The Propagation Constants of Higher-Order Modes in Coaxial Waveguides With Finite Conductivity

Overmoded coaxial waveguides have been used in coaxial gyrotrons as a key interaction structure. To achieve the required mode selectivity, the resistivity of the center conductor is properly chosen to damp unwanted modes. Considering attenuation due to conductor loss, this study employs the perturbational method to determine the propagation constants of higher-order modes in the coaxial waveguide. The validity of the theoretical model is confirmed by comparison with results obtained using the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS). Moreover, the method proposed herein is applied to analyze the ohmic mode selection of the coaxial waveguide.     

Mode selective properties of coaxial gyrotron resonators

In this paper, the mode-selective properties of coaxial gyrotron resonators are discussed for different cavity configurations. Expressions are derived for the ohmic loading of a coaxial conductor with longitudinal corrugations where the RF field inside the corrugations is fully taken into account, and for the diffractive quality factor in coaxial cavities with tapered inner conductor relative to that of an empty cylindrical cavity. The competing action of a kind of “surface mode” that appears in corrugated structures is investigated by considering its diffractive and ohmic quality factors. Additional mode competition problems that can arise in coaxial cavities with corrugated inner conductor due to second cyclotron harmonic interaction are investigated and solutions to the problem are proposed     

Solution of problem of electromagnetic waves scattering on inhomogeneously layered scatterers using pattern equation method

In this paper, the pattern equation method (PEM) is used to solve the problems of electromagnetic waves scattering by inhomogeneously layered scatterers. The numerical algorithm based on PEM for multilayered scatterers of arbitrary geometry is developed. The numerical results are presented for magneto-dielectric objects coated with magneto-dielectric materials to demonstrate the stability, accuracy, and efficiency of the proposed method. A comparison of the results obtained by the present method and by the other methods are shown and the limits of applicability of method are outlined.     

同轴线法在小孔径真空元件阻抗测量中的应用北大核心CSCD

粒子加速器中真空元件的阻抗是引起束流不稳定的重要原因。基于储存环的新一代同步辐射光源的设计发射度更小,相应地要求更小的真空盒孔径,进而带来阻抗的显著增加,这就要求在设计阶段对真空元件的阻抗进行准确的评估和优化。阻抗测量是验证阻抗模型准确性的重要手段,而同轴线法是常用的实验室测量方法。对小孔径真空元件同轴线法纵向阻抗测量进行了研究,针对窄带阻抗元件,使用pillbox腔开展了相关的阻抗测量,研究了不同的内导体尺寸对于测量结果的影响,同时基于尾场模拟、散射参数模拟以及本征模模拟对测量结果进行了验证,模拟和测量结果符合很好,并证明原有的内导体导致谐振峰频移的理论分析应用于小孔径元件时存在偏差。此外针对非窄带阻抗元件,对条带冲击磁铁结构进行了同轴线法阻抗测量,研究了内导体对结果的影响,验证了同轴线法测量的有效性。     

高功率微波同轴阻抗变换器优化设计及功率计算

 在高功率微波应用中,同轴线的阻抗匹配十分重要。通过同轴线内导体的渐变,可以实现阻抗变换与阻抗匹配。内导体渐变可以采用多项式、余弦、指数等函数形式。用时域有限差分方法计算同轴线的反射系数,以同轴线内导体渐变段的长度和反射系数达到最小为目标,采用遗传算法优化渐变段的结构参数,得到了反射系数为0.015、渐变长度为148 mm的同轴线阻抗变换结构。在一套具有16节点的Beowulf型并行计算机系统上采用主从式并行计算技术完成了计算,缩短了遗传算法搜索时间。最后计算和分析了该同轴线阻抗变换结构的带宽和微波功率容量,该结构峰值功率达8.734 MW。     

低频段紧凑型同轴相对论返波振荡器

基于P波段新型三周期慢波结构同轴相对论返波振荡器设计思想,设计了一个L波段同轴相对论返波振荡器。粒子模拟表明,在二极管电压591 kV、电流8.2 kA、导引磁场0.8 T时,获得了1.50 GW的微波输出,频率为1.64 GHz,效率达31%,器件慢波结构尺寸仅为f96 mm207 mm。分析了该器件实际高频结构的电动力学特性,重点研究了纵向谐振模式、品质因数等特点,并结合P波段的研究结果,得到了该类器件的相关设计指标:慢波结构长度约为一个波长,波纹周期约5/13波长,外波纹深度约1/10波长,内波纹深度约1/30波长,电子束半径约0.7倍外波纹平均半径,器件的纵向工作模式为0.8模,对应的Q值约16。     

Modeling of ferrite-based materials for shielding enclosures

An analytical model for a magneto-dielectric composite material is presented based on the Maxwell Garnett rule for a dielectric mixture, and on Bruggeman's effective medium theory for permeability of a ferrite powder embedded in a dielectric. In order to simultaneously treat frequency-dispersive permittivity and permeability of a composite in a full-wave FDTD code, a new algorithm based on discretized auxiliary differential equations has been implemented. In this paper, numerical examples of modeling structures containing different magneto-dielectric mixtures are presented.     

