正交频分复用技术在协作通信下的应用

协作分集技术利用其他用户进行协作传输,可以获得一定的分集增益,但是在频率选择性衰落信道下性能不很乐观。为了对抗频率选择性衰落,采用正交频分复用(ODFM)技术与协作分集技术相结合的方法,研究了基于OFDM技术的协作通信,对在不同调制技术、不同信道估计方法下系统的性能进行了比较,为了进一步提高系统性能,对传统S&C算法进行了改进并应用于该系统中,仿真实验结果表明,改进的定时同步算法性能优于传统的S&C算法。     

Performance analysis of adaptive loading OFDM under Rayleigh fading

In this paper, we investigate the performance of adaptive loading orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) under Rayleigh fading with maximal ratio-combining (MRC) diversity at the receiver. We assume that channel-state information is available at both the transmitter and the receiver. Closed-form expressions for the lower bound on the average capacity of OFDM transmission under Rayleigh fading are provided for ideal MRC diversity. Simple approximate expressions for the average capacity of the Rayleigh-fading channel are also provided for the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) case. In the second part of this paper, a maximum-rate adaptive-loading strategy is derived for uncoded quadrature-amplitude-modulation modulated OFDM. Simple lower bound expressions and high-SNR approximations are provided for the average spectral efficiency of the maximum-rate adaptive-loaded uncoded OFDM under Rayleigh-fading channel conditions. According to the results, the performance of the uncoded adaptive-loading OFDM is about 8.5 dB inferior to the capacity bound at 10/sup -5/ symbol error probability under frequency-selective Rayleigh fading.     

Performance of the deliberate clipping with adaptive symbolselection for strictly band-limited OFDM systems

The performance of the strictly band-limited OFDM systems with deliberate clipping is examined in terms of the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the resultant bit error performance. The clipping is performed on the OFDM signals sampled at the Nyquist rate, followed by the ideal low-pass filter, Since the low-pass filter considerably enlarges the PAPR, there is a severe limitation in PAPR reduction capability. Thus, in order to achieve further reduction of the PAPR, the application of the adaptive symbol selection scheme is also considered. It is shown that the significant PAPR reduction with moderate complexity can be achieved by the combination of the clipping and the adaptive symbol selection. The price to be paid for PAPR reduction by this scheme is its performance degradation. The paper theoretically analyzes the bit error rate performance of the OFDM system with the Nyquist-rate clipping combined with the adaptive symbol selection, and considers the use of the forward error correction for compensation of the degradation. It is shown that even though the clipping scheme causes severe loss in required signal-to-noise ratio, the use of a powerful channel coding scheme such as turbo codes significantly alleviates the bit error rate performance degradation     

Performance analysis of equalized OFDM systems in Rayleigh fading

Channel estimation is usually needed to compensate for the amplitude and phase distortions associated with a received orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) waveform. This paper presents a systematic approach for analyzing the bit-error probability (BEP) of equalized OFDM signals in Rayleigh fading. Closed-form expressions for BEP performance of various signal constellations [phase-shift keying (PSK), differential phase-shift keying (DPSK), quaternary phase-shift keying (QPSK)] are provided for receivers that use a linear pilot-assisted channel estimate. We also derive the optimal linear channel estimates that yield the minimum BEP and show that some previous known results are special cases of our general formulae. The results obtained here can be applied to evaluate the performance of equalized single-carrier narrowband systems as well.     

Performance analysis of channel estimation for OFDM systems with residual timing offset

The authors present an analysis of the effect of timing offset on channel estimation for comb-type pilot-aided orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Residual timing offset does not negatively affect the channel estimation of the pilot subcarrier, but does corrupt the channel information obtained via interpolation. This paper provides the mean square error (MSE) channel estimation performance when a linear interpolation technique is used in a comb-type pilot-aided OFDM system. Analysis shows that the performance degradation of the channel estimator due to imperfect frame synchronization is dependent on the frequency correlation of the channels and the amount of timing offset     

