Variational irreversible thermodynamics of physical-chemical solids with finite deformation

A new thermodynamics of open thermochemical systems and a variational principle of virtual dissipation are applied to the finite deformation of a solid coupled to thermomolecular diffusion and chemical reactions. A variational derivation is obtained of the field differential equations as well as Lagrangian equations with generalized coordinates. New formulas for the affinity and a new definition of the chemical potential are presented. An outline is given of an unusually large field of applications, such as active transport in biological systems, finite element methods, plastic properties as analogous to chemical reactions, phase changes and recrystalization, porous solids, heredity and initially stressed solids. A new and unified insight is thus provided in highly diversified problems.     

Hydrodynamics with quadratic pressure. 1. General results

A wide class of solutions of Euler equations with quadratic pressure are described. In Lagrangian coordinates, these solutions linearize exactly momentum equations and are characterized by special initial data: the Jacobian matrix of the initial velocity field has constant algebraic invariants. The equations are integrated using the method of separation of the time and Lagrangian coordinates. Time evolution is defined by elliptic functions. The solutions have a poletype singularity at a finite time. A representation for the velocity vortex is given.     

水力机械非定常流动的三维涡方法计算

利用拉格朗日型涡方法计算了混流式水轮机转轮内部的非定常流动. 采用高精度的边界元法计算域内势流速度以满足固体边界不可穿透条件, 通过在固体边界上导入新生涡满足边界的无滑移条件. 利用拉格朗日法计算涡元的运动, 而离散涡元之间的诱导速度则通过毕奥-萨伐尔公式结合快速多级子算法和自适应树结构算法获得. 通过对某混流式转轮水轮机在设计工况及非设计工况下的数值模拟, 以及模拟结果与实验测量的对比, 验证了该拉格朗日涡方法在计算转轮内部高雷诺数非定常流动中的有效性.     

Ideal nonsymmetric 4D-medium as a model of invertible dynamic thermoelasticity

The space-time continuum (4D-medium) is considered, and a generalized model of reversible dynamic thermoelasticity is constructed as a theory of elasticity of an ideal (defect-free) nonsymmetric 4D-medium that is transversally-isotropic with respect to the time coordinate. The definitions of stresses and strains for the space-time continuum are introduced. The constitutive equations of the medium model relating the components of nonsymmetric stress and distortion 4D-tensors are stated. Physical interpretations of all tensor components of the thermomechanical properties are given. The Lagrangian of the generalized model of coupled dynamic thermoelasticity is presented, and the Euler equations are analyzed. It is shown that the three Euler equations are generalized equations of motion of the dynamic classical thermoelasticity, and the last, fourth, equation is a generalized heat equation which allows one to predict the wave properties of heat. An energy-consistent version of thermoelasticity is constructed where the Duhamel-Neumann and Maxwell-Cattaneo laws (a nonclassical generalization of the Fourier law for the heat flow) are direct consequences of the constitutive equations.     

On a stationarity principle for discrete non-linear dissipative dynamic systems

A new function depending upon the Lagrangian, and upon the Rayleigh dissipation function is introduced. It is shown that for a certain class of discrete systems the requirement of stationarity of the new function with respect to generalized velocities is tantamount to the setting up of differential equations of motion for the system.     

Far nonlinear field of a nonlifting airfoil for a generalised equation of transonic flow

The transonic flow equation [1] for plane unsteady irrotational idealgas flows is extended to the case of subsonic, transonic or supersonic flows in a region with an almost constant value of the velocity using orthogonal flow coordinates (family of equipotential lines and streamlines). A solution for the nonlinear far field of steady transonic flow past an airfoil has been obtained for the transonic equation [2]. In this paper it is obtained for a generalized transonic equation and its asymptotic expansion is given. In using difference methods of calculating the flow past an airfoil in the transonic regime a knowledge of the nonlinear field makes it possible to reduce the dimensions of the calculation region (near field) as compared with the region determined by the far field of the linear theory.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 87–91, January–February, 1986.     

An investigation on internal thermal flow of non-Newtonian fluid

In the present paper an unsteady thermal flow of non-Newtonian fluid is investigated which is of the fiow into axisymmetric mould cavity. In the second part an unsteady thermal flow of upper-convected Maxwell fluid is studied, For the flow into mould cavity the constitutive equation of power-law fluid is used as a rheological model of polymer fluid. The apparent viscosity is considered as a function of shear rate and temperature. A characteristic viscosity is introduced in order to avoid the nonlinearity due to the temperature dependence of the apparent viscosity. As the viscosity of the fluid is relatively high the flow of the thermal fluid can be considered as a flow of fully developed velocity field. However, the temperature field of the fluid fiow is considered as an unsteady one. The governing equations are constitutive equation, momentum equation of steady flow and energy conservation equation of non-steady form. The present system of equations has been solved numerically by the splitting differen     