Linear intermode conversion of electromagnetic wave energy in a magnetically soft gyrotropic material

The excitation of axial radio-frequency (rf) magnetic induction by an axial rf current is observed in a conductor with circular magnetic anisotropy when a weak magnetizing field is applied. The conductor is an amorphous cobalt-based wire, which exhibits azimuthal magnetic anisotropy. It serves as the central conductor in a coaxial line. The axial rf magnetic induction produces an emf in an induction coil coaxial to the conductor. The induction coil is part of a matched receiving circuit. The power conversion coefficient is as high as tens of percent. The measurements demonstrate the high sensitivity of the conversion coefficient to an external field. The theory of ferromagnetic resonance faithfully describes the results of the observations. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 58–63 (March 1999)     

Conducting axisymmetric body in a coaxial varying magnetic field

We calculate the vector potential and magnetic field strength in an axisymmetric conductor introduced into a preset coaxial external magnetic field varying harmonically with time. The proposed method involves the representation of the vector potential as the sum of a converging series each term of which is a solution to the Helmholtz equation with constant coefficient at infinity. The next terms of each series are determined from the preceding terms using the known Green function. The adequacy of the numerical results is confirmed by their comparison with the exact values for a sphere in a uniform magnetic field and by comparison of the numerical results obtained using two different series for an ellipsoid in a nonuniform magnetic field.     

0.14 THz双环超材料慢波结构表面波振荡器数值研究

本文研究了一种太赫兹波段双环超材料慢波结构, 并具有同轴引出结构的相对论过模表面波振荡器. 设计了超材料同轴过模慢波结构; 通过色散特性, 进行了模式选择和过模结构电子束电参数和几何参数的设计; 根据超材料同轴慢波结构的特点, 设计了具有同轴引出结构的末端同轴输出段. 粒子模拟结果表明, 在电子束电压为600 kV和电流为1.0 kA, 引导磁场为2.0 T 时, 同轴超材料慢波结构过模表面波振荡器输出稳定单频的0.141 THz电磁波, 峰值功率为316.8 MW.     

强流脉冲束流位置探测器标定装置物理设计

从强流脉冲电子直线感应加速器电子束流位置探测器测量原理出发,进行了标定装置物理设计,确定标定装置采用同轴结构,对束流探测器位置测量精度和测量范围、偏心同轴线对位置标定结果的影响进行了理论分析,并根据分析结果确定同轴结构内外导体相对位置调节范围、同轴线长度和特性阻抗。电路模拟和实验测量结果验证了在非匹配传输条件下可以得到满足位置标定要求的快脉冲信号波形。     

Effect of background plasma on electromagnetic properties of coaxial gyrotron cavity

We analyze the effect of the background plasma on the electromagnetic properties of coaxial resonators with a smooth and a corrugated inner conductors used in high-power gyrotrons. It is shown that the plasma produces different effects on the modes with different signs of the azimuthal index, leading to a decrease or an increase in the resonance frequencies. A modification of the distributions of electromagnetic fields and the electromagnetic energy density by the background plasma occurs in such a way that Ohmic losses decrease both on the inner and on the outer conductors. In the case of a smooth inner conductor, this is due to a decrease in the field strengths on the surface of the conductors. If the inner conductor is corrugated, the background plasma leads to an increase in the field strengths on its surface. Nevertheless, the relative Ohmic loss power decreases due to an increase in the energy density in the resonator (which is also caused by the background plasma). Calculations were mainly performed for a coaxial resonator of a gyrotron operating on the TE34.19 mode (Karlsruhe, Germany).     

Comparative research on three types of coaxial slow wave structures

This paper studies three types of coaxial slow wave structures （SWSs）： （1） with ripples on both the inner and outer conductors; （2） with ripples on the outer conductor and smooth on the inner one; and （3） with ripples on the inner conductor and smooth on the outer one. The frequencies, coupling impedances, time growth rates and beam-wave interaction efficiencies of the three types of coaxial SWSs are obtained by theoretical analysis. Moreover, the relativistic Ccrenkov generators （RCGs） with the three types of coaxial SWSs are simulated with a fully electromagnetic particle- in-cell code, and the results verify the theoretical analysis. It is proved that the RCG with double-rippled coaxial SWS has the highest conversion efficiency and the shortest starting time.     