Performance analysis and design optimization of LDPC-coded MIMO OFDM systems

We consider the performance analysis and design optimization of low-density parity check (LDPC) coded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems for high data rate wireless transmission. The tools of density evolution with mixture Gaussian approximations are used to optimize irregular LDPC codes and to compute minimum operational signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) for ergodic MIMO OFDM channels. In particular, the optimization is done for various MIMO OFDM system configurations, which include a different number of antennas, different channel models, and different demodulation schemes; the optimized performance is compared with the corresponding channel capacity. It is shown that along with the optimized irregular LDPC codes, a turbo iterative receiver that consists of a soft maximum a posteriori (MAP) demodulator and a belief-propagation LDPC decoder can perform within 1 dB from the ergodic capacity of the MIMO OFDM systems under consideration. It is also shown that compared with the optimal MAP demodulator-based receivers, the receivers employing a low-complexity linear minimum mean-square-error soft-interference-cancellation (LMMSE-SIC) demodulator have a small performance loss (< 1dB) in spatially uncorrelated MIMO channels but suffer extra performance loss in MIMO channels with spatial correlation. Finally, from the LDPC profiles that already are optimized for ergodic channels, we heuristically construct small block-size irregular LDPC codes for outage MIMO OFDM channels; as shown from simulation results, the irregular LDPC codes constructed here are helpful in expediting the convergence of the iterative receivers.     

A novel adaptive algorithm of CPE correction for OFDM systems

On the basis of the analysis of the effect of PHase Noise (PHN) and Common Phase Error (CPE) on Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems, a cost function is constructed. By the cost function and the idea of Least-Mean-Square (LMS) adaptive algorithm, the adaptive algorithm for the correction of CPE is presented. The simulations have been performed to investigate the performance for tracking PHN and estimating CPE, the results show that the algorithm performs soundly.     

ACE with frame interleaving scheme to reduce peak-to-average power ratio in OFDM systems

High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is one of the major limitations to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. In an OFDM system, as the frame size increases, the PAPR probability performance will get worse. The so-called active constellation extension (ACE) algorithm has been proposed to effectively reduce the PAPR especially when the number of sub-carriers is large. To achieve low PAPR with small number of sub-carriers, a novel scheme, ACE with frame interleaving, is proposed in this paper. In our proposal, M frames with N sub-carriers will be combined into one super frame, then ACE algorithm is applied to reduce the PAPR of the super frame, the super frame with lowered PAPR will finally be divided into M OFDM frames for the transmission. The combining and dividing process is equivalent to the time interleaving. The proposed scheme requires no side information and can significantly reduce PAPR while maintaining small number of sub-carriers.     

Performance analysis of adaptive receivers for DS/CDMA communication systems

Both intersymbol interference (ISI) and multiple-access interference (MAI) are the important issues in code division multiple access (CDMA) multiuser communication systems. The step size of the traditional least-mean-square (LMS) adaptive receivers must be substantially adjusted to overcome the effect due to different channel responses or different numbers of active users. The normalized-LMS (NLMS) algorithm can automatically manipulate the adjustment to avoid the problem just discussed. This paper proposes the symbol-based interference rejection filter with NLMS algorithm and derives both finite impulse response (FIR)- and infinite impulse response (IIR)-type algorithms. We also derive the optimal step sizes and minimum mean-square errors (MSEs) for both the FIR and IIR symbol-based receivers. The complexity of our proposed FIR receiver is lower than that of the conventional chip-based receivers. In addition, it is shown that the bit error rate performance of our proposed symbol-based receivers is superior to conventional one in the simulations. Simulations also show the correctness of our theoretical analysis of minimum MSE. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Performance analysis for an adaptive filter code-tracking techniquein direct-sequence spread-spectrum systems

This paper investigates tracking of direct-sequence spread-spectrum (DS/SS) signals based on an adaptive filtering technique. It is shown that a previously proposed hardware for code acquisition is also capable of code-tracking, and, hence, by performing both acquisition and tracking with the same circuitry, a significant simplification in the overall DS/SS receiver structure is gained. Analytical results show that the proposed scheme has a good tracking performance, as measured by the hold-in time and the false alarm penalty time, and is less sensitive to variations in the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared to conventional delay-locked loops (DLLs). Moreover, simulation results show that the proposed adaptive filter tracking scheme has a smaller residual tracking error than that produced by a conventional maximum-likelihood estimator (MLE)     

An adaptive data predistorter for compensation of nonlineardistortion in OFDM systems

In this paper, an adaptive data predistortion technique which can compensate for the nonlinear effect of a TWT high-power amplifier (HPA) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems is proposed. It is shown that the convergence time and MSE of an adaptive data predistorter can be significantly reduced by using a broadcasting technique and by designing appropriate training signals     

OFDM系统中自适应调制技术的研究

研究了正交频分得用OFDM系统中基于子载波组的自适应调制技术,提出了一种新的OFDM自适应调制策略,该策略可在上行链路发生错误时,要求重新传送信道信息,使发射机仍能根据信道的实际情况正确选择合适的调制制式,达到降低误比特率,提高系统性能的目的.     