On chemical reactions in internal flow systems

Summary The basic equations for a non-isothermal homogeneous reaction in an internal flow system with a fully established velocity field are presented. It is shown that the specie concentrations can be found from a single function, i.e. the degree of advancement of the reaction, while the temperature is determined through a generalized enthalpy function which takes into account the thermal exchange with the exterior. Under mildly non-isothermal conditions, to which the analysis applies primarily, the determination of the two basic functions reduces to the solution of two linear parabolic equations and their associated Sturm-Liouville systems. An illustration of the analysis is given and a number of extensions are indicated. This research was supported in part by the Office of Naval Research under Contract Nonr-222(04).     

Objective Tensor Rates and Applications in Formulation of Hyperelastic Relations

Following Ogden, a class of objective (Lagrangian and Eulerian) tensors is identified among the second-rank tensors characterizing continuum deformation, but a more general definition of objectivity than that used by Ogden is introduced. Time rates of tensors are determined using convective rates. Sufficient conditions of objectivity are obtained for convective rates of objective tensors. Objective convective rates of strain tensors are used to introduce pairs of symmetric stress and strain tensors conjugate in a generalized sense. The classical definitions of conjugate Lagrangian (after Hill) and Eulerian (after Xiao et al.) stress and strain tensors are particular cases of the definition of conjugacy of stress and strain tensors in the generalized sense used in the present paper. Pairs of objective stress and strain tensors conjugate in the generalized sense are used to formulate constitutive relations for a hyperelastic medium. A family of objective generalized strain tensors is introduced, which is broader than Hill’s family of strain tensors. The basic forms of the hyperelastic constitutive relations are obtained with the aid of pairs of Lagrangian stress and strain tensors conjugate after Hill (the strain tensors in these pairs belong to the family of generalized strain tensors). A method is presented for generating reduced forms of the constitutive relations with the aid of pairs of Lagrangian and Eulerian stress and strain tensors conjugate in the generalized sense which are obtained from pairs of Lagrangian tensors conjugate after Hill by mapping tensor fields on one configuration of a deformable body to tensor fields on another configuration.      

Stochastic Flow Simulation and Particle Transport in a 2D Layer of Random Porous Medium

A stochastic numerical method is developed for simulation of flows and particle transport in a 2D layer of porous medium. The hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be a random field of a given statistical structure, the flow is modeled in the layer with prescribed boundary conditions. Numerical experiments are carried out by solving the Darcy equation for each sample of the hydraulic conductivity by a direct solver for sparse matrices, and tracking Lagrangian trajectories in the simulated flow. We present and analyze different Eulerian and Lagrangian statistical characteristics of the flow such as transverse and longitudinal velocity correlation functions, longitudinal dispersion coefficient, and the mean displacement of Lagrangian trajectories. We discuss the effect of long-range correlations of the longitudinal velocities which we have found in our numerical simulations. The related anomalous diffusion is also analyzed.     

The flow structure of dilute gas-particle suspensions behind a shock wave moving along a flat surface

The asymptotic and numerical investigations of shock-induced boundary layers in gas-particle mixtures are presented.The Saffman lift force acting on a particle in a shear flow istaken into account.It is shown that particle migration across the boundary layer leads tointersections of particle trajectories.The corresponding modification of dusty gas model isproposed in this paper.The equations of two-phase sidewall boundary layer behind a shock wave moving at aconstant speed are obtained by using the method of matched asymptotic expansions.Themethod of the calculation of particle phase parameters in Lagrangian coordinates isdescribed in detail.Some numerical results for the case of small particle concentration aregiven.     

Dynamic equations of a prestressed magnetoelectroelastic medium

The constitutive relations of nonlinear mechanics of a magnetoelectroelastic medium subjected to initial mechanical stresses are linearized in the framework of material (Lagrangian) coordinates. The final expressions are constructed independently of the choice of curvilinear coordinates and are represented in a form convenient for theoretical and applied studies. The constitutive relations for the motion of a prestressed magnetoelectroelastic medium are given in rectangular Cartesian coordinates. The influence of the initial mechanical stresses on piezomagnetoelectric materials of the class 6mm is studied.     

