragg grating cryogenic temperature sensor

At cryogenic temperature, a fiber Bragg grating （FBG） temperature sensor with controllable sensitivity and variable measurement range is demonstrated by using bimetal configuration. In experiments, sensitivities of -51.2, -86.4, and -520 pm/K are achieved by varying the lengths of the metals. Measurement ranges of 293 - 290.5, 283 - 280.5, and 259 - 256.5 K are achieved by shortening the distance of the gap among the metals.     

Microtrap on a concave grating reflector for atom trapping

We propose a novel scheme of optical confinement for atoms by using a concave grating reflector.The two-dimension grating structure with a concave surface shape exhibits strong focusing ability under radially polarized illumination.Especially,the light intensity at the focal point is about 100 times higher than that of the incident light.Such a focusing optical field reflected from the curved grating structure can provide a deep potential to trap cold atoms.We discuss the feasibility of the structure serving as an optical dipole trap.Our results are as follows.(i) Van der Waals attraction potential to the surface of the structure has a low effect on trapped atoms,(ⅱ) The maximum trapping potential is ~1.14 mK in the optical trap,which is high enough to trap cold ~(87)Rb atoms from a standard magneto-optical trap with a temperature of 120 μK,and the maximum photon scattering rate is lower than 1/s.(ⅲ) Such a microtrap array can also manipulate and control cold molecules,or microscopic particles.     

Recording of second-harmonic index gratings in photorefractive (K(0.5) Na(0.5))(0.2) (Sr(0.75) Ba(0.25))(0.9) Nb(2)O(6) crystals

We propose and demonstrate a novel method for recording second-harmonic volume index gratings in photorefractive crystals. The fundamental component of the index grating is eliminated by means of a pi -phase shifted double-exposure process that uses the Mach-Zehnder interferometric technique. Experimental results for (K(0.5) Na(0.5)) (0.2)(Sr> (0.75)Ba (0.25))(0.9)Nb (2)O(6) crystals are presented and discussed.     

用飞秒激光在透明介质体内形成衍射光栅

用数值孔径为0.65的40倍显微透镜紧聚焦能量稍高于能量损伤阈值的200 fs的钛宝石激光脉冲,分别在ZK6玻璃和K9玻璃内部导致局部折射率改变,在透明介质内部形成透射式相位衍射光栅．在635 nm的He-Ne激光照射下,通过对光栅衍射效率的数值拟合计算,得出了的光栅条纹宽度与实际测量基本吻合,这从侧面证明了折射率改变区域为超高斯型的假定．还对折射率改变区域的性质进行了分析．在实验上观察到脉冲间的相互影响将导致折射率改变区域范围的增大．从理论上给出了增加1级衍射效率的途径．     

Photorefractive solitons embedded in gratings in centrosymmetric crystals

We investigate (1+1D) spatial optical solitons embedded in a fixed-volume grating in centrosymmetric photorefractive crystals. We numerically identify a two-parameter soliton family and deduce both its existence surface and soliton profiles. For shallow gratings, the soliton Fourier spectrum exhibits three lobes located at the reciprocal lattice points -K, 0, and K. Soliton trapping is a consequence of both the self-induced nonlinear waveguide and the grating reflectivity, which prevents the breakaway of the lateral components. To provide a preliminary evaluation of soliton stability, we also investigate the propagation of slightly perturbed soliton profiles.     

Photoinduced submillimeter-wave amplitude diffraction grating in a semiconducting CdF<Subscript>2</Subscript>:Ga crystal

It is shown that exposure of an additively colored CdF₂:Ga crystal with bistable DX centers that is slowly cooled to 150 K to blue-green light through a slotted mask produces a submillimeter-wave diffraction grating, which persists for a long time at temperatures of 160–240 K. It is also shown that the diffraction grating induced in a sample is an amplitude grating. The absorption of submillimeter waves in illuminated regions of the sample is associated with the conductivity due to the transition of impurity centers to a metastable donor state. In the n-i-n-i-type conducting structure obtained, the conductivity of n-type regions at 225 K amounts to σ ′ ≈ 0.24 Ω^?1 cm^?1.     