An efficient radio resource management strategy for adaptive OFDM cellular systems

This paper presents an efficient Radio Resource Management （RRM） strategy for adaptive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing （OFDM） cellular systems. In the proposed strategy, only those users who have the same distance from their base stations can reuse a same subcarrier. This can guarantee the received Carrier-to-Interference ratio （C/I） of each subcarrier to be acceptable as required by system planning. Then by employing different modulation scheme on each subcarrier according to its received C/I, system spectral efficiency can be gracefully increased. Analytical and simulation results show that the spectral efficiency is improved by 40% without sacrificing the Bit Error Rate （BER） performance and call blocking probability and system capacity of the proposed strategy is better than conventional systems.     

Channel estimation for OFDM systems using adaptive radial basis function networks

We propose a new scheme for pilot-symbol-aided channel estimation in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) systems in multipath fading channels, that does not require knowledge of the channel statistics (e.g., Doppler or power spectrum). It is based on using the radial basis function (RBF) network to model the dynamics of the fading process. Both one-dimensional and two-dimensional RBF networks are proposed to exploit the channel correlation in the time domain and in the time-frequency domain. The proposed RBF networks are essentially nonlinear interpolators of the pilot channels. Compared with the existing OFDM channel estimation methods based on linear filtering, the proposed new techniques offer both robustness to fading rate, and a better performance especially in relatively fast fading channels.     

New adaptive bit allocation algorithms for multiuser OFDM/CDMA systems

An adaptive bit allocation algorithm is proposed for multiuser transmission in OFDM/CDMA systems. The proposed scheme takes advantage of frequency diversity to dynamically allocate a suitable number of bits/per symbol on subcarriers of each user based on the transmitting objectives such as the required transmission rate and BER. A suboptimal solution to the problem of the bit allocation on subcarriers for each user is derived by minimizing the interference power from each user. Then an algorithm for adjusting the number of allocated bits is used to further reduce the interference without changing the total transmitted data rate. The performance obtained by minimizing the interference resulting from each user is studied in terms of BER, transmission data rate and the system capacity supporting multiple users. The theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed algorithm substantially outperforms those reported previously.     

OFDM系统信道估计和自适应分配算法的研究

在多径衰落的信道中,用固定调制方式的分配技术可能会造成OFDM系统资源浪费,考虑如何将自适应分配技术与OFDM相结合成为提高移动通信性能的关键技术。本文中提出一种基于动态信噪比SNR切换门限的自适应算法,该算法在保证通信质量所需BER的前提下,结合OFDM和PSK/QAM调制方式的优势,按照各个子信道的状态分配比特信息量和功率大小,使所需要的发射功率达到最优化。本算法能提高OFDM的频谱利用率,也能使系统获得更优的性能。     

基于导频的室内可见光自适应OFDM通信系统信道估计

使用自适应OFDM技术改善可见光通信系统性能,需要以准确的信道估计为前提。研究可见光自适应OFDM通信系统的基于导频的信道估计方法,引入射频通信中常用的LMS方法,与可见光信道基于LS的估计方法进行了比较,并对其特性进行了分析,仿真实验结果表明,采用LMS估计方法在BER为10-3水平时,SNR优于LS估计方法2 dB,LMS信道估计方法信道跟踪能力较强,比LS法抗干扰。     

两种OFDM调制实现方法的性能分析

将基于FFT变换和基于正交小波变换的OFDM调制系统都归结于用滤波器组来实现，分析了两种调制方法实现准确重建OFDM信号的充分条件；并在Raleigh频率选择衰落信道模型上对两种方法的误码率进行了MATLAB仿真。仿真结果表明：小信噪比时，正交小波变换误码率性能要优于FFT变换；而大信噪比时，FFT变换的误码率性能要优于正交小波变换。