A generalized thermal boundary condition

 A generalized thermal boundary condition is derived to include all thermal effects of a thin layer which is in thermal contact with an adjacent domain. The thin layer may be a stationary or moving solid-skin or fluid-film. The included thermal effects of the thin layer are the thermal capacity of the layer, thermal diffusion, enthalpy flow, viscous dissipation within the layer, convective losses from the layer, and other effects. Six different kinds of thermal boundary conditions can be obtained as special cases of the generalized boundary condition. The generalized boundary condition is given for perfect and imperfect thermal contact between the thin layer and its adjacent domain. The importance of the generalized boundary condition is demonstrated in an example. Received on 23 December 1996     

Topological shape optimization of power flow problems at high frequencies using level set approach

Using a level set method we develop a topological shape optimization method applied to power flow problems in steady state. Necessary design gradients are computed using an efficient adjoint sensitivity analysis method. The boundaries are implicitly represented by the level set function obtainable from the “Hamilton–Jacobi type” equation with the “Up-wind scheme.” The implicit function is embedded into a fixed initial domain to obtain the finite element response and sensitivity. The developed method defines a Lagrangian function for the constrained optimization. It minimizes a generalized compliance, satisfying the constraint of allowable volume through the variations of implicit boundary. During the optimization, the boundary velocity to integrate the Hamilton–Jacobi equation is obtained from the optimality condition for the Lagrangian function. Compared with the established topology optimization method, the developed one has no numerical instability such as checkerboard problems and easy representation of topological shape variations.     

Vortex perturbations of the nonstationary motion of a liquid with a free boundary

The first studies on the stability of nonstationary motions of a liquid with a free boundary were published relatively recently [1–4]. Investigations were conducted concerning the stability of flow in a spherical cavity [1, 2], a spherical shell [3], a strip, and an annulus of an ideal liquid. In these studies both the fundamental motion and the perturbed motion were assumed to be potential flow. Changing to Lagrangian coordinates considerably simplified the solution of the problem. Ovsyannikov [5], using Lagrangian coordinates, obtained equations for small potential perturbations of an arbitrary potential flow. The resulting equations were used for solving typical examples which showed the degree of difficulty involved in the investigation of the stability of nonstationary motions [5–8]. In all of these studies the stability was characterized by the deviation of the free boundary from its unperturbed state, i.e., by the normal component of the perturbation vector. In the present study we obtain general equations for small perturbations of the nonstationary flow of a liquid with a free boundary in Lagrangian coordinates. We find a simple expression for the normal component of the perturbation vector. In the case of potential mass forces the resulting system reduces to a single equation for some scalar function with an evolutionary condition on the free boundary. We prove an existence and uniqueness theorem for the solution, and, in particular, we answer the question of whether the linear problem concerning small potential perturbations which was formulated in [5] is correct. We investigate two examples for stability: a) the stretching of a strip and b) the compression of a circular cylinder with the condition that the initial perturbation is not of potential type.     

Rapoport-leas two-phase flow model for anisotropic porous media

The Rapoport-Leas mathematical model of two-phase flow is generalized to include the case of anisotropic porous media. The formula for the capillary pressure, which specifies the relationship between the phase pressures, contains a scalar function of a vector argument. In order to determine the scalar function, the capillary pressure tensor and the tensor inverse to the tensor of characteristic linear dimensions are introduced. The capillary pressure is determined by the contraction of the second-rank tensors with a unit vector collinear to the phase pressure gradients, also assumed to be collinear. It is shown that the saturation function introduced for isotropic porous media (Leverett function) can be generalized to include anisotropic media and is now determined by a fourth-rank tensor. Generalized expressions for the Leverett and relative phase permeability functions are given for orthotropic and transversely isotropic media with account for the hysteresis of the phase permeabilities and capillary pressure.     

Approximate solutions for the problem of liquid film flow over an unsteady stretching sheet with thermal radiation and magnetic field

The proposed method is based on replacement of the unknown function by a truncated series of the shifted Legendre polynomial expansion. An approximate formula of the integer derivative is introduced. Special attention is given to study the convergence analysis and derive an upper bound of the error for the presented approximate formula. The introduced method converts the proposed equation by means of collocation points to a system of algebraic equations with shifted Legendre coefficients. Thus, after solving this system of equations, the shifted Legendre coefficients are obtained. This efficient numerical method is used to solve the system of ordinary differential equations which describe the thin film flow and heat transfer with the effects of the thermal radiation, magnetic field, and slip velocity.     

Implicit application of non‐reflective boundary conditions for Navier–Stokes equations in generalized coordinates

The non‐reflective boundary conditions (NRBC) for Navier–Stokes equations originally suggested by Poinsot and Lele (J. Comput. Phys. 1992; 101 :104–129) in Cartesian coordinates are extended to generalized coordinates. The characteristic form Navier–Stokes equations in conservative variables are given. In this characteristic‐based method, the NRBC is implicitly coupled with the Navier–Stokes flow solver and are solved simultaneously with the flow solver. The calculations are conducted for a subsonic vortex propagating flow and the steady and unsteady transonic inlet‐diffuser flows. The results indicate that the present method is accurate and robust, and the NRBC are essential for unsteady flow calculations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.