光折变晶体Cu∶KNSBN中的浅能级中心

从光栅擦除特性、光致吸收和热激发能三方面的实验和理论分析 ,证明了掺铜KNSBN晶体中除了掺入的铜离子作为深能级中心外 ,还存在浅能级中心 ,并认为它是晶体生长过程形成的氧空位。实验发现温度在 36 0K附近有最大的光折变二波耦合 (TWM )增益系数 ,利用双中心双光栅模型对此作了解释 ,阐明了此浅能级中心在光折变效应中的作用。     

0．154nmCuKα射线作用下多层膜矩形光栅组合结构的特性研究

在矩形光栅上镀制软Ｘ射线多层膜，得到多层膜光栅组合式结构。报道用ＣｕＫα线小角度对多层膜光栅的衍射特性研究结果。用Ｘ射线运动学理论进行了理论分析，得到两个衍射条件，分别对应于决定衍射角的光栅方程和决定多层膜峰值的布拉格定理，发现光栅级效率受多层膜反射调制。对镜面反射扫描、样品扫描、探测器扫描不同情况下各衍射峰峰位和强度的实验值和理论进行了比较，两者符合得很好。     

Diffraction from a moving grating

A first-principles tutorial account is given for the diffraction of either light or free, non-relativistic, massive particles from a moving grating. Discussion on the properties of the moving grating including non-reciprocity is followed by considering both Raman-Nath (thin grating) diffraction and Bragg (thick grating) diffraction in either transmission or reflection geometry. Use of four-momentum conservation with dispersion relations yield the angles of diffraction. The increase in the angle of diffraction for grazing incident by using a moving grating relative to using a static grating is calculated. It is shown that this increase is possible only for Raman-Nath geometry.     

激光诱导热光栅光谱测温技术研究

报道了激光诱导热光栅光谱测温技术的研究. 通过两束相干交叉的脉冲抽运光, 在NO₂/N₂混合气中诱导出热光栅, 一束满足布拉格散射条件的连续探测光在交叉区域激励出相干的热光栅信号, 经过空间和光谱滤波的信号光由光电倍增管探测, 并由数字示波器显示和存储. 该信号携带了丰富的流场信息, 通过频域分析, 对气体的温度进行了测量, 热光栅光谱技术测量的温度与热电偶温度符合得很好. 同时还利用热光栅光谱技术进行了气体声速的直接测量, 在一定的温度范围内, 测量结果与理论曲线基本一致, 显示了该技术具有较高的测量精度与多参数同时测量的能力. 对影响信号波形的因素进行了分析, 结果表明, 热光栅光谱测温技术在高压强环境下应用具有独特的优势, 是一种应用前景广阔的激光燃烧诊断技术.     

基准光栅重构傅里叶变换轮廓术

应用傅里叶轮廓变换术进行三维形貌测量中,为了获得待测物体的高度相位信息,通常需要采集两幅图像.因此当光学系统发牛变动时,必须重新采集基准光栅图像,不利于快速测量.提出一种从变形光栅图像中获取基准光栅图像信息的测量方法.首先在变形光栅图像中记录基准光栅信息,然后通过傅里叶分析提取基准光栅频率信息,通过图像分析获得基准光栅相位信息,最后重构出一幅完整的基准光栅图像,实现三维物体形貌测量.实验结果验证了该方法的可行的.     

光折变晶体η-2θ曲线峰值位置明显偏移的研究

实验发现在Ce:(K_0.5Na_0.5)_0.2(Sr_0.61Ba_0.39)_0.9Nb₂O₆(Ce:KNSBN)光折变晶体的同一点记录两幅光栅时,其中一幅光栅的衍射效率(η)相对于两光束夹角(2θ)的关系曲线峰值位置由仅存储一幅光栅时的36°变为44°.采用跳跃模型的微扰分析方法解释了这一现象.     

Time-resolved photoluminescence spectra of high-density InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wire structures

We investigated the temperature dependence of the time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra of high-density InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wire (QWR) distributed-feedback laser structure on a submicron grating. A red-shift of peak in the time-resolved PL after photo-excitation was observed due to the relaxation of the photo-generated excitons from the entire QWR to localized centers at 10 K. On the other hand, at 60 K, no red-shift in the time-resolved PL spectra was observed since the localization centers are thermally activated and the excitons are delocalized.     

真空热处理对VPE ZnSxSe1-x外延膜发光的影响

本文测量了经真空热处理的VPE ZnSxSe1-x(X=0.055,0.22)外延膜液氮温度下的光致发光(PL)光谱,观察到一个新的蓝色发光带,并把这一谱带归结为导带中自由电子与束缚在深受主中心上空穴的复合.实验表明,深受主中心是在真空热处理时形成,并与真空热处理时在外延层中产生的Zn空位有关.