同轴波纹返波管色散特性研究及粒子模拟

 计算了同轴波纹慢波结构的色散特性，分析了波纹周期长度、波纹幅值大小以及同轴内导体半径对慢波结构色散特性的影响。研究表明内导体的存在使系统截止频率升高,系统尺寸可比普通波纹波导慢波系统更大, 并且可以采用大半径电子注并工作在低磁场状态。运用Magic软件对同轴波纹返波管进行了数值模拟, 发现同轴波导内场分布有利于注波互作用,在数值模拟基础上设计出高效率、低磁场的非均匀同轴波纹返波管,互作用效率达60%,聚束磁场小于1 T。     

脉冲功率电缆的受力分析与结构优化北大核心CSCD

强电磁力是造成脉冲功率电缆损坏的主因,其限制了脉冲功率电缆的通流能力。对同轴电缆导体层的受力情况进行了仿真,探讨了电缆导体结构对脉冲功率电缆通流能力的影响。列举了使用过的一种同轴电缆,分析了该种电缆外导体层的受力情况和结构变化趋势,并讨论了试验结果。进一步对另一种结构的同轴电缆进行了分析和试验,认为其具有更好的抗电磁力能力,试验结果表明,其峰值电流达到208kA,通流能力达到6.9kA/mm^2,验证了这种电缆结构的优越性。     

RF thermal and new cold part design studies on a TTF-Ⅲ input coupler for Project-X

An RF power coupler is one of the key components in a superconducting (SC) linac. It provides RF power to the SC cavity and interconnects different temperature layers (1.8 K, 4.2 K, 70 K and 300 K). The TTF-Ⅲ coupler is one of the most promising candidates for the High Energy (HE) linac of Project X, but it cannot meet the average power requirements because of the relatively high temperature rise on the warm inner conductor, so some design modifications will be required. In this paper, we describe our simulation studies on the copper coating thickness on the warm inner conductor with RRR values of 10 and 100. Our purpose is to rebalance the dynamic and static loads, and finally lower the temperature rise along the warm inner conductor. In addition, to get stronger coupling, better power handling and less multipacting probability, one new cold part design was proposed using a 60 mm coaxial line; the corresponding multipacting simulation studies have also been investigated.     

椭圆外导体-矩形内导体同轴线的特性阻抗

本文提出用图形逼近和取尺寸上、下限值的几何平均值的方法,计算椭圆外导体-矩形内导体同轴线特性阻抗。矩形截面内导体的内切共焦椭圆和外接共焦椭圆,通过保角变换,变成同心圆。矩形变成近于矩形的闭合曲线,二同心圆分别为它的最小值和最大值,取二者的几何平均值,与同轴椭圆截面外导体同时变成的同心圆,构成一个标准同轴线,得到了特性阻抗公式。并由此推导出椭圆外导体-微带内导体、圆形外导体-方形内导体、圆形外导体-矩形内导体及圆形外导体-微带内导体等各种同轴线的特性阻抗的初等函数表示式。给出了上述几种同轴线的特性阻抗准确数值。 关键词：     

RF thermal and new cold part design studies on a TTF-Ⅲ input coupler for Project-X

An RF power coupler is one of the key components in a superconducting (SC) linac. It provides RF power to the SC cavity and interconnects different temperature layers (1.8 K, 4.2 K, 70 K and 300 K). The TTF-Ⅲ coupler is one of the most promising candidates for the High Energy (HE) linac of Project X, but it cannot meet the average power requirements because of the relatively high temperature rise on the warm inner conductor, so some design modifications will be required. In this paper, we describe our simulation studies on the copper coating thickness on the warm inner conductor with RRR values of 10 and 100. Our purpose is to rebalance the dynamic and static loads, and finally lower the temperature rise along the warm inner conductor. In addition, to get stronger coupling, better power handling and less multipacting probability, one new cold part design was proposed using a 60 mm coaxial line; the corresponding multipacting simulation studies have also been investigated.     

同轴膜片加载圆波导相对论行波管注-波互作用线性理论研究

 从改善圆盘加载波导作为相对论行波管慢波结构的特性入手，加入同轴内导体，着重研究其小信号理论。利用场匹配法导出了“热”色散方程并计算求解，具体分析了系统的电子注参量及慢波结构几何尺寸对小信号增益及慢波相速的影响,为同轴圆盘加载相对论行波管的设计提供了理论基础。     

同轴电缆连续波电磁辐照的终端负载响应

为了揭示设备互连电缆在连续波电磁辐照条件下的耦合响应规律,以典型射频同轴电缆为受试对象,将电缆终端连接的设备（系统）等效为负载,通过对其进行连续波电磁辐照效应试验研究,分析了受试电缆长度、终端负载状态等对同轴电缆终端负载响应规律的影响。结果表明:同轴电缆对电磁辐照响应具有选频特性,终端负载响应电压的峰值出现在电缆相对长度为1/2整数倍的频点;同轴电缆受到连续波电磁辐照后,感应皮电流通过转移阻抗转化为芯线与屏蔽层之间的差模感应电压,而这一感应电压源的内阻就是同轴电缆的特性阻抗;同轴电缆终端负载阻值的变化不会对其连续波辐照响应曲线的变化规律产生影响,终端负载与等效感应电压源内阻上的电压响应满足分压原理; 同轴电缆皮电流处于谐振状态时,两波节之间的分布感应电压同向,可等效为一个感应电压源,对同轴电缆终端负载响应起直接作用的电压源是最靠近终端负载的等效感应电压源。